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Selcuk O, Demir Y, Erkmen C, Yıldırım S, Uslu B. Analytical Methods for Determination of Antiviral Drugs in Different Matrices: Recent Advances and Trends. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1662-1693. [PMID: 33983841 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1908111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are the main pathogenic substances that cause severe diseases in humans and other living things. They are among the most common microorganisms, and consequently, antiviral drugs have emerged to prevent and treat viral infections. Antiviral drugs are an essential drug group considering their prescription and consumption rates for different diseases and indications. Therefore, it is crucial to develop accurate and precise analytical methods to detect antiviral drugs in various matrices. Chromatographic techniques are used frequently for the quantification purpose since they allow simultaneous determination of antivirals. Electrochemical methods have also gained importance since the analysis can be performed quickly without the need for pretreatment. Spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods are used because they are simple, inexpensive, and less time-consuming methods. The purpose of this review is to present an overview of the analysis of currently used antiviral drugs from 2010 to 2021. Since studies on antiviral drugs are numerous, selected publications were reviewed in this article. The analysis of antiviral drugs was divided into three main groups: chromatographic, spectrometric, and electrochemical methods which were applied to different matrices, including pharmaceutical, biological, and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Selcuk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yeliz Demir
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cem Erkmen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sercan Yıldırım
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Bengi Uslu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Li J, Ming M, Huai W, Cai Z, Sun Z, Ye N. Fast and simple determination of moroxydine residues in pig and chicken samples by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:2111-2119. [PMID: 30211663 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1512756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A general solid-phase extraction (SPE) method using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for the determination of moroxydine residues in pig and chicken samples has been developed. After extraction and purification of real samples, moroxydine residues were detected using a hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography column with an optimised mobile phase composition. The extraction reagents, the kind of SPE columns and the type of eluents were optimised to achieve the maximum extraction efficiency. The matrix effects from the animal tissue influenced the quality of the quantitative data obtained. Under the optimised conditions, the moroxydine residues in pig and chicken samples spiked at three levels (1.0 μg/kg, 5.0 μg/kg and 10.0 μg/kg) were determined with good recoveries (61.5%-105.4%) and adequate relative standard deviations (3.2%-13.0%). In pig and chicken samples, the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.3 μg/kg, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 1.0 μg/kg. A sufficiently linear relationship in the range of 1.0 μg/kg-20.0 μg/kg was achieved with a good correlation coefficient (R2 ≥ 0.99).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- a Beijing Institute of Veterinary Drugs Control , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Meiting Ming
- b Department of Chemistry , Capital Normal University , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Wenhui Huai
- a Beijing Institute of Veterinary Drugs Control , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Zhimin Cai
- b Department of Chemistry , Capital Normal University , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Zhiwen Sun
- a Beijing Institute of Veterinary Drugs Control , Beijing , P. R. China
| | - Nengsheng Ye
- b Department of Chemistry , Capital Normal University , Beijing , P. R. China
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Vajdle O, Guzsvány V, Škorić D, Csanádi J, Petković M, Avramov-Ivić M, Kónya Z, Petrović S, Bobrowski A. Voltammetric behavior and determination of the macrolide antibiotics azithromycin, clarithromycin and roxithromycin at a renewable silver – amalgam film electrode. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.01.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Renewable silver amalgam film electrodes in electrochemical stripping analysis—a review. J Solid State Electrochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-016-3275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Yu XB, Chen XH, Ling F, Hao K, Wang GX, Zhu B. Moroxydine hydrochloride inhibits grass carp reovirus replication and suppresses apoptosis in Ctenopharyngodon idella kidney cells. Antiviral Res 2016; 131:156-65. [PMID: 27188236 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Moroxydine hydrochloride (Mor) is known to have multi-antiviral activities against DNA and RNA viruses but very little information exists on its pharmacology. The paper was undertaken to explore the antiviral response and antiapoptotic mechanism of Mor against grass carp reovirus (GCRV) in Ctenopharyngodon idella kidney (CIK) cells. The results showed that exposing GCRV-infected cell to 6.3 μg mL(-1) of Mor for 96 h avoid ca. 50% apoptosis. Meanwhile, Mor had lower cytotoxicity than ribavirin (Rib) as the value of safe concentration was threefold higher than effective concentration and the compound could ensure sufficient into and out of cells within 4 h when tested at the maximal safe concentration. Mor blocked the GCRV-induced cytopathic effects and eliminated nucleocapsids in CIK cells to keep the normal morphological structure. Moreover, the expressions of viral protein genes were significantly inhibited especially the guanylyl transferase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase related expression. Furthermore, GCRV caused Bcl-2 down-regulation and Bax mitochondrial translocation was prevented by treatment of CIK cells with Mor. The downstream effector, caspase activity was also significantly inhibited in Mor treated cells. The potential mechanism might be that mitochondrial apoptotic signals were not activated by the intervention of Mor for targeting viral gene expression. Taken together, Mor showed high anti-GCRV activity and had been proved as a secure and promising agent in viral controlling in aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bo Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fei Ling
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Kai Hao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Gao-Xue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Bin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Vajdle O, Guzsvány V, Škorić D, Anojčić J, Jovanov P, Avramov-Ivić M, Csanádi J, Kónya Z, Petrović S, Bobrowski A. Voltammetric behavior of erythromycin ethylsuccinate at a renewable silver-amalgam film electrode and its determination in urine and in a pharmaceutical preparation. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.12.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Brycht M, Burnat B, Skrzypek S, Guzsvány V, Gutowska N, Robak J, Nosal–Wiercińska A. Voltammetric and corrosion studies of the fungicide fludioxonil. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.01.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Brycht M, Skrzypek S, Robak J, Guzsvány V, Vajdle O, Zbiljić J, Nosal-Wiercińska A, Guziejewski D, Andrijewski G. Ultra trace level determination of fenoxanil by highly sensitive square wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry in real samples with a renewable silver amalgam film electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Brycht M, Skrzypek S, Nosal-Wiercińska A, Smarzewska S, Guziejewski D, Ciesielski W, Burnat B, Leniart A. The new application of renewable silver amalgam film electrode for the electrochemical reduction of nitrile, cyazofamid, and its voltammetric determination in the real samples and in a commercial formulation. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.04.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Vajdle O, Zbiljić J, Tasić B, Jović D, Guzsvány V, Djordjevic A. Voltammetric behavior of doxorubicin at a renewable silver-amalgam film electrode and its determination in human urine. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.03.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Conditioning of renewable silver amalgam film electrode for the characterization of clothianidin and its determination in selected samples by adsorptive square-wave voltammetry. Talanta 2013; 117:242-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Guzsvány V, Petrović J, Krstić J, Papp Z, Putek M, Bjelica L, Bobrowski A, Abramović B. Renewable silver-amalgam film electrode for voltammetric monitoring of solar photodegradation of imidacloprid in the presence of Fe/TiO2 and TiO2 catalysts. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sensitive and fast determination of papaverine by adsorptive stripping voltammetry on renewable mercury film electrode. OPEN CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-013-0208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe renewable mercury film electrode, applied for the determination of papaverine traces using differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry (DP AdSV) is presented. The calibration graph obtained for papaverine is linear from 1.25 nM (0.42 µg L−1) to 95 nM (32.2 µg L−1) for a preconcentration time of 60 s, with correlation coefficient of 0.998. For the renewable mercury electrode (Hg(Ag)FE) with a surface area of 9.1 mm2 the detection limit for a preconcentration time of 60 s is 0.7 nM (0.24 µg L−1). The repeatability of the method at a concentration level of the analyte as low as 17 µg L−1, expressed as RSD is 3.3% (n=5). The proposed method was successfully applied and validated by studying the recovery of papaverine from drugs, urine and synthetic solution.
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Putek M, Guzsvány V, Tasić B, Zarębski J, Bobrowski A. Renewable Silver-Amalgam Film Electrode for Rapid Square-Wave Voltammetric Determination of Thiamethoxam Insecticide in Selected Samples. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Guziejewski D, Brycht M, Skrzypek S, Nosal-Wiercińska A, Ciesielski W. Voltammetric Determination of Acibenzolar-S-Methyl Using a Renewable Silver Amalgam Film Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractThe present review describes the recent results on the electrochemical activity of bio-guanidino compounds, such as famotidine, metformin, acyclovir, ganciclovir, zanamivir, moroxydine as well as guanidino compounds, such as S-[(2-guanidino-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]isothiourea hydrochloride, 2-guanidino-1,3-thiazole, 2-guanidinobenzimidazole. The focus is on analyzing the electrode mechanism of the guanidino compounds at the hanging mercury drop electrode and at the silver amalgam film electrode, as well as on the character of the square wave (SW) voltammetric signals. It has been stated, that the compounds can act as electrocatalysts — they are protonated and adsorbed at the surface of the electrode, after which the protonated forms of the compounds are irreversibly reduced, yielding their initial form and hydrogen. The experimental adsorption data obtained by measuring the differential capacity of the double layer, the zero charge potential, and the surface tension at the zero charge potential have established the adsorption processes underlying their electrochemical activity. The analytical application of the obtained voltammetric signals in the determination of these compounds in biological samples is also presented. This review concentrates on our own results in the context of general developments in the field.
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Smarzewska S, Skrzypek S, Ciesielski W. Renewable Silver Amalgam Film Electrode for the Determination of Dinotefuran in Spiked Carrot Juice Samples Using SW Voltammetry. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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