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Tseng YF, Liao PC, Chen PH, Gau TS, Lin BJ, Chiu PW, Liu JH. Highly hydroxylated hafnium clusters are accessible to high resolution EUV photoresists under small energy doses. Nanoscale Adv 2023; 6:197-208. [PMID: 38125600 PMCID: PMC10729921 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00508a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the success in accessing high-resolution negative-tone EUV photoresists without radical chain growth in the aggregation mechanism. The synthesis of a highly hydroxylated Hf6O4(OH)8(RCO2)8 cluster 3 (R = s-butyl or s-Bu) is described; its EUV performance enables high resolution patterns HP = 18 nm under only 30 mJ cm-2. This photoresist also achieves high resolution patterns for e-beam lithography. Our new photoresist design to increase hydroxide substitutions of carboxylate ligands in the Hf6O4(OH)4(RCO2)12 clusters improves the EUV resolution and also greatly reduces EUV doses. Mechanistic analysis indicates that EUV light not only enables photolytic decomposition of carboxylate ligands, but also enhances the Hf-OH dehydration. One additional advantage of cluster 3 is a very small loss of film thickness (ca. 13%) after the EUV pattern development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fang Tseng
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Pin-Chia Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsiung Chen
- TSMC-NTHU Joint Research Center, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
- College of Semiconductor Research, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Sheng Gau
- TSMC-NTHU Joint Research Center, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
- College of Semiconductor Research, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Burn-Jeng Lin
- TSMC-NTHU Joint Research Center, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
- College of Semiconductor Research, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Po-Wen Chiu
- TSMC-NTHU Joint Research Center, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
- College of Semiconductor Research, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hsiung Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
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2
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Weigel T, Christ B, Dembski S, Ewald A, Groneberg D, Hansmann J, Luxenhofer R, Metzger M, Walles H, Willy C, Groeber-Becker F, Probst J. Biomimetic Connection of Transcutaneous Implants with Skin. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301131. [PMID: 37660290 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infection is a crucial complication in implant restoration, in particular in permanent skin-penetrating implants. Therein, the resulting gap between transcutaneous implant and skin represents a permanent infection risk, limiting the field of application and the duration of application. To overcome this limitation, a tight physiological connection is required to achieve a biological and mechanical welding for a long-term stable closure including self-healing probabilities. This study describes a new approach, wherein the implant is connected covalently to a highly porous electrospun fleece featuring physiological dermal integration potential. The integrative potential of the scaffold is shown in vitro and confirmed in vivo, further demonstrating tissue integration by neovascularization, extracellular matrix formation, and prevention of encapsulation. To achieve a covalent connection between fleece and implant surface, self-initiated photografting and photopolymerization of hydroxyethylmethacrylate is combined with a new crosslinker (methacrylic acid coordinated titanium-oxo clusters) on proton-abstractable implant surfaces. For implant modification, the attached fleece is directed perpendicular from the implant surface into the surrounding dermal tissue. First in vitro skin implantations demonstrate the implants' dermal integration capability as well as wound closure potential on top of the fleece by epithelialization, establishing a bacteria-proof and self-healing connection of skin and transcutaneous implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Weigel
- Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bastian Christ
- Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sofia Dembski
- Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), 97082, Würzburg, Germany
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Ewald
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Groneberg
- Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Hansmann
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt, 97421, Schweinfurt, Germany
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Marco Metzger
- Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), 97082, Würzburg, Germany
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike Walles
- Core Facility Tissue Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christian Willy
- Trauma & Orthopedic Surgery, Septic & Reconstructive Surgery, Research and Treatment Center Septic Defect Wounds, Federal Armed Forces of Germany, Bundeswehr (Military) Academic Hospital Berlin, Scharnhorststr. 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Groeber-Becker
- Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), 97082, Würzburg, Germany
- University Hospital Würzburg, Department for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Probst
- Translational Center for Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT), Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), 97082, Würzburg, Germany
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Wu JR, Lin TA, Wu YR, Chen PH, Gau TS, Lin BJ, Chiu PW, Liu RS. Novel hexameric tin carboxylate clusters as efficient negative-tone EUV photoresists: high resolution with well-defined patterns under low energy doses. Nanoscale Adv 2023; 5:3033-3043. [PMID: 37260503 PMCID: PMC10228491 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00131h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of two novel tin carboxylate clusters (RSn)6(R'CO2)8O4Cl2 is described, and their structures have been characterized by X-ray diffraction. These clusters have irregular ladder geometry to form very smooth films with small surface roughness (RMS <0.7 nm) over a large domain. EUV lithography can be used to resolve half pitches (HPs) in the order of 15-16 nm with line width roughness (LWR = 4.5-6.0 nm) using small doses (20-90 mJ cm-2). Cluster 1 (R = n-butyl; R'CO2 = 2-methyl-3-butenoate) contains only a radical precursor and cluster 2 (R = vinyl, R'CO2 = 2-methylbutyrate) bears both a radical precursor and an acceptor; the latter is much better than the former in EUV and e-beam photosensitivity. For these clusters, the mechanisms of EUV irradiation have been elucidated with high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HRXPS) and reflective Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). At low EUV doses, two clusters undergo a Sn-Cl bond cleavage together with a typical decarboxylation to generate carbon radicals. The n-butyl groups of cluster 1 are prone to cleavage whereas the vinyl-Sn bonds of species 2 are inert toward EUV irradiation; participation of radical polymerization is evident for the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Rong Wu
- Frontier Research Center for Matter Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, National Tsing-Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan 30013 ROC
| | - Ting-An Lin
- Frontier Research Center for Matter Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, National Tsing-Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan 30013 ROC
| | - Yan-Ru Wu
- Frontier Research Center for Matter Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, National Tsing-Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan 30013 ROC
| | - Po-Hsiung Chen
- TSMC-NTHU Joint Research Center, National Tsing-Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan 30013 ROC
| | - Tsi-Sheng Gau
- TSMC-NTHU Joint Research Center, National Tsing-Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan 30013 ROC
- College of Semiconductor Research ROC
| | - Burn-Jeng Lin
- TSMC-NTHU Joint Research Center, National Tsing-Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan 30013 ROC
- College of Semiconductor Research ROC
| | - Po-Wen Chiu
- TSMC-NTHU Joint Research Center, National Tsing-Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan 30013 ROC
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing-Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan ROC
| | - Rai-Shung Liu
- Frontier Research Center for Matter Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, National Tsing-Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan 30013 ROC
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4
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Wang Q, Cui H, Wang X, Hu Z, Tao P, Li M, Wang J, Tang Y, Xu H, He X. Exceptional Light Sensitivity by Thiol-Ene Click Lithography. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3064-3074. [PMID: 36625511 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lithographic patterning, which utilizes the solubility switch of photoresists to convert optical signals into nanostructures on the substrate, is the primary top-down approach for nanoscale fabrication. However, the low light/electron-energy conversion efficiency severely limits the throughput of lithography. Thiol-ene reaction, as a photoinitiated radical addition reaction, is widely known as click reaction in the field of chemistry due to its extremely high efficiency. Here, we introduce a click lithography strategy utilizing the rapid thiol-ene click reaction to realize ultraefficient nanofabrication. This novel approach facilitated by the implementation of ultrahigh-functionality material designs enables high-contrast patterning of metal-containing nanoclusters under an extremely low deep-ultraviolet exposure dose, e.g., 7.5 mJ cm-2, which is 10-20 times lower than the dose used in the photoacid generator-based photoresist system. Meanwhile, 45 nm dense patterns were also achieved at a low dose using electron beam lithography, revealing the great potential of this approach in high-resolution patterning. Our results demonstrated the high-sensitivity and high-resolution features of click lithography, providing inspiration for future lithography design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Hao Cui
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Ziyu Hu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Peipei Tao
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Yaping Tang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Xiangming He
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
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5
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Van den Eynden D, Pokratath R, Mathew JP, Goossens E, De Buysser K, De Roo J. Fatty acid capped, metal oxo clusters as the smallest conceivable nanocrystal prototypes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:573-585. [PMID: 36741516 PMCID: PMC9847641 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05037d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal oxo clusters of the type M6O4(OH)4(OOCR)12 (M = Zr or Hf) are valuable building blocks for materials science. Here, we synthesize a series of zirconium and hafnium oxo clusters with ligands that are typically used to stabilize oxide nanocrystals (fatty acids with long and/or branched chains). The fatty acid capped oxo clusters have a high solubility but do not crystallize, precluding traditional purification and single-crystal XRD analysis. We thus develop alternative purification strategies and we use X-ray total scattering and Pair Distribution Function (PDF) analysis as our main method to elucidate the structure of the cluster core. We identify the correct structure from a series of possible clusters (Zr3, Zr4, Zr6, Zr12, Zr10, and Zr26). Excellent refinements are only obtained when the ligands are part of the structure model. Further evidence for the cluster composition is provided by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), and mass spectrometry (MS). We find that hydrogen bonded carboxylic acid is an intrinsic part of the oxo cluster. Using our analytical tools, we elucidate the conversion from a Zr6 monomer to a Zr12 dimer (and vice versa), induced by carboxylate ligand exchange. Finally, we compare the catalytic performance of Zr12-oleate clusters with oleate capped, 5.5 nm zirconium oxide nanocrystals in the esterification of oleic acid with ethanol. The oxo clusters present a five times higher reaction rate, due to their higher surface area. Since the oxo clusters are the lower limit of downscaling oxide nanocrystals, we present them as appealing catalytic materials, and as atomically precise model systems. In addition, the lessons learned regarding PDF analysis are applicable to other areas of cluster science as well, from semiconductor and metal clusters, to polyoxometalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietger Van den Eynden
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselMattenstrasse 24a4058 BaselSwitzerland,Department of Chemistry, University of GhentKrijgslaan 2819000 GhentBelgium
| | - Rohan Pokratath
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselMattenstrasse 24a4058 BaselSwitzerland
| | | | - Eline Goossens
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselMattenstrasse 24a4058 BaselSwitzerland,Department of Chemistry, University of GhentKrijgslaan 2819000 GhentBelgium
| | | | - Jonathan De Roo
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselMattenstrasse 24a4058 BaselSwitzerland
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6
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Abstract
We review the nonaqueous precursor chemistry of the group 4 metals to gain insight into the formation of their oxo clusters and colloidal oxide nanocrystals. We first describe the properties and structures of titanium, zirconium, and hafnium oxides. Second, we introduce the different precursors that are used in the synthesis of oxo clusters and oxide nanocrystals. We review the structures of group 4 metal halides and alkoxides and their reactivity toward alcohols, carboxylic acids, etc. Third, we discuss fully condensed and atomically precise metal oxo clusters that could serve as nanocrystal models. By comparing the reaction conditions and reagents, we provide insight into the relationship between the cluster structure and the nature of the carboxylate capping ligands. We also briefly discuss the use of oxo clusters. Finally, we review the nonaqueous synthesis of group 4 oxide nanocrystals, including both surfactant-free and surfactant-assisted syntheses. We focus on their precursor chemistry and surface chemistry. By putting these results together, we connect the dots and obtain more insight into the fascinating chemistry of the group 4 metals. At the same time, we also identify gaps in our knowledge and thus areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietger Van den Eynden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24, BPR 1096, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Rohan Pokratath
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24, BPR 1096, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan De Roo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24, BPR 1096, Basel 4058, Switzerland
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7
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Kataoka S, Sue K. Enhanced Solubility of Zirconium Oxo Clusters from Diacetoxyzirconium(IV) Oxide Aqueous Solution as Inorganic Extreme‐Ultraviolet Photoresists. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sho Kataoka
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology AIST Research Institute for Chemical Process Technology 1-1-1 HigashiAIST Central 5 3058565 Tsukuba JAPAN
| | - Kiwamu Sue
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology: Kokuritsu Kenkyu Kaihatsu Hojin Sangyo Gijutsu Sogo Kenkyujo Research Institute for Chemical Process Technology JAPAN
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van der Geest MLS, Sadegh N, Meerwijk TM, Wooning EI, Wu L, Bloem R, Castellanos Ortega S, Brouwer AM, Kraus PM. Extreme ultraviolet-excited time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy using an ultrafast table-top high-harmonic generation source. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:113004. [PMID: 34852522 DOI: 10.1063/5.0064780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a table-top extreme ultraviolet (XUV) beamline for measuring time- and frequency-resolved XUV-excited optical luminescence (XEOL) with additional femtosecond-resolution XUV transient absorption spectroscopy functionality. XUV pulses are generated via high-harmonic generation using a near-infrared pulse in a noble gas medium and focused to excite luminescence from a solid sample. The luminescence is collimated and guided into a streak camera where its spectral components are temporally resolved with picosecond temporal resolution. We time-resolve XUV-excited luminescence and compare the results to luminescence decays excited at longer wavelengths for three different materials: (i) sodium salicylate, an often used XUV scintillator; (ii) fluorescent labeling molecule 4-carbazole benzoic (CB) acid; and (iii) a zirconium metal oxo-cluster labeled with CB, which is a photoresist candidate for extreme-ultraviolet lithography. Our results establish time-resolved XEOL as a new technique to measure transient XUV-driven phenomena in solid-state samples and identify decay mechanisms of molecules following XUV and soft-x-ray excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L S van der Geest
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N Sadegh
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T M Meerwijk
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E I Wooning
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Wu
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Bloem
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Castellanos Ortega
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A M Brouwer
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P M Kraus
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Haitjema J, Wu L, Giuliani A, Nahon L, Castellanos S, Brouwer AM. UV and VUV-induced fragmentation of tin-oxo cage ions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:20909-20918. [PMID: 34533559 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03148a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoresist materials are being optimized for the recently introduced Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) photolithographic technology. Organometallic compounds are potential candidates for replacing the ubiquitous polymer-based chemically amplified resists. Tin (Sn) has a particularly large absorption cross section for EUV light (13.5 nm, 92 eV), which could lead to a lower required EUV dose for achieving the desired solubility change (improved sensitivity). However, the fundamental interaction between organometallic materials and higher energy photons is poorly understood. In this work, we exposed n-butyltin-oxo cage dications (M2+) in the gas phase to photons in the energy range 4-35 eV to explore their fundamental photoreactivity. Photoproducts were detected using mass spectrometry. Homolytic cleavage of tin-carbon bonds was observed for all photon energies above the onset of electronic absorption at ∼5 eV (∼250 nm), leading to photoproducts which have lost one or more of the attached butyl groups (Bu). Above 12 eV (<103 nm), dissociative photoionization occurred for the dication (M2+), competing with the neutral loss channels. The photoionization threshold is lowered by approximately 2 eV when one counterion (triflate, OTf- or tosylate, OTs-) is attached to the tin-oxo cage (MOTf+ and MOTs+). This threshold is expected to be even lower if each tin-oxo cage is attached to two counterions, as is the case in a solid film of tin-oxo cages. Addition of counterions also affected the fragmentation pathways; photoexcitation of (MX)+ (X = counterion, OTf or OTs) always led to formation of (MX-2Bu)+ rather than (MX-Bu)+. MOTs+ was much more reactive than MOTf+ in terms of reaction products per absorbed photon. A possible explanation for this is proposed, which involves the counterion reacting with the initially formed tin-based radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarich Haitjema
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, P. O. Box 93019, 1090 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Lianjia Wu
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, P. O. Box 93019, 1090 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Alexandre Giuliani
- UAR 1008 Transfrom, INRAE, F-44316 Nantes, France
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, BP 48 Saint Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Laurent Nahon
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, BP 48 Saint Aubin, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sonia Castellanos
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, P. O. Box 93019, 1090 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Albert M Brouwer
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, P. O. Box 93019, 1090 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, P. O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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