1
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Hauer S, Horsley Downie TM, Balázs G, Schwedtmann K, Weigand JJ, Wolf R. Cobalt-Mediated [3+1] Fragmentation of White Phosphorus: Access to Acylcyanophosphanides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317170. [PMID: 38059391 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the accessibility of numerous transition metal polyphosphido complexes through transition-metal-mediated activation of white phosphorus, the targeted functionalization of Pn ligands to obtain functional monophosphorus species remains challenging. In this study, we introduce a new [3+1] fragmentation procedure for cyclo-P4 ligands, leading to the discovery of acylcyanophosphanides and -phosphines. Treatment of the complex [K(18c-6)][(Ar*BIAN)Co(η4 -P4 )] ([K(18c-6)]3, 18c-6=[18]crown-6, Ar*=2,6-dibenzhydryl-4-isopropylphenyl, BIAN=1,2-bis(arylimino)acenaphthene diimine) with acyl chlorides results in the formation of acylated tetraphosphido complexes [(Ar*BIAN)Co(η4 -P4 C(O)R)] (R=tBu, Cy, 1-Ad, Ph; 4 a-d). Subsequent reactions of 4 a-d with cyanide salts yield acylated cyanophosphanides [RC(O)PCN]- (9 a-d- ) and the cyclo-P3 cobaltate anion [(Ar*BIAN)Co(η3 -P3 )(CN)]- (8- ). Further reactions of 4 a-d with trimethylsilyl cyanide (Me3 SiCN) and isocyanides provide insight into a plausible mechanism of this [3+1] fragmentation reaction, as these reagents partially displace the P4 C(O)R ligand from the cobalt center. Several potential intermediates of the [3+1] fragmentation were characterized. Additionally, the introduction of a second acyl substituent was achieved by treating [K(18c-6)]9b with CyC(O)Cl, resulting in the first bis(acyl)monocyanophosphine (CyC(O))2 PCN (10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hauer
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Gábor Balázs
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kai Schwedtmann
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan J Weigand
- TU Dresden, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Wolf
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
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2
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Wiesner T, Neshchadin D, Glotz G, Gfader Z, Schrader E, Christen S, Fischer RC, Kelterer AM, Gescheidt G, Grützmacher H, Haas M. Symmetrical and Mixed Tris(acyl)phosphines: Synthesis, Oxidation and Photochemistry. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302535. [PMID: 37701996 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present a convenient synthesis for symmetrical and mixed substituted tris(acyl)phosphines (TAPs) starting from red phosphorus. All TAPs exhibit a phosphaalkene-acylphosphine equilibrium, which was investigated in detail by variable-temperature (VT) NMR spectroscopy supported by density-functional theory (DFT) calculations. Depending on the substituents, two phosphaalkene derivatives and ten acylphosphine derivatives could be isolated. NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray crystallography enabled a clear structural assignment of these compounds. Oxidation of selected TAPs led to the formation of the corresponding tris(acyl)phosphine oxides (TAPOs). Furthermore, their spectroscopic properties as well as their photochemistry was investigated. Especially, the TAPO compounds were evaluated for their suitability as photoinitiators by CIDNP spectroscopy, photobleaching measurements and by storage stability tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Wiesner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/V, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Dmytro Neshchadin
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Gabriel Glotz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Zeno Gfader
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/V, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Erik Schrader
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Christen
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roland C Fischer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/V, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Anne-Marie Kelterer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Hansjörg Grützmacher
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Haas
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/V, 8010, Graz, Austria
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3
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Glotz G, Püschmann S, Haas M, Gescheidt G. Direct detection of photo-induced reactions by IR: from Brook rearrangement to photo-catalysis. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023:10.1007/s43630-023-00406-4. [PMID: 36933157 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
In situ IR detection of photoreactions induced by the light of LEDs at appropriate wavelengths provides a simple, cost-effective, and versatile method to get insight into mechanistic details. In particular, conversions of functional groups can be selectively followed. Overlapping UV-Vis bands or fluorescence from the reactants and products and the incident light do not obstruct IR detection. Compared with in situ photo-NMR, our setup does not require tedious sample preparation (optical fibers) and offers a selective detection of reactions, even at positions where 1H-NMR lines overlap or 1H resonances are not clear-cut. We illustrate the applicability of our setup following the photo-Brook rearrangement of (adamant-1-yl-carbonyl)-tris(trimethylsilyl)silane, address photo-induced α-bond cleavage (1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone), study photoreduction using tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II), investigate photo-oxygenation of double bonds with molecular oxygen and the fluorescent 2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium photocatalyst, and address photo-polymerization. With the LED/FT-IR combination, reactions can be qualitatively followed in fluid solution, (highly) viscous environments, and in the solid state. Viscosity changes during the reaction (e.g., during a polymerization) do not obstruct the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Glotz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Sabrina Püschmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Haas
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
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4
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Dumur F. The Future of Visible Light Photoinitiators of Polymerization for Photocrosslinking Applications. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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5
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Conti R, Widera A, Müller G, Fekete C, Thöny D, Eiler F, Benkő Z, Grützmacher H. Organocatalyzed Phospha-Michael Addition: A Highly Efficient Synthesis of Customized Bis(acyl)phosphane Oxide Photoinitiators. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202563. [PMID: 36200550 PMCID: PMC10100105 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Addition of the P-H bond in bis(mesitoyl)phosphine, HP(COMes)2 (BAPH), to a wide variety of activated carbon-carbon double bonds as acceptors was investigated. While this phospha-Michael addition does not proceed in the absence of an additive or catalyst, excellent results were obtained with stoichiometric basic potassium or caesium salts. Simple amine bases can be employed in catalytic amounts, and tetramethylguanidine (TMG) in particular is an outstanding catalyst that allows the preparation of bis(acyl)phosphines, R-P(COMes)2 , under very mild conditions in excellent yields after only a short time. All phosphines RP(COMes)2 can subsequently be oxidized to the corresponding bis(acyl)phosphane oxides, RPO(COMes)2 , a substance class belonging to the most potent photoinitiators for radical polymerizations known to date. Thus, a simple and highly atom economic method has been found that allows the preparation of a broad range of photoinitiators adapted to their specific field of application even on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Conti
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Widera
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Georgina Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Csilla Fekete
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111, Budapest, Műegyetem rakpart 3., Hungary
| | - Debora Thöny
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Frederik Eiler
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zoltán Benkő
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111, Budapest, Műegyetem rakpart 3., Hungary.,ELKH-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, 1111, Budapest, Műegyetem rakpart 3., Hungary
| | - Hansjörg Grützmacher
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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6
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Chen J, Carpenter SH, Fetrow TV, Mengell J, Kirk ML, Tondreau AM. Magnetism Studies of Bis(acyl)phosphide-Supported Eu 3+ and Eu 2+ Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:18466-18475. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico87131, United States
| | | | - Taylor V. Fetrow
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
| | - Joshua Mengell
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico87131, United States
| | - Martin L. Kirk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico87131, United States
- The Center for High Technology Materials, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico87106, United States
- The Center for Quantum Information and Control (CQuIC), The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico87131, United States
| | - Aaron M. Tondreau
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico87545, United States
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7
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Carpenter SH, Wolford NJ, Billow BS, Fetrow TV, Cajiao N, Radović A, Janicke MT, Neidig ML, Tondreau AM. Homoleptic Uranium-Bis(acyl)phosphide Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:12508-12517. [PMID: 35905438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first uranium bis(acyl)phosphide (BAP) complexes were synthesized from the reaction between sodium bis(mesitoyl)phosphide (Na(mesBAP)) or sodium bis(2,4,6-triisopropylbenzoyl)phosphide (Na(trippBAP)) and UI3(1,4-dioxane)1.5. Thermally stable, homoleptic BAP complexes were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, when appropriate, for the elucidation of the electronic structure and bonding of these complexes. EPR spectroscopy revealed that the BAP ligands on the uranium center retain a significant amount of electron density. The EPR spectrum of the trivalent U(trippBAP)3 has a rhombic signal near g = 2 (g1 = 2.03; g2 = 2.01; and g3 = 1.98) that is consistent with the EPR-observed unpaired electron being located in a molecular orbital that appears ligand-derived. However, upon warming the complex to room temperature, no resonance was observed, indicating the presence of uranium character.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikki J Wolford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Brennan S Billow
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Taylor V Fetrow
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Nathalia Cajiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Aleksa Radović
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Michael T Janicke
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Michael L Neidig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Aaron M Tondreau
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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8
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Müller SM, Schlögl S, Wiesner T, Haas M, Griesser T. Recent Advances in Type I Photoinitiators for Visible Light Induced Photopolymerization. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Monika Müller
- Montanuniversität Leoben: Montanuniversitat Leoben Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials AUSTRIA
| | - Sandra Schlögl
- Polymer Competence Center Leoben GmbH Chemistry of Elastomers and Surfaces AUSTRIA
| | - Tanja Wiesner
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Inorganic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Michael Haas
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Inorganic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Montanuniversitat Leoben Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials Otto Glöckel-Straße 2/IV 8700 Leoben AUSTRIA
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9
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Wiesner T, Glotz G, Wunnicke O, Bleger D, Knezevic I, Torvisco A, Fischer R, Kelterer AM, Gescheidt G, Haas M. The Road to Bisacyldigermanes ‐ A New Compound Class Suitable as Visible Light Photoinitiators. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Wiesner
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Inorganic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Gabriel Glotz
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | | | | | - Ivana Knezevic
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Inorganic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Ana Torvisco
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Inorganic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Roland Fischer
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Inorganic Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Anne-Marie Kelterer
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Graz University of Technology: Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry AUSTRIA
| | - Michael Haas
- Technische Universitat Graz Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Stremayergasse 9/V 8010 Graz AUSTRIA
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10
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Shen Q, Xu J, Chen X. π- delocalization in phosphaphthalimide and its ambident reactivity (O/P) toward main-group electrophiles. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:10240-10248. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01163h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The report on phosphaphthalimide (1), the phosphorus analogue of the phthalimide anion, dates back to forty years ago. However, the presence of π-delocalization between two-coordinated phosphorus centre and neighbouring carbonyl...
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11
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Duan H, Leng K, Xu X, Li Q, Liu D, Han Y, Gao J, Yu Q, Wang Z. Monoacylphosphine oxides with substituents in the phosphonyl moiety as Norrish I photoinitiators: Synthesis, photoinitiattion properties and mechanism. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Wiesner T, Haas M. Do germanium-based photoinitiators have the potential to replace the well-established acylphosphine oxides? Dalton Trans 2021; 50:12392-12398. [PMID: 34545890 PMCID: PMC8453693 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02308j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, there has been an increasing demand for photoinitiators with growing requirements. Nowadays, photoinitiators need to fulfill several requirements such as a low level of toxicity, biocompatibility, fast polymerization rates, high activities, good photobleaching and much more in order to remain competitive on the market. Accordingly, we compare acylphosphine oxides and acylgermanes, two common classes of photoinitiators, with respect to their various synthetic pathways, toxicity, availability and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Wiesner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Michael Haas
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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13
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Frühwirt P, Knoechl A, Pillinger M, Müller SM, Wasdin PT, Fischer RC, Radebner J, Torvisco A, Moszner N, Kelterer AM, Griesser T, Gescheidt G, Haas M. The Chemistry of Acylgermanes: Triacylgermenolates Represent Valuable Building Blocks for the Synthesis of a Variety of Germanium-Based Photoinitiators. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:15204-15217. [PMID: 32993291 PMCID: PMC7581296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The formation of
a stable triacylgermenolate 2 as
a decisive intermediate was achieved by using three pathways. The
first two methods involve the reaction of KOtBu or
alternatively potassium with tetraacylgermane 1 yielding 2 via one electron transfer. The mechanism involves the formation
of radical anions (shown by EPR). This reaction is highly efficient
and selective. The third method is a classical salt metathesis reaction
toward 2 in nearly quantitative yield. The formation
of 2 was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, UV–vis
measurements, and X-ray crystallography. Germenolate 2 serves as a starting point for a wide variety of organo-germanium
compounds. We demonstrate the potential of this intermediate by introducing
new types of Ge-based photoinitiators 4b–4f. The UV–vis absorption spectra of 4b–4f show considerably increased band intensities
due to the presence of eight or more chromophores. Moreover, compounds 4d–4f show absorption tailing up to 525
nm. The performance of these photoinitiators is demonstrated by spectroscopy
(time-resolved EPR, laser flash photolysis (LFP), photobleaching (UV–vis))
and photopolymerization experiments (photo-DSC measurements). Triacylgermenolate 2 was
obtained by using
KOtBu or alternatively potassium. The mechanism involves
the formation of radical anions (shown by EPR). The one-pot synthetic
protocol produces 2 in >95% yield, as confirmed by
NMR
spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Germenolate 2 serves as a starting point for a wide variety of organo-germanium
compounds. This was demonstrated by introducing new types of Ge-based
photoinitiators 4b−4f. Their performance
was analyzed by sophisticated spectroscopic methods and photopolymerization
experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stefanie M Müller
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Gloeckelstrasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - Norbert Moszner
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Bendererstraße 2, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein
| | | | - Thomas Griesser
- Institute of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Otto-Gloeckelstrasse 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
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14
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Frühwirt P, Liška A, Wasdin PT, Kelterer AM, Haas M, Ludvík J, Gescheidt G. The “Dark Side” of Germanium-Based Photoinitiators—Connecting Redox Properties and Optical Absorption. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Frühwirt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Alan Liška
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Perry T. Wasdin
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, University of West Georgia, 1601 Maple Street, Carrollton, Georgia 30118, United States
| | - Anne-Marie Kelterer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Haas
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jiří Ludvík
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
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15
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New Phosphine Oxides as High Performance Near- UV Type I Photoinitiators of Radical Polymerization. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071671. [PMID: 32260383 PMCID: PMC7180553 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbazole structures are of high interest in photopolymerization due to their enhanced light absorption properties in the near-UV or even visible ranges. Therefore, type I photoinitiators combining the carbazole chromophore to the well-established phosphine-oxides were proposed and studied in this article. The aim of this article was to propose type I photoinitiators that can be more reactive than benchmark phosphine oxides, which are among the more reactive type I photoinitiators for a UV or near-UV light emitting diodes (LED) irradiation. Two molecules were synthesized and their UV-visible light absorption properties as well as the quantum yields of photolysis and photopolymerization performances were measured. Remarkably, the associated absorption was enhanced in the 350-410 nm range compared to benchmark phosphine oxides, and one compound was found to be more reactive in photopolymerization than the commercial photoinitiator TPO-L for an irradiation at 395 nm.
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16
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Jöckle P, Lamparth I, Moszner N, Barner-Kowollik C, Unterreiner AN. Evidence for ultrafast formation of tribenzoylgermyl radicals originating from tetraacylgermane photoinitiators. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00344a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report strong evidence for the ultrafast formation of tribenzoylgermyl radicals originating from tetraacylgermane photoinitiators on a ps-time scale. In comparison to previous studies, the result can be related to a high initiation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Jöckle
- Molekulare Physikalische Chemie
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | | | | | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science
- School of Chemistry and Physics
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Andreas-Neil Unterreiner
- Molekulare Physikalische Chemie
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
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17
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Cosola A, Conti R, Rana VK, Sangermano M, Chiappone A, Levalois-Grützmacher J, Grützmacher H. Synthesis of γ-cyclodextrin substituted bis(acyl)phosphane oxide derivative (BAPO-γ-CyD) serving as multiple photoinitiator and crosslinking agent. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4828-4831. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01732a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin with up to 10 bis(acyl)phosphanoxide functions serves as an initiator for highly cross-linked swellable hydrogels from mono-acrylates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Riccardo Conti
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Vijay Kumar Rana
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry
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18
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Dietlin C, Trinh TT, Schweizer S, Graff B, Morlet-Savary F, Noirot PA, Lalevée J. Rational Design of Acyldiphenylphosphine Oxides as Photoinitiators of Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Dietlin
- Université
de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thanh Tam Trinh
- Université
de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphane Schweizer
- Université
de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Siegwerk Druckfarben AG & Co. KGaA, Alfred-Keller-Str. 55, 53721 Siegburg, Germany
| | - Bernadette Graff
- Université
de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fabrice Morlet-Savary
- Université
de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Jacques Lalevée
- Université
de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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19
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Schmallegger M, Eibel A, Menzel JP, Kelterer AM, Zalibera M, Barner-Kowollik C, Grützmacher H, Gescheidt G. Unprecedented Bifunctional Chemistry of Bis(acyl)phosphane Oxides in Aqueous and Alcoholic Media. Chemistry 2019; 25:8982-8986. [PMID: 31070829 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Tailor-made photoinitiators play an important role for efficient radical polymerisations in aqueous media, especially in hydrogel manufacturing. Bis(acyl)phosphane oxides (BAPOs) are among the most active initiators. Herein, we show that they display a remarkable photochemistry in aqueous and alcoholic media: Photolysis of BAPOs in the presence of water or alcohols provides a new delocalized π-radical, which does not participate in the polymerization. It either converts into a monoacylphosphane oxide acting as a secondary photoactive species or it works as a one-electron reducing agent. Upon the electron-transfer process, it again produces a dormant photoinitiator. We have established the structure and the chemistry of this π radical using steady-state and time-resolved (CIDEP) EPR together with ESI-MS, NMR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations. Our results show that bis(acyl)phosphane oxides act as bifunctional reagents when applied in aqueous and alcoholic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Schmallegger
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI, Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Eibel
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI, Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Jan P Menzel
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Anne-Marie Kelterer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI, Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Michal Zalibera
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, Bratislava, 812 37, Slovak Republic
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Grützmacher
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI, Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
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20
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Qu Z, Zhu H, Grimme S. Acylation Reactions of Dibenzo-7-phosphanorbornadiene: DFT Mechanistic Insights. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:807-810. [PMID: 31293872 PMCID: PMC6594351 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive DFT calculations provide deep mechanistic insights into the acylation reactions of tert-butyl dibenzo-7-phosphanobornadiene with PhCOX (X=Cl, Br, I, OTf) in CH2Cl2 solution. Such reactions are initialized by the nucleophilic P⋅⋅⋅C attack to the carbonyl group to form the acylphosphonium intermediate A+ together with X- anion, followed either by nucleophilic X-⋅⋅⋅P attack (X=Cl, Br, and I) toward A+ to eliminate anthracene or by slow rearrangement or decomposition of A+ (X=OTf). In contrast to the first case (X=Cl) that is rate-limited by the initial P⋅⋅⋅C attack, other reactions are rate-limited by the second X-⋅⋅⋅P attack for X=Br and I and even thermodynamically prevented for X=OTf, leading to isolable phosphonium salts. The rearrangement of phosphonium A+ is initiated by a P-C bond cleavage, followed either by sequential proton-shifts to form anthracenyl acylphosphonium or by deprotonation with additional base Et3N to form neutral anthracenyl acylphosphine. Our DFT results strongly support the separated acylphosphonium A+ as the key reaction intermediate that may be useful for the transfer of acylphosphenium in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng‐Wang Qu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of BonnBeringstr. 453115BonnGermany
| | - Hui Zhu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of BonnBeringstr. 453115BonnGermany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical ChemistryUniversity of BonnBeringstr. 453115BonnGermany
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21
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Szkop KM, Geeson MB, Stephan DW, Cummins CC. Synthesis of acyl(chloro)phosphines enabled by phosphinidene transfer. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3627-3631. [PMID: 30996956 PMCID: PMC6432624 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05657a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl(chloro)phosphines RC(O)P(Cl)(t-Bu) have been prepared by formal insertion of tert-butyl phosphinidene (t-Bu–P) from t-BuPA (A = C14H10 or anthracene) into the C–Cl bond of acyl chlorides.
Acyl(chloro)phosphines RC(O)P(Cl)(t-Bu) have been prepared by formal insertion of tert-butyl phosphinidene (t-Bu–P) from t-BuPA (A = C14H10 or anthracene) into the C–Cl bond of acyl chlorides. We show that the under-explored acyl(chloro)phosphine functional group provides an efficient method to prepare bis(acyl)phosphines, which are important precursors to compounds used industrially as radical polymerization initiators. Experimental and computational investigations into the mechanism of formation of acyl(chloro)phosphines by our synthetic method reveal a pathway in which chloride attacks a phosphonium intermediate and leads to the reductive loss of anthracene from the phosphorus center in a P(v) to P(iii) process. The synthetic applicability of the acyl(chloro)phosphine functional group has been demonstrated by reduction to an acylphosphide anion, which can in turn be treated with an acyl chloride to furnish dissymmetric bis(acyl)phosphines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Szkop
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St George St , Toronto , Ontario M5S3H6 , Canada . ; Tel: +1 416 946 3294.,Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , MA 02139-4307 , USA . ; Tel: +1 617 253 5332
| | - Michael B Geeson
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , MA 02139-4307 , USA . ; Tel: +1 617 253 5332
| | - Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St George St , Toronto , Ontario M5S3H6 , Canada . ; Tel: +1 416 946 3294
| | - Christopher C Cummins
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , MA 02139-4307 , USA . ; Tel: +1 617 253 5332
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22
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Haas M, Radebner J, Eibel A, Gescheidt G, Stueger H. Recent Advances in Germanium-Based Photoinitiator Chemistry. Chemistry 2018; 24:8258-8267. [PMID: 29356151 PMCID: PMC6032850 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Acylgermanes provide an outstanding photoinduced reactivity at very useful absorption wavelengths. This encouraged multidisciplinary research groups to utilize them as highly effective and non-toxic photoinitiators particularly for medical applications. In this Minireview, we present the most recent breakthroughs to synthesize acylgermanes. We also outline mechanistic aspects of photoinduced reactions of several acylgermane derivatives based on fundamental spectroscopic insights. These studies may aid future developments for tailor-made photoinitiators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Haas
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Judith Radebner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Eibel
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Stueger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/IV, 8010, Graz, Austria
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23
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Wang J, Stanic S, Altun AA, Schwentenwein M, Dietliker K, Jin L, Stampfl J, Baudis S, Liska R, Grützmacher H. A highly efficient waterborne photoinitiator for visible-light-induced three-dimensional printing of hydrogels. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:920-923. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc09313f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient waterborne bis(acyl)phosphane oxide photoinitiator (PEG-BAPO) was conveniently synthesized for 3D printing of hydrogels under blue light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieping Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH Zürich
- 8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Sascha Stanic
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- Technische Universität Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | | | | | - Kurt Dietliker
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH Zürich
- 8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Lu Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH Zürich
- 8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Stampfl
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology
- Technische Universität Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Stefan Baudis
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- Technische Universität Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- Technische Universität Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Hansjörg Grützmacher
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH Zürich
- 8093 Zürich
- Switzerland
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM)
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24
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Eibel A, Radebner J, Haas M, Fast DE, Freißmuth H, Stadler E, Faschauner P, Torvisco A, Lamparth I, Moszner N, Stueger H, Gescheidt G. From mono- to tetraacylgermanes: extending the scope of visible light photoinitiators. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01590a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We present a comparative study of the photoinitiating efficiency of selected acylgermanes, focusing on wavelength-dependent photobleaching, decomposition quantum yields and radical reactivity.
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25
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Stadler E, Eibel A, Fast D, Freißmuth H, Holly C, Wiech M, Moszner N, Gescheidt G. A versatile method for the determination of photochemical quantum yieldsviaonline UV-Vis spectroscopy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:660-669. [DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00401j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
On-line UV-Vis monitoring of photochemical reactions driven by LEDs allows the straightforward determination of quantum yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Stadler
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- NAWI Graz
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Anna Eibel
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- NAWI Graz
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - David Fast
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- NAWI Graz
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Hilde Freißmuth
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- NAWI Graz
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Christian Holly
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- NAWI Graz
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Mathias Wiech
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- NAWI Graz
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | | | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- NAWI Graz
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
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26
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Lauer A, Steinkoenig J, Jöckle P, Kelterer AM, Unterreiner AN, Barner-Kowollik C. Installing lactone chain termini during photoinduced polymerization. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00457a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We exploit the Thorpe–Ingold effect as a spontaneous end group transformation method during photo-induced polymerization of methacrylates using the functional (2-hydroxy-4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropio-phenone) species as radical photoinitiator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lauer
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- QLD 4000, Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Jan Steinkoenig
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- QLD 4000, Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Philipp Jöckle
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- QLD 4000, Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Anne-Marie Kelterer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- NAWI Graz
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Andreas N. Unterreiner
- Molekulare Physikalische Chemie
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- QLD 4000, Brisbane
- Australia
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27
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Eibel A, Fast DE, Gescheidt G. Choosing the ideal photoinitiator for free radical photopolymerizations: predictions based on simulations using established data. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01195h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A modelling toolbox for classifying and predicting photoinitiator efficiencies is presented, considering absorption properties, dissociation quantum yields, light intensities, irradiation wavelengths, kinetics of monomer addition and side reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Eibel
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - David E. Fast
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
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28
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Darvasiová D, Barberiková Z, Eibel A, Schmallegger M, Gescheidt G, Zalibera M, Neshchadin D. Probing the first steps of photoinduced free radical polymerization at water–oil interfaces. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01414g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oil-soluble photoinitiators can initiate free radical polymerization in the aqueous phase of microemulsions with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Darvasiová
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics
- Slovak University of Technology
- 812 37 Bratislava 1
- Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Barberiková
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics
- Slovak University of Technology
- 812 37 Bratislava 1
- Slovakia
| | - Anna Eibel
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Max Schmallegger
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Georg Gescheidt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Michal Zalibera
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics
- Slovak University of Technology
- 812 37 Bratislava 1
- Slovakia
| | - Dmytro Neshchadin
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
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