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Alme E, Törnroos KW, Gjertsen BT, Bjørsvik HR. Synthesis of N-Aryl- and N-alkyl-Substituted Imidazolium Silver Complexes: Cytotoxic Screening by Using Human Cell Lines Modelling Acute Myeloid Leukaemia. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1509-1514. [PMID: 32558262 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-aryl- and N-alkyl substituted imidazoles has been synthesised and complexed with Ag+ to obtain silver-NHC complexes of the form [Ag(NHC)2 ]X. These silver-NHC complexes were tested in vitro against the human cell lines HL-60 and MOLM-13, which both model acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). A substantial difference in cytotoxicity was revealed varying in the range 13-4 μM and 22-9 μM for HL-60 and MOLM-13, respectively. Furthermore, this study revealed that when an alkyl group is installed on the imidazole scaffold, its position substantially influences the cytotoxicity of the corresponding silver NHC complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirin Alme
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, 5007, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Bjørn Tore Gjertsen
- Center for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Internal Medicine Hematology Section, Haukeland University Hospital, P.B. 1400, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hans-René Bjørsvik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, 5007, Bergen, Norway
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5
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Hancock SE, Ailuri R, Marshall DL, Brown SHJ, Saville JT, Narreddula VR, Boase NR, Poad BLJ, Trevitt AJ, Willcox MDP, Kelso MJ, Mitchell TW, Blanksby SJ. Mass spectrometry-directed structure elucidation and total synthesis of ultra-long chain ( O-acyl)-ω-hydroxy fatty acids. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1510-1518. [PMID: 29907595 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m086702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The (O-acyl)-ω-hydroxy FAs (OAHFAs) comprise an unusual lipid subclass present in the skin, vernix caseosa, and meibomian gland secretions. Although they are structurally related to the general class of FA esters of hydroxy FAs (FAHFAs), the ultra-long chain (30-34 carbons) and the putative ω-substitution of the backbone hydroxy FA suggest that OAHFAs have unique biochemistry. Complete structural elucidation of OAHFAs has been challenging because of their low abundance within complex lipid matrices. Furthermore, because these compounds occur as a mixture of closely related isomers, insufficient spectroscopic data have been obtained to guide structure confirmation by total synthesis. Here, we describe the full molecular structure of ultra-long chain OAHFAs extracted from human meibum by exploiting the gas-phase purification of lipids through multi-stage MS and novel multidimensional ion activation methods. The analysis elucidated sites of unsaturation, the stereochemical configuration of carbon-carbon double bonds, and ester linkage regiochemistry. Such isomer-resolved MS guided the first total synthesis of an ultra-long chain OAHFA, which, in turn, confirmed the structure of the most abundant OAHFA found in human meibum, OAHFA 50:2. The availability of a synthetic OAHFA opens new territory for future investigations into the unique biophysical and biochemical properties of these lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Hancock
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ramesh Ailuri
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David L Marshall
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Simon H J Brown
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennifer T Saville
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Venkateswara R Narreddula
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nathan R Boase
- School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Berwyck L J Poad
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adam J Trevitt
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark D P Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael J Kelso
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Todd W Mitchell
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia .,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen J Blanksby
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Institute for Future Environments Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia .,School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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6
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Gravel J, Schmitzer AR. Imidazolium and benzimidazolium-containing compounds: from simple toxic salts to highly bioactive drugs. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:1051-1071. [PMID: 28045182 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02293f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of simple imidazolium and benzimidazolium salts started to be more and more investigated in the last few years and was taken in consideration in the context of microorganisms, plants and more evolved organisms' exposure. However, the toxicity of these salts can be exploited in the development of different biological applications by incorporating them in the structure of compounds that specifically target microorganisms and cancer cells. We highlight in this minireview the way researchers became aware of the inherent problem of the stability and bioaccumulation of imidazolium and benzimidazolium salts and how they found inspiration to exploit their toxicity by incorporating them into new highly potent drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gravel
- Département de Chimie- Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit CP 6128 Succursalle Centre Ville Montréal Québec, Canada H3C 3J7.
| | - A R Schmitzer
- Département de Chimie- Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard Montpetit CP 6128 Succursalle Centre Ville Montréal Québec, Canada H3C 3J7.
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8
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Le Falher L, Mumtaz A, Nina Diogo A, Thorimbert S, Botuha C. Chemoselective Access to π-Conjugated Heterocycles by Stille and Sonogashira Reactions on 2-Substituted 4 H-Pyrido[ e][1,3]oxazin-4-ones. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Le Falher
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS 8232; Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire; 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Amara Mumtaz
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS 8232; Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire; 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Anthony Nina Diogo
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS 8232; Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire; 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Serge Thorimbert
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS 8232; Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire; 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Candice Botuha
- Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS 8232; Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire; 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
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9
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Ferreri M, Drageset A, Gambarotti C, Bjørsvik HR. Continuous flow synthesis of the iodination agent 1,3-diiodo-5,5-dimethyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione telescoped with semi-continuous product isolation. REACT CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6re00051g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A synthesis for the iodination agent DIH was devised, developed, and optimized for both batch and flow mode. A concatenated semi-continuous product work-up by means of vacuum filtration was used for the isolation of a target product that precipitated during the course of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ferreri
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bergen
- N-5007 Bergen
- Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering
| | - Audun Drageset
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bergen
- N-5007 Bergen
- Norway
| | - Cristian Gambarotti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering
- Politecnico di Milano
- I-20133 Milan
- Italy
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