Lipid Profiles in By‐Products and Muscles of Three Shrimp Species ( Penaeus monodon , Penaeus vannamei , and Penaeus chinensis )

Shrimp lipids improve flavor by regulating characteristic aroma compounds in hot air-dried shrimp

Hot air-dried shrimp (HDS) has a strong fishy smell greatly reducing its flavor quality. This study aimed to investigate the regulation of total lipids, phospholipids and triglycerides isolated from shrimp for improving the characteristic volatile flavor of HDS. It was found that three lipids could promote the formation of aroma compounds with pleasant characteristic aromas (e.g., pyrazines). Phospholipids and triglycerides inhibited the formation of trimethylamine, a key component of fishy smell, with phospholipids exhibiting the best inhibitory effect (47.70 ± 2.63 %), greatly improving the flavor quality of HDS. Aldehydes, unsaturated ketones, and furans, primarily derived from the thermal degradation of C18:1, C18:2, and C22:6, were key intermediate compounds promoting the Maillard reaction. Lipids inhibited trimethylamine by prompting the formation of pyrazines. Maillard reaction was the key pathway for lipids to improve the flavor quality of HDS. This study can provide theoretical support for the development of high-quality thermally processed shrimp products.

Chemical Characterization of Bioactive Compounds in Extracts and Fractions from Litopenaeus vannamei Muscle

Marine organisms are a vital source of biologically active compounds. Organic extracts from the muscle of the Pacific white shrimp (L. vannamei) have shown antiproliferative effects on tumor cells, including breast adenocarcinoma. This study aimed to analyze these extracts' composition and confirm their specificity for breast adenocarcinoma cells without harming normal cells. An organic chloroform extract from L. vannamei muscle was divided using a solvent partition procedure with methanol and hexane. The methanolic partition was fractionated through an open preparative liquid chromatography column to isolate compounds with biological activity, that were later tested on MDA-MB-231 (breast adenocarcinoma), and recently tested on MCF10-A (non-cancerous breast epithelial cells). Cells incubated with these fractions were assessed for viability and morphological changes using fluorescence confocal microscopy. Fractions F#13 and F#14 reduced MDA-MB-231 cancer cell viability at 100 µg/mL without affecting non-cancerous MCF-10A cells, inducing apoptosis-related changes in cancer cells. These fractions contained EPA and DHA free fatty acids, specifically F#13 contained free and esterified astaxanthin as well. The high levels of free linoleic acid 18:2 ω-6, EPA, and DHA (in a 2:1 ratio, EPA:DHA), along with free and esterified astaxanthin in F#13, significantly reduced breast adenocarcinoma cell viability, nearly to that achieved by cisplatin, a chemotherapy drug.

Shrimp Lipid Bioactives with Anti-Inflammatory, Antithrombotic, and Antioxidant Health-Promoting Properties for Cardio-Protection

Marine animals, especially shrimp species, have gained interest in research, due to the fact that they contain a plethora of biomolecules, specifically lipids, which have been proven to possess many health benefits in various diseases linked to chronic inflammation or other exogenous factors. This review refers to the lipid composition of a large number of shrimp species, as well as the effects that can alternate the lipid content of these crustaceans. Emphasis is given to the potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antithrombotic properties of shrimp bioactives, as well as the effects that these bioactives hold in other diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and more. The various health-promoting effects deriving from the consumption of shrimp lipid bioactives and the usage of products containing shrimp lipid extracts are also addressed in this study, through the exploration of several mechanisms of action and the interference of shrimp lipids in these biochemical pathways. Nevertheless, further research on this cultivatable edible species is needed, due to their existing limitations and future prospects which are discussed in this paper.

Characterization of the lipidomic profile of clam Meretrix petechialis in response to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a devastating pathogen of clam Meretrix petechialis, which brings about huge economic losses in aquaculture breeding industry. In our previous study, we have found that Vibrio infection is closely associated with lipid metabolism of clams. In this study, an untargeted lipidomics approach was used to explore the lipid profiling changes upon Vibrio infection. The results demonstrated that the hepatopancreas of clams was composed of five lipid categories including fatty acyls, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and sterol lipids. And the content of lipid classes altered during Vibrio infection, implying that Vibrio infection altered intracellular lipid homeostasis in clams. Meanwhile, a total of 200 lipid species including 82 up-regulated and 118 down-regulated significantly were identified in response to Vibrio infection, of which ceramide (Cer), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and triglyceride (TG) accounted for the largest proportion. Notably, all Cers showed a significantly decreased trend while nearly all TG species were increased significantly during Vibrio infection, which suggested that Cer and TG could be determined as effective biomarkers. Furthermore, these differentially expressed lipid species were enriched in 20 metabolic pathways and sphingolipid metabolism was one of the most enriched pathways. These results evidenced how the lipid metabolism altered in the process of Vibrio infection and opened a new perspective on the response of marine bivalves to pathogen infection.

Current Progress in Lipidomics of Marine Invertebrates

Marine invertebrates are a paraphyletic group that comprises more than 90% of all marine animal species. Lipids form the structural basis of cell membranes, are utilized as an energy reserve by all marine invertebrates, and are, therefore, considered important indicators of their ecology and biochemistry. The nutritional value of commercial invertebrates directly depends on their lipid composition. The lipid classes and fatty acids of marine invertebrates have been studied in detail, but data on their lipidomes (the profiles of all lipid molecules) remain very limited. To date, lipidomes or their parts are known only for a few species of mollusks, coral polyps, ascidians, jellyfish, sea anemones, sponges, sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, crabs, copepods, shrimp, and squid. This paper reviews various features of the lipid molecular species of these animals. The results of the application of the lipidomic approach in ecology, embryology, physiology, lipid biosynthesis, and in studies on the nutritional value of marine invertebrates are also discussed. The possible applications of lipidomics in the study of marine invertebrates are considered.

Integration of Untargeted and Pseudotargeted Metabolomics for Authentication of Three Shrimp Species Using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap

In this work, an untargeted and pseudotargeted metabolomics combination approach was used for authentication of three shrimp species (Litopenaeus vanmamei, Penaeus japonicus, and Penaeus monodon). The monophasic extraction-based untargeted metabolomics approach enabled comprehensive-coverage and high-throughput analysis of shrimp tissue and revealed 26 potential markers. The pseudotargeted metabolomics approach confirmed 21 markers (including 9 key markers), which realized at least putative identification. The 21 confirmed markers, as well as 9 key markers, were used to develop PLS-DA models, correctly classifying 60/60 testing samples. Furthermore, DD-SIMCA and PLS-DA models were integrated based on the 9 key markers, with 59/60 and 20/20 samples of the species that were involved and uninvolved in model training correctly classified. The results demonstrated the potential of this untargeted and pseudotargeted metabolomics combination approach for shrimp species authentication.

Separation, identification and cardiovascular activities of phospholipid classes from the head of Penaeus vannamei by lipidomics and zebrafish models

Five phospholipid classes of Penaeus vannamei head were separated, analyzed and quantified. They had different cardiovascular activities evaluated in zebrafish models, which may provide a research basis for pharmaceutical use of marine phospholipids.