1
|
Betzenbichler G, Huber L, Kräh S, Morkos MLK, Siegle AF, Trapp O. Chiral stationary phases and applications in gas chromatography. Chirality 2022; 34:732-759. [PMID: 35315953 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chiral compounds are ubiquitous in nature and play a pivotal role in biochemical processes, in chiroptical materials and applications, and as chiral drugs. The analysis and determination of the enantiomeric ratio (er) of chiral compounds is of enormous scientific, industrial, and economic importance. Chiral separation techniques and methods have become indispensable tools to separate chiral compounds into their enantiomers on an analytical as well on a preparative level to obtain enantiopure compounds. Chiral gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography have paved the way and fostered several research areas, that is, asymmetric synthesis and catalysis in organic, medicinal, pharmaceutical, and supramolecular chemistry. The development of highly enantioselective chiral stationary phases was essential. In particular, the elucidation and understanding of the underlying enantioselective supramolecular separation mechanisms led to the design of new chiral stationary phases. This review article focuses on the development of chiral stationary phases for gas chromatography. The fundamental mechanisms of the recognition and separation of enantiomers and the selectors and chiral stationary phases used in chiral gas chromatography are presented. An overview over syntheses and applications of these chiral stationary phases is presented as a practical guidance for enantioselective separation of chiral compound classes and substances by gas chromatography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Huber
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kräh
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Alexander F Siegle
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Trapp O, Zawatzky K. Synthesis of Cryptochiral (R,R)-2,3-Dideuterooxirane as Stereochemical Reference Compound and Chemical Correlation with D-(+)-Glyceraldehyde. Isr J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201600111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Trapp
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; Department Chemie; Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 München Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie; Königstuhl 17 69117 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Kerstin Zawatzky
- Merck Research Laboratories; Department of Process & Analytical Chemistry; Rahway, New Jersey USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gmeiner J, Behrens S, Spliethoff B, Trapp O. Ruthenium Nanoparticles in High-Throughput Studies of Chemoselective Carbonyl Hydrogenation Reactions. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201501069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gmeiner
- Organisch-Chemisches-Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Silke Behrens
- Institut für Katalyseforschung und Technologie; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Bernd Spliethoff
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Organisch-Chemisches-Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gmeiner J, Seibicke M, Lang C, Gärtner U, Trapp O. An Immobilised Grubbs 2ndGeneration Catalyst for Application in Flow-Through Devices. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201301182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
5
|
Stockinger S, Trapp O. Comparison of a Molecular and an Immobilized Gadolinium(III)-tris[(1R,4S)-3-heptafluorobutanoyl-camphor] as Catalyst in the Asymmetric Danishefsky-Hetero-Diels-Alder-Reaction. Chirality 2014; 26:243-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Skrollan Stockinger
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Heidelberg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zawatzky K, Herwig P, Grieser M, Heber O, Jordon-Thaden B, Krantz C, Novotný O, Repnow R, Schurig V, Schwalm D, Vager Z, Wolf A, Kreckel H, Trapp O. Coulomb Explosion Imaged Cryptochiral (R,R)-2,3-Dideuterooxirane: Unambiguous Access to the Absolute Configuration of (+)-Glyceraldehyde. Chemistry 2014; 20:5555-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201400296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
7
|
Pažitná A, Špánik I. Enantiomeric distribution of major chiral volatile organic compounds in juniper-flavored distillates. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:398-403. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Pažitná
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology; Slovak University of Technology; Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Ivan Špánik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology; Slovak University of Technology; Bratislava Slovak Republic
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Stockinger S, Gmeiner J, Zawatzky K, Troendlin J, Trapp O. From stereodynamics to high-throughput screening of catalysed reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:14301-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc04892j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this review we summarised recent developments in high-throughput kinetic monitoring of reactions including the dynamics of interconverting stereoisomers and the simultaneous combination of (catalysed) reactions with chemical analysis in on-column reaction chromatographic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Skrollan Stockinger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Gmeiner
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Zawatzky
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Troendlin
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rybina A, Lang C, Wirtz M, Grußmayer K, Kurz A, Maier F, Schmitt A, Trapp O, Jung G, Herten DP. Direkte Beobachtung alternativer Reaktionswege an einzelnen Molekülen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201300100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
10
|
Rybina A, Lang C, Wirtz M, Grußmayer K, Kurz A, Maier F, Schmitt A, Trapp O, Jung G, Herten DP. Distinguishing Alternative Reaction Pathways by Single-Molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:6322-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201300100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
11
|
Wistuba D, Schurig V. Cyclodextrin-mediated enantioseparations by capillary electrochromatography. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 970:505-523. [PMID: 23283799 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-263-6_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Immobilized cyclodextrin derivatives are used as chiral selectors in various modes of capillary electrochromatography (CEC). The present chapter describes three techniques in detail utilizing CDs in CEC: (1) open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (o-CEC), (2) packed capillary electrochromatography (p-CEC), and (3) monolithic capillary electrochromatography (rod-CEC). Nanoparticle pseudostationary phase capillary electrochromatography (psp-CEC) is briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Wistuba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Spallek MJ, Storch G, Trapp O. Straightforward Synthesis of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Phases with Immobilized (1R)-3-(Perfluoroalkanoyl)camphorate Metal Complexes and Their Application in Enantioselective Complexation Gas Chromatography. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201200075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
14
|
Gas chromatographic enantioseparation of derivatized α-amino acids on chiral stationary phases—Past and present. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:3122-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
15
|
Troendlin J, Rehbein J, Hiersemann M, Trapp O. Integration of Catalysis and Analysis is the Key: Rapid and Precise Investigation of the Catalytic Asymmetric Gosteli–Claisen Rearrangement. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:16444-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ja207091x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Troendlin
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Rehbein
- Fakultät Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Martin Hiersemann
- Fakultät Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lang C, Gärtner U, Trapp O. Catalysts by the meter: rapid screening approach of N-heterocyclic carbeneligand based catalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:391-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc02306j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
17
|
Wixom RL, Gehrke CW. Today's Chromatographers and their Discoveries (2000-2008). CHROMATOGRAPHY 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470555729.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
18
|
Trapp O, Sahraoui L, Hofstadt W, Könen W. The stereodynamics of 1,2-dipropyldiaziridines. Chirality 2010; 22:284-91. [PMID: 19496154 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
N-alkylated trans-diaziridines are an intriguing class of compounds with two stereogenic nitrogen atoms which easily interconvert. In the course of our investigations of the nature of the interconversion process via nitrogen inversion or electrocyclic ring opening ring closure, we synthesized and characterized the three constitutionally isomeric diaziridines 1,2-di-n-propyldiaziridine 1, 1-isopropyl-2-n-propyldiaziridine 2, and 1,2-diisopropyldiaziridine 3 to study the influence of the substituents on the interconversion barriers. Enantiomer separation was achieved by enantioselective gas chromatography on the chiral stationary phase Chirasil-beta-Dex with high separation factors alpha (1-isopropyl-2-n-propyldiaziridine: 1.18; 1, 2-diisopropyldiaziridine: 1.24; 100 degrees C 50 kPa He) for the isopropyl substituted diaziridines. These compounds showed pronounced plateau formation between 100 and 150 degrees C, and peak coalescence at elevated temperatures. The enantiomerization barriers DeltaG(double dagger) and activation parameters DeltaH(double dagger) and DeltaS(double dagger) were determined by enantioselective dynamic gas chromatography (DGC) and direct evaluation of the elution profiles using the unified equation implemented in the software DCXplorer. Interestingly, 1-isopropyl-2-n-propyldiaziridine and 1,2-diisopropyldiaziridine exhibit similar high interconversion barriers DeltaG(double dagger) (100 degrees C) of 128.3 +/- 0.4 kJ mol(-1) and 129.8 +/- 0.4 kJ mol(-1), respectively, which indicates that two sterically demanding substituents do not substantially increase the barrier as expected for a distinct nitrogen inversion process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Trapp
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Use of derivatized cyclodextrins as chiral selectors for the separation of enantiomers by gas chromatography. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2010; 68:82-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
20
|
Chromatographic peak deconvolution of constitutional isomers by multiple-reaction-monitoring mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1010-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
21
|
Permethylated β-cyclodextrin in liquid poly(oxyethylene) as a stationary phase for capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:6844-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
22
|
Sicoli G, Kreidler D, Czesla H, Hopf H, Schurig V. Gas chromatographic enantioseparation of unfunctionalized chiral alkanes: A challenge in separation science (overview, state of the art, and perspectives). Chirality 2009; 21:183-98. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
23
|
Noomen A, Hbaieb S, Parrot-Lopez H, Kalfat R, Fessi H, Amdouni N, Chevalier Y. Emulsions of β-cyclodextrins grafted to silicone for the transport of antifungal drugs. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2007.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
24
|
Levkin PA, Schurig V. Apparent and true enantioselectivity of single- and binary-selector chiral stationary phases in gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:309-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
25
|
Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng He
- a Advanced Separation Technologies, Inc. , Whippany, New Jersey, USA
| | - Thomas E. Beesley
- a Advanced Separation Technologies, Inc. , Whippany, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ghanem A. Enantioselective Gas Chromatographic Separation of Racemic N-alkylated Barbiturates: Application of C11-Chirasil-Dex as Chiral Stationary Phase in GC. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2007. [DOI: 10.4137/117739010700200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chirasil-β-Dex containing an undecamethylene spacer (C11-Chirasil-Dex) was synthesized and used as chiral stationary phase (CSP) in enantioselective gas chromatography (GC). The versatility of the new stationary phase in the simultaneous enantiomeric separation of a set of N-alkylated barbiturates is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Ghanem
- Biomedicinal Chemistry Unit, Biological and Medical Research Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, (MBC-03-95), P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wistuba D, Schurig V. Comparison of monolithic approaches for enantioselective capillary electrochromatography involving cyclodextrins. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:1344-52. [PMID: 16894778 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The access to CD-modified monoliths for enantiomeric separation by CEC can be divided into two main approaches. (i) Silica-based monoliths, prepared by either a sol-gel process or by sintering of silica particles, are modified after fabrication by coating with a CD selector. Alternatively the fusion of CD functionalized silica particle via gluing is feasible. (ii) Rigid or homogeneous organic polymer-based monoliths, prepared by polymerization of organic monomers in the presence of a porogen, are modified with the CD selector either by copolymerization or by physical incorporation into the continuous bed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Wistuba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Trapp O. Fast and precise access to enantiomerization rate constants in dynamic chromatography. Chirality 2006; 18:489-97. [PMID: 16642493 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An analytical solution of the unified equation to evaluate elution profiles of interconverting enantiomers in dynamic chromatography is presented. Rate constants k1 and k(-1) and Gibbs activation energies are directly obtained from the chromatographic parameters (retention times tR A and tR A of the interconverting enantiomers, the peak widths at half height wA and wB, and the relative plateau height hp), and the initial amounts A0 and B0 of the enantiomers without any iterative and time consuming computational step. Therefore, this equation is no longer limited to racemic analytes. The analytical solution presented here was validated by comparison with a dataset of 125,000 simulated elution profiles of enantiomerizations. Furthermore, it was found that the recovery rate from a defined dataset is on average 40% higher using the unified equation compared to evaluation methods based on iterative computer simulation. The new equation was applied to determine the enantiomerization rate constant of 1-n-butyl-2-tert-butyldiaziridine by enantioselective gas chromatography. The activation parameters (DeltaH(double dagger) = 112.6 +/- 2.5 kJ/mol and DeltaS(double dagger) = -27 +/- 2 J/(K mol) were obtained from temperature-dependent measurements between 100 degrees C and 140 degrees C in 10K steps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Trapp
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wistuba D, Banspach L, Schurig V. Enantiomeric separation by capillary electrochromatography using monolithic capillaries with sol-gel-glued cyclodextrin-modified silica particles. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:2019-26. [PMID: 15832302 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
By an on-column sol-gel process, a chiral monolithic stationary phase was prepared by the fusion of permethyl-beta-cyclodextrin-silica (Chira-Dex-silica) particles and by linking them to the internal capillary wall. The resulting monolith is stable toward voltage (30 kV) and pressure (300 bar) and possesses a high efficiency (up to 100,000 theoretical plates per meter). Efficient enantiomeric separation of various chiral compounds by pressure-supported capillary electrochromatography (CEC) was achieved. When comparing this method to capillary liquid chromatography (LC) employing the same column in an unified equipment, CEC shows a twofold higher column efficiency at comparable elution times and hence better resolution factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Wistuba
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sicoli G, Jiang Z, Jicsinsky L, Schurig V. Modified Linear Dextrins (“Acyclodextrins”) as New Chiral Selectors for the Gas-Chromatographic Separation of Enantiomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:4092-5. [PMID: 15915528 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200500509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sicoli
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sicoli G, Jiang Z, Jicsinsky L, Schurig V. Modifizierte lineare Dextrine (“Acyclodextrine”) als chirale Selektoren zur gaschromatographischen Trennung von Enantiomeren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200500509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
32
|
Levkin PA, Ruderisch A, Schurig V. Combining the enantioselectivity of a cyclodextrin and a diamide selector in a mixed binary gas-chromatographic chiral stationary phase. Chirality 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
33
|
Schurig V. Contributions to the theory and practice of the chromatographic separation of enantiomers. Chirality 2005; 17 Suppl:S205-26. [PMID: 15952137 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The theory and practice of enantioselective capillary chromatography employing metal coordination compounds and modified cyclodextrins as chiral stationary phases are treated. A unified approach involving all contemporary chromatographic methods and a single enantioselective column is described. Reliable thermodynamic data of enantioselectivity are derived by the retention-increment method. The existence of an isoenantioselective temperature is demonstrated. Kinetic enantiomerization studies are presented. The preparative-scale separation of enantiomers by gas chromatography with enantioselective packed columns is achieved. Unusual phenomena and future aspects of enantioselective chromatography are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Schurig
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lai XH, Ng SC. Enantioseparation on mono(6A-N-allylamino-6A-deoxy)permethylated β-cyclodextrin covalently bonded silica gel. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1059:53-9. [PMID: 15628124 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A chiral selector, mono(6A-N-allylamino-6A-deoxy)permethylated beta-cyclodextrin, was synthesized through a facile synthetic route and chemically immobilized onto porous silica gel via hydrosilylation to afford a cyclodextrin based chiral stationary phase MeCD-CSP. This chiral stationary phase exhibited good enantioselectivity under standard HPLC conditions. The optimal resolution of 1-(p-bromophenyl)ethanol and bromopheniramine was achieved under normal-phase conditions using a mobile phase comprising n-hexane (hexane) and 2-propanol (IPA). The enantioseparation of warfarin, suprofen and a series of flavanones under reversed-phase conditions were optimized and efficient enantioseparations for these analytes were obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Hua Lai
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Singapore
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lai XH, Ng SC. Convenient synthesis of mono(6A-N-allylamino-6A-deoxy)permethylated β-cyclodextrin: a promising chiral selector for an HPLC chiral stationary phase. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|