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Young C, Hammack A, Lee HJ, Jia H, Yu T, Marquez MD, Jamison AC, Gnade BE, Lee TR. Poly(1,4-phenylene vinylene) Derivatives with Ether Substituents to Improve Polymer Solubility for Use in Organic Light-Emitting Diode Devices. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:22332-22344. [PMID: 31909316 PMCID: PMC6941186 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
New ether-substituted poly(1,4-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) derivatives were synthesized via Horner-Emmons coupling. The structures of the monomers and the resultant oligomers were confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies. The molecular weights of the oligomers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, giving the number-average and weight-average molecular weights and the corresponding polydispersity indices. Measurements of UV-vis absorption and fluorescence were used to characterize the optical properties of the oligomers. Estimation of the highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels and other electrochemical characteristics of the oligomers were investigated by cyclic voltammetry. Dialkyl and dialkoxy PPV oligomers were also prepared and characterized following the same instrumental methods used for the ether-substituted oligomers, providing a known reference system to judge the performance of the new conjugated oligomers. Devices were fabricated to analyze the electroluminescent characteristics of the oligomers in organic light-emitting diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal
A. Young
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of St. Thomas, Houston, Texas 77006, United
States
| | - Audrey Hammack
- Office
of Research, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Han Ju Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Huiping Jia
- Office
of Research, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Tianlang Yu
- Department
of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Maria D. Marquez
- Department
of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Andrew C. Jamison
- Department
of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Bruce E. Gnade
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Southern Methodist
University, Dallas, Texas 75205, United States
| | - T. Randall Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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Sugiyama F, Kleinschmidt AT, Kayser LV, Rodriquez D, Finn M, Alkhadra MA, Wan JMH, Ramírez J, Chiang ASC, Root SE, Savagatrup S, Lipomi DJ. Effects of flexibility and branching of side chains on the mechanical properties of low-bandgap conjugated polymers. Polym Chem 2018; 9:4354-4363. [PMID: 30873221 DOI: 10.1039/c8py00820e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes effects of the flexibility, length, and branching of side chains on the mechanical properties of low-bandgap semiconducting polymers. The backbones of the polymer chains comprise a diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) motif flanked by two furan rings and copolymerized by Stille polycondensation with thiophene (DPP2FT). The side chains of the DPP fall into three categories: linear alkyl (C8, C14, or C16), branched alkyl (ethylhexyl, EH, or hexyldecyl, HD), and linear oligo(ethylene oxide) (EO3, EO4, or EO5). Polymers bearing C8 and C14 side chains are obtained in low yields and thus not pursued. Thermal, mechanical, and electronic properties are plotted against the number of carbon and oxygen atoms in the side chain. We obtain consistent trends in the thermal and mechanical properties for branched alkyl and linear oligo(ethylene oxide) side chains. For example, the glass transition temperature (T g) and elastic modulus decrease with increasing number of carbon and oxygen atoms, whereas the crack-onset strain increases. Among polymers with side chains of 16 carbon and oxygen atoms (C16, HD, and EO5), C16 exhibits the highest T g and the greatest susceptibility to fracture. Hole mobility, as measured in thin-film transistors, appears to be a poor predictor of electronic performance for polymers blended with [60]PCBM in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. For example, while EO3 and EO4 exhibit the lowest mobilities (< 10-2 cm2 V-1 s-1) in thin-film transistors, solar cells made using these materials performed the best (efficiency > 2.6%) in unoptimized devices. Conversely, C16 exhibits the highest mobility (≈ 0.2 cm2 V-1 s-1) but produces poor solar cells (efficiency < 0.01%). We attribute the lack of correlation between mobility and power conversion efficiency to unfavorable morphology in the BHJ solar cells. Given the desirable properties measured for EO3 and EO4, the use of flexible oligo(ethylene oxide) side chains is a successful strategy to impart mechanical deformability to organic solar cells, without sacrificing electronic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Sugiyama
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448.,JSR Corporation, 1-9-2, Higashi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8640, Japan
| | - Andrew T Kleinschmidt
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Laure V Kayser
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Daniel Rodriquez
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Mickey Finn
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Mohammad A Alkhadra
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Jeremy M-H Wan
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Julian Ramírez
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Andrew S-C Chiang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Samuel E Root
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Suchol Savagatrup
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
| | - Darren J Lipomi
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448
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Pengo P, Pasquato L. Gold nanoparticles protected by fluorinated ligands: Syntheses, properties and applications. J Fluor Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ürüt GÖ, Karakaş D, Maity C. Novel Multiporphyrin Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. J Fluoresc 2015; 25:529-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-015-1522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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5
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Perfluoroalkylated poly(oxyethylene) thiols: Synthesis, adsorption dynamics and surface activity at the air/water interface, and bubble stabilization behaviour. J Fluor Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Modification of silicon oxide surfaces by monolayers of an oligoethylene glycol-terminated perfluoroalkyl silane. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Garofalo A, Parat A, Bordeianu C, Ghobril C, Kueny-Stotz M, Walter A, Jouhannaud J, Begin-Colin S, Felder-Flesch D. Efficient synthesis of small-sized phosphonated dendrons: potential organic coatings of iron oxide nanoparticles. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4nj00654b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Nepomnyashchii AB, Pistner AJ, Bard AJ, Rosenthal J. Synthesis, Photophysics, Electrochemistry and Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of PEG-Modified BODIPY dyes in Organic and Aqueous Solutions. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2013; 117:5599-5609. [PMID: 23626863 PMCID: PMC3633524 DOI: 10.1021/jp312166w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A set polyethylene glycol (PEG) appended BODIPY architectures (BOPEG1 - BOPEG3) have been prepared and studied in CH2Cl2, H2O:CH3CN (1:1) and aqueous solutions. BOPEG1 and BOPEG2 both contain a short PEG chain and differ in substitution about the BODIPY framework. BOPEG3 is comprised of a fully substituted BODIPY moiety linked to a PEG polymer that is roughly 13 units in length. The photophysics and electrochemical properties of these compounds have been thoroughly characterized in CH2Cl2 and aqueous CH3CN solutions. The behavior of BOPEG1 - BOPEG3 correlates with established rules of BODIPY stability based on substitution about the BODIPY moiety. ECL for each of these compounds was also monitored. BOPEG1, which is unsubstituted at the 2- and 6-positions dimerized upon electrochemical oxidation while BOPEG2, which contains ethyl groups at the 2- and 6-positions, was much more robust and served as an excellent ECL luminophore. BOPEG3 is highly soluble in water due to the long PEG tether and demonstrated modest ECL activity in aqueous solutions using tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) as a coreactant. As such, BOPEG3 represents the first BODIPY derivative that has been shown to display ECL in water without the need for an organic cosolvent, and marks an important step in the development of BODIPY based ECL probes for various biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allen J. Pistner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716
| | - Allen J. Bard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Joel Rosenthal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716
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Wu X, Boz E, Sirkis AM, Chang AY, Williams TJ. Synthesis and phosphonate binding of guanidine-functionalized fluorinated amphiphiles. J Fluor Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gentilini C, Franchi P, Mileo E, Polizzi S, Lucarini M, Pasquato L. Formation of Patches on 3D SAMs Driven by Thiols with Immiscible Chains Observed by ESR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:3060-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200805321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Gentilini C, Franchi P, Mileo E, Polizzi S, Lucarini M, Pasquato L. Formation of Patches on 3D SAMs Driven by Thiols with Immiscible Chains Observed by ESR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200805321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Kaplánek R, Paleta O, Ferjentsiková I, Kodíček M. Novel perfluoroalkylated oligo(oxyethylene) methyl ethers with high hemocompatibility and excellent co-emulsifying properties for potential biomedical uses. J Fluor Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Hussein WM, Ross BP, Landsberg MJ, Lévy D, Hankamer B, McGeary RP. Synthesis of Nickel-Chelating Fluorinated Lipids for Protein Monolayer Crystallizations. J Org Chem 2009; 74:1473-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo802651p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Waleed M. Hussein
- The University of Queensland, School of Molecular & Microbial Sciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and School of Pharmacy QLD 4072, Australia, and Institut Curie, UMR CNRS 168, 11 rue P.M.Curie, F-75231 Paris, France
| | - Benjamin P. Ross
- The University of Queensland, School of Molecular & Microbial Sciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and School of Pharmacy QLD 4072, Australia, and Institut Curie, UMR CNRS 168, 11 rue P.M.Curie, F-75231 Paris, France
| | - Michael J. Landsberg
- The University of Queensland, School of Molecular & Microbial Sciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and School of Pharmacy QLD 4072, Australia, and Institut Curie, UMR CNRS 168, 11 rue P.M.Curie, F-75231 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Lévy
- The University of Queensland, School of Molecular & Microbial Sciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and School of Pharmacy QLD 4072, Australia, and Institut Curie, UMR CNRS 168, 11 rue P.M.Curie, F-75231 Paris, France
| | - Ben Hankamer
- The University of Queensland, School of Molecular & Microbial Sciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and School of Pharmacy QLD 4072, Australia, and Institut Curie, UMR CNRS 168, 11 rue P.M.Curie, F-75231 Paris, France
| | - Ross P. McGeary
- The University of Queensland, School of Molecular & Microbial Sciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and School of Pharmacy QLD 4072, Australia, and Institut Curie, UMR CNRS 168, 11 rue P.M.Curie, F-75231 Paris, France
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Gentilini C, Evangelista F, Rudolf P, Franchi P, Lucarini M, Pasquato L. Water-soluble gold nanoparticles protected by fluorinated amphiphilic thiolates. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:15678-82. [PMID: 18950162 DOI: 10.1021/ja8058364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The preparation and the properties of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) protected by perfluorinated amphiphiles are described. The thiols were devised to form a perfluorinated region close to the gold surface and to have a hydrophilic portion in contact with the bulk solvent to impart solubility in water. The monolayer protected clusters were prepared, in an homogeneous phase using sodium thiolates because of the low nucleophilicity of the alpha-perfluorinated thiols, and fully characterized with (1)H, (19)F NMR spectrometry, IR and UV-vis absorption spectroscopies, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Au NPs with core diameters ranging from 1.6 to 2.9 nm, depending on the reaction conditions, were obtained. Water-soluble NPs (MPC-F8-PEGs) were obtained with the thiol HS-F8-PEG ending with a short poly(ethylene glycol) unit (PEG-OMe 550), whereas thiols with shorter PEG chains give rise to NPs insoluble in water. MPC-F8-PEGs undergo an exchange reaction with amphiphilic alkyl thiols. ESR investigations, using a hydrophobic radical probe, indicate that the MPC-F8-PEG monolayer shows a greater hydrophobicity compared to the analogous hydrogenated monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gentilini
- Department of Chemical Sciences and INSTM, Trieste Unit, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
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