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Zhou Q, Li H, Zhu L, Li B, Liu Y, Wang G, Zhang Y, Luo J. Construction of an All-Bridge Carbon-Oxidized 2-Azaadamantane Skeleton and Synthesis of Two Energetic Derivatives. Org Lett 2025; 27:3164-3169. [PMID: 40126057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5c00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2025]
Abstract
The construction of an all-bridge-oxygenated (hetero)adamantane skeleton is a long-standing challenge. Herein, an all-bridge carbon-oxidized 2-azaadamantane skeleton, 6,9,10-trimethoxy-2-azaadamantane-4,8-diol, was constructed via an eight-step synthetic route from 9-hydroxybicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-2,6-dione with an overall yield of 45%. The obtained skeleton was derived into two novel high-performance energetic compounds. Among them, 2,9,9,10,10-pentanitro-2-azaadamantane-4,6,8-triyl trinitrate is the first example that possesses eight explosophoric groups on the adamantane skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Huan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Long Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yunzhi Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Guixiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jun Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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Sharma A, Guin M. Computational study of nitrogen-rich hexaazaadamantane cage compounds as potential energetic materials. J Mol Model 2025; 31:116. [PMID: 40095241 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-025-06344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2025] [Indexed: 03/19/2025]
Abstract
CONTEXT Nitrogen-rich carbocyclic cage compounds serve as versatile platforms for the design and development of explosives with tailored properties. Their compact and rigid structure due to efficient packing leads to high crystal density. Moreover, their structural characteristics and amenability to functionalization make them indispensable in the quest for more powerful and efficient energetic materials. Adamantane derivatives are promising candidates for high-energy materials due to their unique molecular structure and the ability to introduce explosophoric groups onto their scaffold. In this computational study, we investigated the effects of substitution of six different explosophoric groups on the hexaazaadamantane skeleton. We explore the incorporation of - N(O)- NNO2, - N(O)- NCN, - N3, - ONO2 - NO2, and - NH2 functionalities, renowned for their high-energy content and ability to enhance explosive properties. We predict the electronic structure, heat of formation, thermodynamic stability, impact sensitivity, and detonation performance of these azaadamantane derivatives. The results indicate that the nitrogen-rich adamantane-based cage structure, featuring - ONO2 functional groups along with - NH2 groups, exhibits excellent explosive properties and good impact sensitivity. Our computational approach enables the screening and design of novel energetic materials with superior explosive properties, offering insights into structural modifications that optimize energy release, sensitivity, and detonation characteristics. METHODS Density functional theory (DFT) using the Gaussian 16 software was used for all quantum chemical calculations. The optimization of the geometry of the designed compounds is performed at two different levels, e.g., B3LYP/6-311 + + G(d,p) and B3PW91/6-31G(d,p). Molecular surface and other properties are visualized using the Gaussview 6.0 software. The heat of formation (HOF) of the molecules is estimated using isodesmic reactions. The Multiwfn program was used for the calculation of molecular surface properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310, India
| | - Mridula Guin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310, India.
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Zhang X, Sivaguru P, Pan Y, Wang N, Zhang W, Bi X. The Carbene Chemistry of N-Sulfonyl Hydrazones: The Past, Present, and Future. Chem Rev 2025; 125:1049-1190. [PMID: 39792453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2025]
Abstract
N-Sulfonyl hydrazones have been extensively used as operationally safe carbene precursors in modern organic synthesis due to their ready availability, facile functionalization, and environmental benignity. Over the past two decades, there has been tremendous progress in the carbene chemistry of N-sulfonyl hydrazones in the presence of transition metal catalysts, under metal-free conditions, or using photocatalysts under photoirradiation conditions. Many carbene transfer reactions of N-sulfonyl hydrazones are unique and cannot be achieved by any alternative methods. The discovery of novel N-sulfonyl hydrazones and the development of highly enantioselective new reactions and skeletal editing reactions represent the notable recent achievements in the carbene chemistry of N-sulfonyl hydrazones. This review describes the overall progress made in the carbene chemistry of N-sulfonyl hydrazones, organized based on reaction types, spotlighting the current state-of-the-art and remaining challenges to be addressed in the future. Special emphasis is devoted to identifying, describing, and comparing the scope and limitations of current methodologies, key mechanistic scenarios, and potential applications in the synthesis of complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | | | - Yongzhen Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xihe Bi
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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Synthesis of a new oxa-type cage-like energetic compound 4,4,8,8-tetranitro-2-oxaadamantane. FIREPHYSCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Cai R, Zhou Q, Hou T, Li B, Liu Y, Li H, Gao Y, Zhu L, Luo J. Facile construction of the all-bridge-position-functionalized 2,4,6,8-tetraazaadamantane skeleton and conversion of its N-functionalities. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00427e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An unusual protocol of a “one-pot” three-step strategy to build the 2,4,6,8-tetraazaadamantane skeleton was developed. 17 products were obtained in 19–46% yields, and the N-benzyl groups were transferred to nitroso, acetyl, benzoyl and nitro groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongbin Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Tianjiao Hou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yunzhi Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Huan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Longyi Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jun Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukund Ghavre
- IntelliSyn Pharma 7171 Rue Frederick Banting Montréal, Saint-Laurent QC H4S 1Z9 Canada
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Mei H, Yang J, Cao W, Hu Y, He P, Zhang JG. A new oxygen-rich energetic salt dihydrazine tetranitroethide: a promising explosive alternative with high density and good performance. RSC Adv 2020; 10:23250-23253. [PMID: 35520354 PMCID: PMC9054708 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04167j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel high-energy salt with good oxygen balance, dihydrazine tetranitroethide (5), has been synthesized and characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X-ray single crystal diffraction. Compound 5 exhibits high crystal density (1.81 g cm-3) and impressive detonation velocity (9508 m s-1) and detonation pressure (37.9 GPa), showing potential applications as a high performance explosive and a promising additive of propellants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China +86-10-68918091
| | - Junqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China +86-10-68918091
| | - Wenli Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China +86-10-68918091
| | - Yong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China +86-10-68918091
| | - Piao He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University Changsha 410083 Hunan P. R. China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China +86-10-68918091
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Kiselev VG, Goldsmith CF. Accurate Prediction of Bond Dissociation Energies and Barrier Heights for High-Energy Caged Nitro and Nitroamino Compounds Using a Coupled Cluster Theory. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:4883-4890. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b01506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly G. Kiselev
- School of Engineering, Brown University, 184 Hope Str., Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 3 Institutskaya Str., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - C. Franklin Goldsmith
- School of Engineering, Brown University, 184 Hope Str., Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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Yi X, Chen K, Chen W, Chen W, Liu M, Wu H. Synthesis of cyclic gem-dinitro compounds via radical nitration of 1,6-diynes with Fe(NO3)3·9H2O. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:4725-4728. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00431a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic gem-dinitro compounds were obtained via nitration of 1,6-diynes using Fe(NO3)3·9H2O as the nitrating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Yi
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310007
- China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310007
- China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310007
- China
| | - Wanzhi Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310007
- China
| | - Miaochang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou
- China
| | - Huayue Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Wenzhou University
- Wenzhou
- China
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Zhang J, Hou T, Zhang L, Luo J. 2,4,4,6,8,8-Hexanitro-2,6-diazaadamantane: A High-Energy Density Compound with High Stability. Org Lett 2018; 20:7172-7176. [PMID: 30394097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel high-performance energetic compound of the polynitroazaadamantane family, 2,4,4,6,8,8-hexanitro-2,6-diazaadamantane, was designed and synthesized from 1,5-cyclooctadiene by two routes. Based on the experimental and calculated results, it exhibits a surprisingly high density (1.959 g cm-3), high thermal stability (onset decomposition temperature of 235 °C), high positive heat of formation, and excellent detonation properties. These fascinating properties, which are comparable to those of CL-20, show great promise for potential applications as a high-energy density material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094 , China
| | - Tianjiao Hou
- School of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094 , China
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094 , China
| | - Jun Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University of Science and Technology , Nanjing 210094 , China
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Tang Y, He C, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. A C-C bonded 5,6-fused bicyclic energetic molecule: exploring an advanced energetic compound with improved performance. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10566-10569. [PMID: 30168821 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05987j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A C-C bonded amino-nitro pyrazole (7) and its ring-expansion product (9) have been synthesized and characterized. The synthetic route to 9 proceeds in several steps from the commercial substrate diethyl oxalate and acetone. The process was found to be straightforward, practical and easily scalable. Both of these structures were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 9 with a high density (1.85 g cm-3) at room temperature, excellent thermal stability (Td: 315 °C), good detonation performance and low sensitivity to impact and friction has potential as a high-temperature energetic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, USA.
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Zhang J, Ling YF, Wang GX, Zhang L, Luo J. Synthesis of two new gem-fluoronitro containing tetranitroadamantanes and property comparison with their nitro and gem-dinitro analogues. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:4784-4788. [PMID: 29926052 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01140k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Two new fluorinated tetranitroadamantanes, 2,6-difluoro-2,4,4,6-tetranitroadamantane and 2,4,6,8-tetrafluoro-2,4,6,8-tetranitroadamantane, were synthesized. 2,6-Difluoro-2,4,4,6-tetranitroadamantane was prepared from 4,4-dinitroadamantane-2,6-dione by a three-step route with an overall yield of 40%. It has a slightly higher crystal density (1.787 g cm-3) than its analogue 2,2,4,4,6,6-tetranitroadamantane (1.777 g cm-3). 2,4,6,8-Tetrafluoro-2,4,6,8-tetranitroadamantane was prepared from 4,8-dihydroxyadamantane-2,6-dione by an eight-step route with an overall yield of 8%. It is notable that the replacement of one nitro group in the gem-dinitro functionality with fluorine might slightly reduce the detonation performance but improve the density and inherent steric hindrance, which makes it possible to introduce more nitro functionalities on the adamantane backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.
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