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Ramirez G, Tesfatsion TT, Docampo-Palacios ML, Cruces I, Hellmann AJ, Okhovat A, Pittiglio MK, Ray KP, Cruces W. Ultrasonic or Microwave Modified Continuous Flow Chemistry for the Synthesis of Tetrahydrocannabinol: Observing Effects of Various Solvents and Acids. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:13191-13199. [PMID: 38524441 PMCID: PMC10956408 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Synthesizing tetrahydrocannabinol is a lengthy process with minimal yields and little applicability on an industrial scale. To close the gap between bench chemistry and industry process chemistry, this paper introduces a small-scale flow chemistry method that utilizes a microwave or ultrasonic medium to produce major tetrahydrocannabinol isomers. This process produces excellent yields and minimal side products, which leads to more efficient large-scale production of the desired cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maite L. Docampo-Palacios
- Colorado Chromatography
Laboratories, 10505 S.
Progress Way Unit 105, Parker, Colorado 80134, United States
| | - Ivan Cruces
- Colorado Chromatography
Laboratories, 10505 S.
Progress Way Unit 105, Parker, Colorado 80134, United States
| | - Adam J. Hellmann
- Colorado Chromatography
Laboratories, 10505 S.
Progress Way Unit 105, Parker, Colorado 80134, United States
| | - Alex Okhovat
- Colorado Chromatography
Laboratories, 10505 S.
Progress Way Unit 105, Parker, Colorado 80134, United States
| | - Monica K. Pittiglio
- Colorado Chromatography
Laboratories, 10505 S.
Progress Way Unit 105, Parker, Colorado 80134, United States
| | - Kyle P. Ray
- Colorado Chromatography
Laboratories, 10505 S.
Progress Way Unit 105, Parker, Colorado 80134, United States
| | - Westley Cruces
- Colorado Chromatography
Laboratories, 10505 S.
Progress Way Unit 105, Parker, Colorado 80134, United States
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Anand R, Anand LK, Rashid N, Painuli R, Malik F, Singh PP. Synthesis and Evaluation of Natural and Unnatural Tetrahydrocannabiorcol for Its Potential Use in Neuropathologies. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:167-175. [PMID: 38355400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
(-)-trans-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (trans-(-)-Δ9-THC) has shown neuroprotective potential, but its medicinal benefits are not fully exploited due to the limitations of psychoactive properties. The lower homologues are non-psychoactive in nature but lack comprehensive scientific validation regarding neuroprotective potential. The present study describes the synthesis of non-psychoactive lower homologues of THC-type compounds and their neuroprotective potential. Both natural tetrahydro-cannabiorcol (trans-(-)-Δ9-THCO) and unnatural Δ9-tetrahydrocannabiorcol (trans-(+)-Δ9-THCO) were successfully synthesized starting from R-limonene and S-limonene, respectively, and investigated for neuroprotective potential in cellular models. The structures of both enantiomers were confirmed by NMR, HMBC, HQSC, NOESY, and COSY experiments. Results indicated that both enantiomers were nontoxic to the cells treated up to 50 μM. Neuroprotective properties of the enantiomers showed that treatments could significantly reverse the corticosterone-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells and simultaneously cause elevated expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). It was also observed that unnatural trans-(+)-Δ9-THCO displayed better activity than the natural enantiomer and can be further explored for its potential use in neuropathological ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Anand
- Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Loveleena Kaur Anand
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar-190005, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Nadia Rashid
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar-190005, India
| | - Ritu Painuli
- Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun-248007, India
| | - Fayaz Malik
- Division of Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar-190005, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Parvinder Pal Singh
- Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
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3
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Wan L, Jiang M, Cheng D, Liu M, Chen F. Continuous flow technology-a tool for safer oxidation chemistry. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00520k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advantages and benefits of continuous flow technology for oxidation chemistry have been illustrated in tube reactors, micro-channel reactors, tube-in-tube reactors and micro-packed bed reactors in the presence of various oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Meifen Jiang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dang Cheng
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Minjie Liu
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fener Chen
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, China
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4
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Tadayon N, Ramazani A. A review on the syntheses of Dronabinol and Epidiolex as classical cannabinoids with various biological activities including those against SARS-COV2. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [PMCID: PMC7907797 DOI: 10.1007/s13738-021-02212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The very important psychoactive phytocannabinoid from Cannabis Δ9 tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and its non-psychotropic member is cannabidiol (CBD). These compounds have a variety of pharmacological activities. THC has been approved for the treatment of nausea caused by chemotherapy, multiple sclerosis and chronic and neuropathic pain and research is underway to use it to treat stimulation of dementia, anorexia nervous and Tourette’s syndrome. CBD has therapeutic benefits in Epilepsy, neuroprotective, cancer, inflammatory and anxiety. Recognizing candidate drugs efficiently in the new SARS-CoV2 disease 2019 (Covid-19) is crucial. Cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. They can reduce the uncontrolled cytokine production of acute lung injury. Although THD and CBD can be extracted from natural sources due to the disadvantages of this method such as difficulty in purification, cultivation, etc. It has been proven that chemical-synthesis methods of these two compounds can solve these problems. This review briefly summarizes the chemical-synthetic strategies of Dronabinol and Epidiolex from THC and CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Tadayon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, 45371-38791 Zanjan, Iran
| | - Ali Ramazani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, 45371-38791 Zanjan, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Institute of Modern Biological Techniques (RIMBT), University of Zanjan, 45371-38791 Zanjan, Iran
- Department of Agronomy, Research Institute of Modern Biological Techniques (RIMBT), University of Zanjan, 45371-38791 Zanjan, Iran
- Department of Animal Science, Research Institute of Modern Biological Techniques (RIMBT), University of Zanjan, 45371-38791 Zanjan, Iran
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5
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One-flow synthesis of tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol using homo- and heterogeneous Lewis acids. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-020-00133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractContinuous flow chemistry holds great potential for the production of biologically relevant molecules. Herein, we present an approach for the continuous synthesis of cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol in a one-flow system. The designed route consists of a reaction cascade involving Friedel-Crafts alkylation, subsequent ring opening and cyclisation in up to 45% yield. The reactions were successfully performed using both hetero- and homogeneous Lewis acids in continuous flow and provide yields that are similar to comparable batch processes.
Graphical abstract
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6
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Bloemendal VRLJ, van Hest JCM, Rutjes FPJT. Synthetic pathways to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): an overview. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 18:3203-3215. [PMID: 32259175 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00464b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic effects of molecules produced by the plant species Cannabis sativa have since their discovery captured the interest of scientists and society, and have spurred the development of a multidisciplinary scientific field with contributions from biologists, medical specialists and chemists. Decades after the first isolation of some of the most bioactive tetrahydrocannabinols, current research is mostly dedicated to exploiting the chemical versatility of this relevant compound class with regard to its therapeutic potential. This review will primarily focus on synthetic pathways utilised for the synthesis of tetrahydrocannabinols and derivatives thereof, including chiral pool-based and asymmetric chemo- and biocatalytic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor R L J Bloemendal
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands. and Bio-Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.31), 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.31), 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Floris P J T Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Quílez Del Moral JF, Ruiz Martínez C, Pérez Del Pulgar H, Martín González JE, Fernández I, López-Pérez JL, Fernández-Arteaga A, Barrero AF. Synthesis of Cannabinoids: "In Water" and "On Water" Approaches: Influence of SDS Micelles. J Org Chem 2021; 86:3344-3355. [PMID: 33533618 PMCID: PMC9087200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We
have proven that the biomimetic-like synthesis of cannabinoids
from citral and the corresponding phenolic counterpart may well be
carried out using water as a solvent. The influence of different additives
such as surfactants was also analyzed. Rationalization of the reaction
mode and regiochemistry of the processes were provided in terms of
“on water” and “in water” reactions. The
same reactions were conducted in organic media using Ga(III) salts
as catalysts. Worthy of being underlined, an unprecedented formal
[2+2+2] process was found to occur between two citral molecules and
the corresponding phenolic species in both aqueous and organic environments.
Computational studies were performed in order to gain a comprehensive
mechanistic and energetic understanding of the different steps of
this singular process. Finally, the influence of SDS micelles in the
chemical behavior of olivetol and citral was also pursued using PGSE
diffusion and NOESY NMR studies. These data permitted to tentatively
propose the existence of a mixed micelle between olivetol and SDS
assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F Quílez Del Moral
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Ruiz Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Helena Pérez Del Pulgar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio Fernández
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - José Luis López-Pérez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IBSAL-CIETUS, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro F Barrero
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Chiurchiù E, Sampaolesi S, Allegrini P, Ciceri D, Ballini R, Palmieri A. A Novel and Practical Continuous Flow Chemical Synthesis of Cannabidiol (CBD) and its CBDV and CBDB Analogues. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chiurchiù
- Green Chemistry Group School of Sciences and Technology Chemistry Division University of Camerino Via S. Agostino n.1 62032 Camerino MC Italy
| | - Susanna Sampaolesi
- Green Chemistry Group School of Sciences and Technology Chemistry Division University of Camerino Via S. Agostino n.1 62032 Camerino MC Italy
| | | | | | - Roberto Ballini
- Green Chemistry Group School of Sciences and Technology Chemistry Division University of Camerino Via S. Agostino n.1 62032 Camerino MC Italy
| | - Alessandro Palmieri
- Green Chemistry Group School of Sciences and Technology Chemistry Division University of Camerino Via S. Agostino n.1 62032 Camerino MC Italy
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9
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Hoffmann G, Daniliuc CG, Studer A. Synthesis of Para (−)-Δ8-THC Triflate as a Building Block for the Preparation of THC Derivatives Bearing Different Side Chains. Org Lett 2018; 21:563-566. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grete Hoffmann
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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10
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Pramanik S, Fernandes A, Liautard V, Pucheault M, Robert F, Landais Y. Dehydrogenative Silylation of Alcohols Under Pd‐Nanoparticle Catalysis. Chemistry 2018; 25:728-732. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Pramanik
- University of BordeauxInstitute of Molecular Sciences, UMR-CNRS 5255 351, Cours de la libération 33405 Talence cedex France
| | - Anthony Fernandes
- University of BordeauxInstitute of Molecular Sciences, UMR-CNRS 5255 351, Cours de la libération 33405 Talence cedex France
| | - Virginie Liautard
- University of BordeauxInstitute of Molecular Sciences, UMR-CNRS 5255 351, Cours de la libération 33405 Talence cedex France
| | - Mathieu Pucheault
- University of BordeauxInstitute of Molecular Sciences, UMR-CNRS 5255 351, Cours de la libération 33405 Talence cedex France
| | - Frederic Robert
- University of BordeauxInstitute of Molecular Sciences, UMR-CNRS 5255 351, Cours de la libération 33405 Talence cedex France
| | - Yannick Landais
- University of BordeauxInstitute of Molecular Sciences, UMR-CNRS 5255 351, Cours de la libération 33405 Talence cedex France
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