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Taylor CH, Friberg IM, Jackson JA, Arriero E, Begon M, Wanelik KM, Paterson S, Bradley JE. Living with chronic infection: Persistent immunomodulation during avirulent haemoparasitic infection in a wild rodent. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:1197-1210. [PMID: 36478482 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Apicomplexans are a protozoan phylum of obligate parasites which may be highly virulent during acute infections, but may also persist as chronic infections which appear to have little fitness cost. Babesia microti is an apicomplexan haemoparasite that, in immunocompromised individuals, can cause severe, potentially fatal disease. However, in its natural host, wild field voles (Microtus agrestis), it exhibits chronic infections that have no detectable impact on survival or female fecundity. How is damage minimized, and what is the impact on the host's immune state and health? We examine the differences in immune state (here represented by expression of immune-related genes in multiple tissues) associated with several common chronic infections in a population of wild field voles. While some infections show little impact on immune state, we find strong associations between immune state and B. microti. These include indications of clearance of infected erythrocytes (increased macrophage activity in the spleen) and activity likely associated with minimizing damage from the infection (anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity in the blood). By analysing gene expression from the same individuals at multiple time points, we show that the observed changes are a response to infection, rather than a risk factor. Our results point towards continual investment to minimize the damage caused by the infection. Thus, we shed light on how wild animals can tolerate some chronic infections, but emphasize that this tolerance does not come without a cost.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ida M Friberg
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Joseph A Jackson
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Elena Arriero
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mike Begon
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Klara M Wanelik
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Steve Paterson
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Ricciardi A, Hassan SA, Kamenyeva O, Bennuru S, Andersen J, Nutman TB. A filarial parasite-encoded human IL-10 receptor antagonist reveals a novel strategy to modulate host responses. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac184. [PMID: 36246151 PMCID: PMC9552326 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10 is the primary cytokine driving the modulation of the host response in filarial infections. We performed binding assays with Brugia malayi antigen extracts and human IL-10R1. Bm5539 was the top-binding hit. We identified a short sequence, termed truncated Bm5339, that has structural similarities to the human IL-10 functional dimer. Sequence comparisons revealed that other filarial parasites possess Bm5539 orthologues. Using recombinant Bm5539 in a modified Luciferase Immunoprecipitation System assay, we confirmed that both the truncated and full-length forms of the protein can bind to human IL-10R1. Truncated Bm5539 could inhibit human IL-10-driven phosphorylation of STAT3, thereby demonstrating that Bm5539 acts as an IL-10 antagonist, most likely through competitive binding to the receptor. We provide a structural basis for these observations using computational modeling and simulations. This parasite-encoded cytokine receptor antagonist provides an additional lens through which parasite-induced modulation of the host immune response can be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ricciardi
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sergio A Hassan
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sasisekhar Bennuru
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John Andersen
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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Corbacho-Loarte MD, Crespillo-Andújar C, Chamorro-Tojeiro S, Norman F, Pérez-Molina JA, Martín O, Rubio JM, Gullón-Peña B, López-Vélez R, Monge-Maillo B. Screening of imported malaria infection in asymptomatic migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa: A retrospective analysis of a 2010-2019 cohort. Travel Med Infect Dis 2022; 49:102411. [PMID: 35933089 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to 40% of cases of imported malaria in Europe are diagnosed in recently arrived migrants, who generally exhibit asymptomatic or mild symptoms and show low parasitaemia (submicroscopic). The study describes the prevalence of malaria infection among asymptomatic Sub-Saharan African migrants (ASSAM) and compares asymptomatic malaria-infected (AMI) vs non-malaria infected patients. METHODS An observational, comparative, retrospective study was carried out in ASSAM who underwent a medical examination, between 2010 and 2019 at the National Reference Unit for Tropical Diseases (NRU-Trop) in Madrid, Spain. Medical examination and systematic screening protocol for infectious diseases, including screening for malaria infection by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed. RESULTS During the study period, 632 out of 1061 ASSAM were screened for malaria, median age: 24 years (IQR:1-5); median time from arrival to diagnosis: 2 months (IQR:1-5). P. falciparum was the most frequent species: 61 patients (67.8%). Compared to non-malaria infected, AMI subjects had: higher rate of co-infection with S. stercoralis (41.1%VS 22.9%;p < 0.001) and filariae (8.9% VS 2.4%;p = 0.006), lower erythrocyte corpuscular volume (83.6 VS 84.4;p = 0.008) and lower levels of cholesterol (151.0 VS 167.3;p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We observed a high prevalence of AMI among ASSAM. This highlights the need to consider routing screening of migrants from endemic areas and to study if such screening could avoid the potential morbidities associated with chronic infection, reduce morbi-mortality of acute malaria and the risk of transmission in host communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Corbacho-Loarte
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Disease, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Crespillo-Andújar
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Disease, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Chamorro-Tojeiro
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Disease, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesca Norman
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Disease, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Pérez-Molina
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Disease, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oihane Martín
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Disease, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; Microbiology Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Miguel Rubio
- National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gullón-Peña
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Disease, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rogelio López-Vélez
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Disease, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Monge-Maillo
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Disease, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain.
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Tamarozzi F, Buonfrate D, Ricaboni D, Ursini T, Foti G, Gobbi F. Spleen nodules in Loa loa infection: re-emerging knowledge and future perspectives. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 22:e197-e206. [PMID: 35219405 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00632-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Loiasis, the infection with the vector-borne filarial nematode Loa loa, is widely distributed in central and west Africa. Long considered a rather benign infection, recently loiasis with high microfilarial burden was associated with increased mortality risk. Eyeworm and Calabar swelling are pathognomonic signs of the infection, but other atypical, non-specific manifestations can also occur. For instance, splenic nodules have been seldom reported. In this Grand Round, we report two cases of loiasis in migrants who presented with spleen nodules, which could be followed up over time (up to 27 months) with multiple imaging techniques until their resolution. We comment on the clinical implications of these observations, including differential diagnosis with similar imaging findings, and critically review the evidence of spleen involvement in loiasis and other filarial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Tamarozzi
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Italy.
| | - Dora Buonfrate
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Italy
| | | | - Tamara Ursini
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Italy
| | - Giovanni Foti
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Italy
| | - Federico Gobbi
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Italy
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Ricciardi A, Nutman TB. IL-10 and Its Related Superfamily Members IL-19 and IL-24 Provide Parallel/Redundant Immune-Modulation in Loa loa Infection. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:297-305. [PMID: 32561912 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-10 (IL-10) has been implicated as the major cytokine responsible for the modulation of parasite-specific responses in filarial infections; however, the role of other IL-10 superfamily members in filarial infection is less well studied. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from loiasis patients were stimulated with or without filarial antigen. Cytokine production was quantified using a Luminex platform and T-cell expression patterns were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS All patients produced significant levels of IL-10, IL-13, IL-5, IL-4, and IL-9 in response to filarial antigen, indicating a common infection-driven response. When comparing microfilaria (mf)-positive and mf-negative patients, there were no significant differences in spontaneous cytokine nor in parasite-driven IL-10, IL-22, or IL-28a production. In marked contrast, mf-positive individuals had significantly increased filarial antigen-driven IL-24 and IL-19 compared to mf-negative subjects. mf-positive patients also demonstrated significantly higher frequencies of T cells producing IL-19 in comparison to mf-negative patients. T-cell expression of IL-19 and IL-24 was positively regulated by IL-10 and IL-1β. IL-24 production was also regulated by IL-37. CONCLUSION These data provide an important link between IL-10 and its related family members IL-19 and IL-24 in the modulation of the immune response in human filarial infections. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT00001230.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ricciardi
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas B Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Pousibet-Puerto J, Lozano-Serrano AB, Soriano-Pérez MJ, Vázquez-Villegas J, Giménez-López MJ, Cabeza-Barrera MI, Cuenca-Gómez JÁ, Palanca-Giménez M, Luzón-García MP, Castillo-Fernández N, Cabezas-Fernández MT, Salas-Coronas J. Migration-associated malaria from Africa in southern Spain. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:240. [PMID: 33962647 PMCID: PMC8103587 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04727-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The western area of the province of Almeria, sited in southern Spain, has one of the highest immigrant population rates in Spain, mainly dedicated to agricultural work. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of cases of imported malaria associated with migrants from countries belonging to sub-Saharan Africa. The objective of our study is to describe the epidemiological, clinical and analytical characteristics of malaria patients treated in a specialized tropical unit, paying special attention to the differences between VFR and non-VFR migrants and also to the peculiarities of microscopic malaria cases compared to submicroscopic ones. Methods Retrospective observational study of migrants over 14 years of age with imported malaria treated from October 2004 to May 2019. Characteristics of VFR and non-VFR migrants were compared. Malaria cases were divided into microscopic malaria (MM) and submicroscopic malaria (SMM). SMM was defined as the presence of a positive malaria PCR test together with a negative direct microscopic examination and a negative rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Microscopic malaria was defined as the presence of a positive RDT and/or a positive smear examination. Results Three hundred thirty-six cases of malaria were diagnosed, 329 in sub-Saharan immigrants. Of these, 78.1% were VFR migrants, in whom MM predominated (85.2% of cases). In non-VFR migrants, SMM represented 72.2% of the cases. Overall, 239 (72.6%) patients presented MM and 90 (27.4%) SMM. Fever was the most frequent clinical manifestation (64.4%), mainly in the MM group (MM: 81.1% vs SMM: 20.0%; p < 0.01). The most frequent species was P. falciparum. Patients with SMM presented fewer cytopenias and a greater number of coinfections due to soil-transmitted helminths, filarial and intestinal protozoa compared to patients with MM. Conclusions Imported malaria in our area is closely related to sub-Saharan migration. VFR migrants are the main risk group, highlighting the need for actions aimed at improving disease prevention measures. On the other hand, almost a third of the cases are due to SMM. This fact could justify its systematic screening, at least for those travelers at greater risk. Graphic Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joaquín Salas-Coronas
- Tropical Medicine Unit. Hospital de Poniente, El Ejido, Almería, Spain. .,CEMyRI (Center for the Study of Migration and Intercultural Relations) of the University of Almeria, Almería, Spain.
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Ricciardi A, Bennuru S, Tariq S, Kaur S, Wu W, Elkahloun AG, Arakelyan A, Shaik J, Dorward DW, Nutman TB, Tolouei Semnani R. Extracellular vesicles released from the filarial parasite Brugia malayi downregulate the host mTOR pathway. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008884. [PMID: 33411714 PMCID: PMC7790274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the microfilarial (mf) stage of Brugia malayi can inhibit the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR; a conserved serine/threonine kinase critical for immune regulation and cellular growth) in human dendritic cells (DC) and we have proposed that this mTOR inhibition is associated with the DC dysfunction seen in filarial infections. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain many proteins and nucleic acids including microRNAs (miRNAs) that might affect a variety of intracellular pathways. Thus, EVs secreted from mf may elucidate the mechanism by which the parasite is able to modulate the host immune response during infection. EVs, purified from mf of Brugia malayi and confirmed by size through nanoparticle tracking analysis, were assessed by miRNA microarrays (accession number GSE157226) and shown to be enriched (>2-fold, p-value<0.05, FDR = 0.05) for miR100, miR71, miR34, and miR7. The microarray analysis compared mf-derived EVs and mf supernatant. After confirming their presence in EVs using qPCR for these miRNA targets, web-based target predictions (using MIRPathv3, TarBAse and MicroT-CD) predicted that miR100 targeted mTOR and its downstream regulatory protein 4E-BP1. Our previous data with live parasites demonstrated that mf downregulate the phosphorylation of mTOR and its downstream effectors. Additionally, our proteomic analysis of the mf-derived EVs revealed the presence of proteins commonly found in these vesicles (data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD021844). We confirmed internalization of mf-derived EVs by human DCs and monocytes using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry, and further demonstrated through flow cytometry, that mf-derived EVs downregulate the phosphorylation of mTOR in human monocytes (THP-1 cells) to the same degree that rapamycin (a known mTOR inhibitor) does. Our data collectively suggest that mf release EVs that interact with host cells, such as DC, to modulate host responses. Lymphatic filariasis, a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic worms which affects millions of individuals, represents an important public health concern due to its high morbidity that significantly diminishes quality of life. The parasite is able to establish a chronic infection by manipulating its host’s immune responses. The larval mf stage of the parasite is of particular interest as the parasites are present in the peripheral blood and in constant contact with the host’s immune cells. We decided to investigate the role of mf-derived EVs in the modulation of human antigen presenting cells during infection. We showed that mf release EVs that are similar to exosomes, and these parasite vesicles are readily internalized by human DC. The mf-derived EVs possess a unique miRNA profile and are enriched in miRNAs that can target the mTOR pathway. We have also demonstrated that purified mf-derived EVs are capable of inhibiting mTOR signaling in human monocytes. Collectively, our results suggest that mf release exosome-like vesicles that modulate the immune metabolism of host antigen presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ricciardi
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Sasisekhar Bennuru
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sameha Tariq
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Weiwei Wu
- Microarray Core, Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Abdel G. Elkahloun
- Microarray Core, Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anush Arakelyan
- Section of Intracellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jahangheer Shaik
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David W. Dorward
- RML Microscopy Unit, RML Research Technologies Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Roshanak Tolouei Semnani
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Olia A, Shimokawa C, Imai T, Suzue K, Hisaeda H. Suppression of systemic lupus erythematosus in NZBWF1 mice infected with Hymenolepis microstoma. Parasitol Int 2020; 76:102057. [PMID: 31954872 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal helminths induce immune suppressive responses thought to regulate inflammatory diseases including allergies and autoimmune diseases. This study was designed to evaluate whether helminthic infections suppress the natural development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in NZBWF1 mice. Infection of NZBWF1 SLE-prone mice with two nematodes failed to establish long-lasting settlement. However, the Hymenolepis microstoma (Hm) rodent tapeworm successfully established long-term parasitization of NZBWF1 mice and was used to evaluate the suppressive effects of helminth infection. Ten-month-old NZBWF1 mice developed symptoms including autoantibody generation, proteinuria, glomerular histopathology, and splenomegaly, but mice infected with Hm at 2 months of age did not show any clinical signs. Furthermore, infection with Hm reduced lymphocyte activation and increased regulatory T cells in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. These results indicate that infection with Hm protects NZBWF1 mice from naturally developing SLE and suggest that pathological immunity is attenuated, presumably because of the induction of regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Olia
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chikako Shimokawa
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Imai
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kazutomo Suzue
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hajime Hisaeda
- Department of Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan; Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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Pousibet-Puerto J, Cabezas-Fernández MT, Lozano-Serrano AB, Vázquez-Villegas J, Soriano-Pérez MJ, Cabeza-Barrera I, Cuenca-Gómez JA, Salas-Coronas J. Submicroscopic Malaria in Migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:349-352. [PMID: 30666945 PMCID: PMC6346455 DOI: 10.3201/eid2502.180717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In a screening program, we detected submicroscopic malaria in 8.9% of recent migrants to Spain from sub-Saharan Africa. Hemoglobinopathies and filarial infection occurred more frequently in newly arrived migrants with submicroscopic malaria than in those without. Our findings could justify systematic screening in immigrants and recent travelers from malaria-endemic areas.
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10
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Coelho CH, Gazzinelli-Guimaraes PH, Howard J, Barnafo E, Alani NAH, Muratova O, McCormack A, Kelnhofer E, Urban JF, Narum DL, Anderson C, Langhorne J, Nutman TB, Duffy PE. Chronic helminth infection does not impair immune response to malaria transmission blocking vaccine Pfs230D1-EPA/Alhydrogel® in mice. Vaccine 2019; 37:1038-1045. [PMID: 30685251 PMCID: PMC6382667 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pfs230 is a candidate malaria transmission blocking vaccine against P. falciparum. Pfs230 vaccine is being tested in areas where malaria and helminth infections are co-endemic. Chronic helminth infection induces a marked increase in systemic Th2 and regulatory cytokine levels in mice. Chronic H. polygyrus bakeri infection does not alter Pfs230 vaccine specific-antibody levels. Functional activity of Pfs230 vaccine was not impaired by chronic helminth infection in mice.
Introduction Malaria transmission blocking vaccines (TBV) are innovative approaches that aim to induce immunity in humans against Plasmodium during mosquito stage, neutralizing the capacity of the infected vectors to transmit malaria. Pfs230D1-EPA/Alhydrogel®, a promising protein-protein conjugate malaria TBV, is currently being tested in human clinical trials in areas where P. falciparum malaria is coendemic with helminth parasites. Helminths are complex metazoans that share the master capacity to downregulate the host immune response towards themselves and also to bystander antigens, including vaccines. However, it is not known whether the activity of a protein-based malaria TBV may be affected by a chronic helminth infection. Methods Using an experimental murine model for a chronic helminth infection (Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri - Hpb), we evaluated whether prior infection alters the activity of Pfs230D1-EPA/Alhydrogel® TBV in mice. Results After establishment of a chronic infection, characterized by a marked increase of parasite antigen-specific IgG1, IgA and IgE antibody responses, concomitant with an increase of systemic IL-10, IL-5 and IL-6 levels, the Hpb-infected mice were immunized with Pfs230D1-EPA/Alhydrogel® and the vaccine-specific immune response was compared with that in non-infected immunized mice. TBV immunizations induced an elevated vaccine specific-antibody response, however Pfs230D1 specific-IgG levels were similar between infected and uninfected mice at days 15, 25 and 35 post-vaccination. Absolute numbers of Pfs230D1-activated B cells generated in response to the vaccine were also similar among the vaccinated groups. Finally, vaccine activity assessed by reduction of oocyst number in P. falciparum infected mosquitoes was similar between Hpb-infected and immunized mice with non-infected immunized mice. Conclusion Pfs230D1-EPA/Alhydrogel® efficacy is not impaired by a chronic helminth infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila H Coelho
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Howard
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Emma Barnafo
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Nada A H Alani
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Olga Muratova
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ashley McCormack
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Emily Kelnhofer
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomic and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - David L Narum
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Charles Anderson
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Thomas B Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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Abstract
Helminth parasites are complex metazoans that belong to different taxonomic families but that collectively share the capacity to downregulate the host immune response directed toward themselves (parasite-specific immunoregulation). During long-standing chronic infection, these helminths appear able to suppress immune responses to bystander pathogens/antigens and atopic, autoimmune, and metabolic disorders. Helminth-induced immunoregulation occurs through the induction of regulatory T cells or Th2-type cells (or both). However, secreted or excreted parasite metabolites, proteins, or extracellular vesicles (or a combination of these) may also directly induce signaling pathways in host cells. Therefore, the focus of this review will be to highlight recent advances in understanding the immune responses to helminth infection, emphasizing the strategies/molecules and some of the mechanisms used by helminth parasites to modulate the immune response of their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H Gazzinelli-Guimaraes
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4 Center Drive, Building 4, Room 211, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Thomas B Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4 Center Drive, Building 4, Room 211, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Lo AC, Faye B, Gyan BA, Amoah LE. Plasmodium and intestinal parasite perturbations of the infected host's inflammatory responses: a systematic review. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:387. [PMID: 29970128 PMCID: PMC6031113 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2948-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-infection of malaria and intestinal parasites is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa and causes severe disease especially among the poorest populations. It has been shown that an intestinal parasite (helminth), mixed intestinal helminth or Plasmodium parasite infection in a human induces a wide range of cytokine responses, including anti-inflammatory, pro-inflammatory as well as regulatory cytokines. Although immunological interactions have been suggested to occur during a concurrent infection of helminths and Plasmodium parasites, different conclusions have been drawn on the influence this co-infection has on cytokine production. This review briefly discusses patterns of selected cytokine (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α and INF-γ) responses associated with infections caused by Plasmodium, intestinal parasites as well as a Plasmodium-helminth co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminata Colle Lo
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.,University Cheikh Anta DIOP, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Ben Adu Gyan
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Linda Eva Amoah
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
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13
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Bonne-Année S, Nutman TB. Human innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in filarial infections. Parasite Immunol 2018; 40:10.1111/pim.12442. [PMID: 28504838 PMCID: PMC5685925 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Filarial infections are characteristically chronic and can cause debilitating diseases governed by parasite-induced innate and adaptive immune responses. Filarial parasites traverse or establish niches in the skin (migrating infective larvae), in nonmucosal tissues (adult parasite niche) and in the blood or skin (circulating microfilariae) where they intersect with the host immune response. While several studies have demonstrated that filarial parasites and their antigens can modulate myeloid cells (monocyte, macrophage and dendritic cell subsets), T- and B-lymphocytes and skin resident cell populations, the role of innate lymphoid cells during filarial infections has only recently emerged. Despite the identification and characterization of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in murine helminth infections, little is actually known about the role of human ILCs during parasitic infections. The focus of this review will be to highlight the composition of ILCs in the skin, lymphatics and blood; where the host-parasite interaction is well-defined and to examine the role of ILCs during filarial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bonne-Année
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Helminth Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T B Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, Helminth Immunology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Wang R, Xu A, Zhang X, Wu J, Freywald A, Xu J, Xiang J. Novel exosome-targeted T-cell-based vaccine counteracts T-cell anergy and converts CTL exhaustion in chronic infection via CD40L signaling through the mTORC1 pathway. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 14:529-545. [PMID: 27264687 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) exhaustion is a chief issue for ineffective virus elimination in chronic infectious diseases. We generated novel ovalbumin (OVA)-specific OVA-Texo and HIV-specific Gag-Texo vaccines inducing therapeutic immunity. To assess their therapeutic effect in chronic infection, we developed a new chronic infection model by i.v. infecting C57BL/6 mice with the OVA-expressing adenovirus AdVova. During chronic AdVova infection, mouse CTLs were found to express the inhibitory molecules programmed cell-death protein-1 (PD-1) and lymphocyte-activation gene-3 (LAG-3) and to be functionally exhausted, showing a significant deficiency in T-cell proliferation, IFN-γ production and cytolytic effects. Naive CD8+ T cells upregulated inhibitory PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1), B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator and T-cell anergy-associated molecules (Grail and Itch) while down-regulating the proliferative response upon stimulation in mice with chronic infection. Remarkably, the OVA-Texo vaccine counteracted T-cell anergy and converted CTL exhaustion. The latter was associated with (i) the upregulation of a marker for CTL functionality, diacetylated histone-H3 (diAcH3), (ii) a fourfold increase in CTLs, occurring independent of host DCs or CD4+ T cells, and (iii) the restoration of CTL IFN-γ production and cytotoxicity. In vivo OVA-Texo-stimulated CTLs upregulated the activities of the mTORC1 pathway-related molecules Akt, S6, eIF4E and T-bet, and treatment of the CTLs with an mTORC1 inhibitor, rapamycin, significantly reduced the OVA-Texo-induced increase in CTLs. Interestingly, OVA-Texo-mediated CD40L signaling played a critical role in the observed immunological effects. Importantly, the Gag-Texo vaccine induced Gag-specific therapeutic immunity in chronic infection. Therefore, this study should have a serious impact on the development of new therapeutic vaccines for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Cancer Research Cluster, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N4H4.,School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E5
| | - Aizhang Xu
- Cancer Research Cluster, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N4H4
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Cancer Research Cluster, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N4H4.,School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E5
| | - Jie Wu
- Cancer Research Cluster, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N4H4
| | - Andrew Freywald
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E5
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Jim Xiang
- Cancer Research Cluster, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N4H4.,School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E5.,Department of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E5
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15
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Hotez PJ, Strych U, Lustigman S, Bottazzi ME. Human anthelminthic vaccines: Rationale and challenges. Vaccine 2016; 34:3549-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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Zheng H, Ban Y, Wei F, Ma X. Regulation of Interleukin-12 Production in Antigen-Presenting Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 941:117-138. [PMID: 27734411 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-0921-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-12 is a heterodimeric cytokine produced primarily by pathogen-activated antigen-presenting cells, particularly macrophages and dendritic cells, during encountering with intracellular microbes. IL-12 plays a key role in the activation of natural killer cells and CD4+ T helper cells in both innate and adaptive immune responses against infectious agents and immunosurveillance against endogenous malignancies. However, the potency of IL-12 makes it a target for stringent regulation. Indeed, the temporal, spatial, and quantitative expression of IL-12 during an immune response in a microenvironment contributes critically to the determination of the type, extent, and ultimate resolution of the reaction. Breaching of the delicate control and balance involving IL-12 frequently leads to autoimmune inflammatory disorders and pathogenesis. Thus, a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms in the production and control of this cytokine is both scientifically significant and clinically beneficial. Here we provide an update on the research that has been conducted on this subject particularly in the last 10 years since the publication of a major thesis of this nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yi Ban
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Fang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Nutman TB. Looking beyond the induction of Th2 responses to explain immunomodulation by helminths. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:304-13. [PMID: 25869527 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although helminth infections are characteristically associated with Th2-mediated responses that include the production of the prototypical cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 by CD4(+) cells, the production of IgE, peripheral blood eosinophilia and mucus production in localized sites, these responses are largely attenuated when helminth infections become less acute. This modulation of the immune response that occurs with chronic helminth infection is often induced by molecules secreted by helminth parasites, by non-Th2 regulatory CD4(+) cells, and by nonclassical B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. This review will focus on those parasite- and host-mediated mechanisms underlying the modulated T-cell response that occurs as the default in chronic helminth infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Nutman
- Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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18
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McKay DM. Not all parasites are protective. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:324-32. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek M. McKay
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases; Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network; Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
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19
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Metenou S, Coulibaly YI, Sturdevant D, Dolo H, Diallo AA, Soumaoro L, Coulibaly ME, Kanakabandi K, Porcella SF, Klion AD, Nutman TB. Highly heterogeneous, activated, and short-lived regulatory T cells during chronic filarial infection. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2036-47. [PMID: 24737144 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the increase in the numbers of regulatory T (Treg) cells in chronic infection settings remain unclear. Here we have delineated the phenotype and transcriptional profiles of Treg cells from 18 filarial-infected (Fil(+) ) and 19 filarial-uninfected (Fil(-) ) subjects. We found that the frequencies of Foxp3(+) Treg cells expressing CTLA-4, GITR, LAG-3, and IL-10 were significantly higher in Fil(+) subjects compared with that in Fil(-) subjects. Foxp3-expressing Treg-cell populations in Fil(+) subjects were also more heterogeneous and had higher expression of IL-10, CCL-4, IL-29, CTLA-4, and TGF-β than Fil(-) subjects, each of these cytokines having been implicated in immune suppression. Moreover, Foxp3-expressing Treg cells from Fil(+) subjects had markedly upregulated expression of activation-induced apoptotic genes with concomitant downregulation of those involved in cell survival. To determine whether the expression of apoptotic genes was due to Treg-cell activation, we found that the expression of CTLA-4, CDk8, RAD50, TNFRSF1A, FOXO3, and RHOA were significantly upregulated in stimulated cells compared with unstimulated cells. Taken together, our results suggest that in patent filarial infection, the expanded Treg-cell populations are heterogeneous, short-lived, activated, and express higher levels of molecules known to modulate immune responsiveness, suggesting that filarial infection is associated with high Treg-cell turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Metenou
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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20
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Asemota OO, Nmorsi OPG, Isaac C, Odoya EM, Akinseye J, Isaac O. Chemokines Responses to Ascaris Lumbricoides Sole Infection and Co-infection with Hookworm among Nigerians. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2014; 6:84-8. [PMID: 24695523 PMCID: PMC3968570 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.127750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Geohelminth infections are predominant in Nigeria and communities at greatest risks are those with poor environmental/sanitary conditions and unhygienic habits. Chemokine ligands (CXCL) a class under chemokine group play important roles in the immune system by either mediating susceptible or protective immune responses to parasitic infections. Aim: This study was to assess the impact of Ascaris lumbricoides sole infection and co-infection on some serum chemokines (CXCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL11) in infected Nigerians. Materials and Methods: A total of 194 individuals attending Agbor general hospital were examined for A. lumbricoides and hookworm infections. Thereafter, sera were obtained from positive volunteers and control group using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to examine the impact of these helminth infections on the serum concentration of some chemokines (CXCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL11). Results: The mean sera levels of CXCL5 and CXCL9 in infected volunteers were higher than the control subjects. Also, positive correlation was recorded for CXCL9 (P > 0.05), while negative responses were seen for CXCL5 and CXCL11 (P > 0.05) in relation to increase in the intensities of infections. CXCL9 was more expressed in A. lumbricoides + hookworm co-infections than single. Furthermore, the mean concentration of CXCL5 was higher in infected females than males (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The proinflammatory responses of CXCL5 and CXCL9 to A. lumbricoides and hookworm infections could be an indication of the meditating roles of these chemokines in the immune system to either confer some form of host/parasite immunity or susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omorodion Oriri Asemota
- Department of Industrial Safety and Environmental Technology, Petroleum Training Institute, Warri, Delta State, Ekpoma, Nigeria ; Tropical Disease Research Unit, Department of Zoology, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - O P G Nmorsi
- Tropical Disease Research Unit, Department of Zoology, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - C Isaac
- Tropical Disease Research Unit, Department of Zoology, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - E M Odoya
- Tropical Disease Research Unit, Department of Zoology, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - J Akinseye
- Tropical Disease Research Unit, Department of Zoology, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - O Isaac
- Department of Microbiology, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
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21
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Salgame P, Yap GS, Gause WC. Effect of helminth-induced immunity on infections with microbial pathogens. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:1118-1126. [PMID: 24145791 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Helminth infections are ubiquitous worldwide and can trigger potent immune responses that differ from and potentially antagonize host protective responses to microbial pathogens. In this Review we focus on the three main killers in infectious disease-AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria-and critically assesses whether helminths adversely influence host control of these diseases. We also discuss emerging concepts for how M2 macrophages and helminth-modulated dendritic cells can potentially influence the protective immune response to concurrent infections. Finally, we present evidence advocating for more efforts to determine how and to what extent helminths interfere with the successful control of specific concurrent coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmini Salgame
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - George S Yap
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - William C Gause
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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22
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Frosch AEP, John CC. Immunomodulation in Plasmodium falciparum malaria: experiments in nature and their conflicting implications for potential therapeutic agents. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013; 10:1343-56. [PMID: 23241191 DOI: 10.1586/eri.12.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Effective Plasmodium falciparum immunity requires a precisely timed and balanced response of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune regulators. These responses begin with innate immune effectors and are modulated over the course of an infection and between episodes to limit inflammation. To date, there are no effective immunomodulatory therapies for severe malaria. Some of the most potent immunomodulators are naturally occurring infections, including helminthic and chronic viral infections. This review examines malaria coinfection with these organisms, and their impact on malaria morbidity and immune responses. Overall, there is compelling evidence to suggest that chronic coinfections can modulate deleterious malaria-specific immune responses, suggesting that therapeutic agents may be effective if utilized early in infection. Examination of the mechanisms of these effects may serve as a platform to identify more targeted and effective malaria immunomodulatory therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E P Frosch
- University of Minnesota, Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research and Division of Global Pediatrics, McGuire Translational Research Facility, 2001 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Abstract
Chronic infections with persistent pathogens such as helminths, mycobacteria, Plasmodium, and hepatitis viruses affect more than a third of the human population and are associated with increased susceptibility to other pathogens as well as reduced vaccine efficacy. Although these observations suggest an impact of chronic infections in modulating immunity to unrelated antigens, little is known regarding the underlying mechanisms. Here, we summarize evidence of the most prevalent infections affecting immunity to unrelated pathogens and vaccines, and discuss potential mechanisms of how different bystander chronic infections might impact immune responses. We suggest that bystander chronic infections affect different stages of host responses and may impact transmission and recognition of other pathogens, innate immune responses, priming and differentiation of adaptive effector responses, as well as the development and maintenance of immunological memory. Further understanding of the immunological effects of coinfection should provide opportunities to enhance vaccine efficacy and control of infectious diseases.
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Klaver EJ, Kuijk LM, Laan LC, Kringel H, van Vliet SJ, Bouma G, Cummings RD, Kraal G, van Die I. Trichuris suis-induced modulation of human dendritic cell function is glycan-mediated. Int J Parasitol 2012; 43:191-200. [PMID: 23220043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) show remarkable phenotypic changes upon direct contact with soluble products (SPs) of Trichuris suis, a pig whipworm that is experimentally used in therapies to ameliorate inflammation in patients with Crohn's disease and multiple sclerosis. These changes may contribute to the observed induction of a T helper 2 (Th2) response and the suppression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced Th1 and Th17 responses by human DCs primed with T. suis SPs. Here it is demonstrated that glycans of T. suis SPs contribute significantly to the suppression of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression in DCs of a broad variety of cytokines and chemokines, including important pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, lymphotoxin α (LTA), C-C Motif Ligand (CCL)2, C-X-C Motif Ligands (CXCL)9 and CXCL10. In addition, the data show that human DCs strongly bind T. suis SP-glycans via the C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) mannose receptor (MR) and DC-specific ICAM-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN). The interaction of DCs with T. suis glycans likely involves mannose-type glycans, rather than fucosylated glycans, which differs from DC binding to soluble egg antigens of the human worm parasite, Schistosoma mansoni. In addition, macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL) recognises T. suis SPs, which may contribute to the interaction with immature DCs or other MGL-expressing immune cells such as macrophages. The interaction of T. suis glycans with CLRs of human DCs may be essential for the ability of T. suis to suppress a pro-inflammatory phenotype of human DCs. The finding that the T. suis-induced modulation of human DC function is glycan-mediated is novel and indicates that helminth glycans contribute to the dampening of inflammation in a wide range of human inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsenoor J Klaver
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Helminth parasites infect almost one-third of the world's population, primarily in tropical regions. However, regions where helminth parasites are endemic record much lower prevalences of allergies and autoimmune diseases, suggesting that parasites may protect against immunopathological syndromes. Most helminth diseases are spectral in nature, with a large proportion of relatively asymptomatic cases and a subset of patients who develop severe pathologies. The maintenance of the asymptomatic state is now recognized as reflecting an immunoregulatory environment, which may be promoted by parasites, and involves multiple levels of host regulatory cells and cytokines; a breakdown of this regulation is observed in pathological disease. Currently, there is much interest in whether helminth-associated immune regulation may ameliorate allergy and autoimmunity, with investigations in both laboratory models and human trials. Understanding and exploiting the interactions between these parasites and the host regulatory network are therefore likely to highlight new strategies to control both infectious and immunological diseases.
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Metenou S, Babu S, Nutman TB. Impact of filarial infections on coincident intracellular pathogens: Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium falciparum. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2012; 7:231-8. [PMID: 22418448 PMCID: PMC3431797 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e3283522c3d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To examine the consequences of the immune modulation seen in chronic filarial infection on responses to intracellular pathogens (and their antigens) that are often co-endemic with filarial infections, namely Plasmodium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. RECENT FINDINGS Much of the recent data on filaria/mycobacteria or filaria/Plasmodium co-infection has focused on the modulation of mycobacteria-specific or malaria-specific responses by chronic filarial infection. As such, filarial infections very clearly alter the magnitude and quality of the mycobacteria-specific or malaria-specific cytokine responses, responses that have been typically associated with control of these intracellular pathogens. SUMMARY Although phylogenetically distinct, mycobacteria and Plasmodium spp. often share the same geographical niche with filarial infections. The complex interplay between filarial parasites that are associated with immunomodulation and those microbial pathogens that require a proinflammatory or unmodulated response for their control is easily demonstrable ex vivo, but whether this interplay affects disease outcome in tuberculosis or malaria remains an open question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Metenou
- Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Thomas B. Nutman
- Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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