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Lee GY, Yang SM, Kim HY. Development and intralaboratory validation of three Arcidae species using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay combined with capillary electrophoresis. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:1395-1404. [PMID: 37457413 PMCID: PMC10348964 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01269-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, various commercial ark shell products were being sold, and in the case of processed foods, the loss of morphological traits makes species identification visually challenging, which can lead to seafood fraud. Therefore, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed to simultaneously identify three ark shells. The specific PCR amplicon sizes of the generated species-specific primer pairs were observed to be 99 bp for Anadara kagoshimensis, 148 bp for Anadara broughtonii, and 207 bp for Tegillarca granosa. Specificity was confirmed for 17 fish and shellfish, and only the target was amplified without cross-reactivity. The detection limit for the multiplex PCR assay was 1 pg. Furthermore, 31 commercial products were evaluated to assess the developed assay's applicability. Therefore, the analytical approach used in this study can rapidly and accurately identify ark shells in commercial food, and may be used as an authentication tool in the seafood industry. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-023-01269-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Young Lee
- Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Min Yang
- Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Yeong Kim
- Institute of Life Sciences & Resources and Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 Republic of Korea
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2
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Burgardt N, Weissenberger M. First experiences with the Spectrum Compact CE System. Int J Legal Med 2021; 136:55-72. [PMID: 34668071 PMCID: PMC8813819 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02673-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The newly released Spectrum Compact CE System by Promega is a capillary electrophoresis instrument developed for DNA-fragment separation and sequencing. In this study, its compatibility to 8 commercial short tandem repeat (STR) kits from 4 different manufacturers, reproducibility (sizing precision, accuracy and concordance) and robustness (sensitivity and mixture resolution) were tested and compared to the ABI PRISM® 310 Genetic Analyzer. The instrument was able to successfully analyse amplicons of all tested kits, proved to be as precise as claimed by manufacturer specifications and was shown to be more robust than the ABI PRISM® 310 Genetic Analyzer in some aspects. Analyses on the Spectrum Compact CE System were able to resolve peaks with length differences of 1-basepair in the short and long fragment range and mixtures of mixture ratios down to 1:30. We describe the advantages and limitations we have observed so far working with this instrument in our forensic genetics laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastasja Burgardt
- Institute of Forensic and Traffic Medicine, Department of Forensic Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Voßstraße 2, Building 4420, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Melanie Weissenberger
- Institute of Forensic and Traffic Medicine, Department of Forensic Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Voßstraße 2, Building 4420, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Drábek J, Smolíková M, Kalendar R, Pinto FAL, Pavloušek P, Klepárník K, Frébort I. Design and validation of an STR hexaplex assay for DNA profiling of grapevine cultivars. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:3059-3067. [PMID: 27696463 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although the analysis of length polymorphism at STR loci has become a method of choice for grape cultivar identification, the standardization of methods for this purpose lags behind that of methods for DNA profiling in human and animal forensic genetics. The aim of this study was thus to design and validate a grapevine STR protocol with a practically useful level of multiplexing. Using free bioinformatics tools, published primer sequences, and nucleotide databases, we constructed and optimized a primer set for the simultaneous analysis of six STR loci (VVIi51, scu08vv, scu05vv, VVMD17, VrZAG47, and VrZAG83) by multiplex PCR and CE with laser-induced fluorescence, and tested it on 90 grape cultivars. The new protocol requires subnanogram quantities of the DNA template and enables automated, high-throughput genetic analysis with reasonable discriminatory power. As such, it represents a step toward further standardization of grape DNA profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Drábek
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ruslan Kalendar
- Institute of Biotechnology, LUKE/BI Plant Genome Dynamics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,RSE "National Center for Biotechnology" under the Science Committee, Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Pavel Pavloušek
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Klepárník
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Frébort
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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4
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Cheng F, Wu J, Zhang J, Pan A, Quan S, Zhang D, Kim H, Li X, Zhou S, Yang L. Development and inter-laboratory transfer of a decaplex polymerase chain reaction assay combined with capillary electrophoresis for the simultaneous detection of ten food allergens. Food Chem 2016; 199:799-808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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5
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Valdés A, García-Cañas V, Cifuentes A. CGE-laser induced fluorescence of double-stranded DNA fragments using GelGreen dye. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1555-62. [PMID: 23417332 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, new solutions focused on the replacement of reagents hazardous to human health are highly demanded in laboratories and Green Chemistry. In the present work, GelGreen, a new nonhazardous DNA staining reagent, has been assayed for the first time to analyze double-stranded DNA by CGE with LIF detection. The effect of GelGreen concentration on S/N ratio and migration time of a wide concentration range of standard DNA mixtures was evaluated. Under optimum GelGreen concentration in the sieving buffer efficient and sensitive separations of DNA fragments with sizes from 100-500 base pairs (bp) were obtained. A comparison in terms of resolution, time of analysis, LOD, LOQ, reproducibility, sizing performance, and cost of analysis was established between two optimized CGE-LIF protocols for DNA analysis, one based on the dye YOPRO-1 (typically used for CGE-LIF of DNA fragments) and another one using the new GelGreen. Analyses using YOPRO-1 were faster than those using GelGreen (ca. 31 min versus 34 min for the analysis of 100-500 bp DNA fragments). On the other side, sensitivity using GelGreen was twofold higher than that using YOPRO-1. The cost of analysis was significantly cheaper (ninefold) using GelGreen than with YOPRO-1. The resolution values and sizing performance were not significantly different between the two dyes (e.g. both dyes allowed the separation of fragments differing in only 2 bp in the 100-200 bp range). The usefulness of the separation method using GelGreen is demonstrated by the characterization of different amplicons obtained by PCR.
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6
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Cha YS, Choi SH, Lee JH, Shin SK, Lee SH, Lee SD, Kim SO, Hong SP. Analysis of TPOX short tandem repeat locus with matrix-associated laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight-based restriction fragment mass polymorphism assay. Anal Biochem 2011; 412:79-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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7
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Herrmann D, Rose E, Müller U, Wagner R. Microarray-based STR genotyping using RecA-mediated ligation. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:e172. [PMID: 20682559 PMCID: PMC2943619 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a novel assay capable of accurately determining the length of short tandem repeat (STR) alleles. STR genotyping is achieved utilizing RecA-mediated ligation (RML), which combines the high fidelity of RecA-mediated homology searching with allele-specific ligation. RecA catalyzes the pairing of synthetic oligonucleotides with one strand of a double-stranded DNA target, in this case a PCR amplicon. Ligation occurs only when two adjacent oligonucleotides are base paired to the STR region without any overlap or gap. RecA activity is required to overcome the inherent difficulty of annealing repeated sequences in register. This assay is capable of determining STR genotypes of human samples, is easily adapted to high throughput or automated systems and can have widespread utility in diagnostic and forensic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Herrmann
- Gene Check Inc., Greeley, CO 80634 and UWILA International Consulting, Alachua, FL 32615, USA
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8
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Mohanty SK, Warrick J, Gorski J, Beebe DJ. An accessible micro-capillary electrophoresis device using surface-tension-driven flow. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1470-81. [PMID: 19425002 PMCID: PMC2842211 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We present a rapidly fabricated micro-capillary electrophoresis chip that utilizes surface-tension-driven flow for sample injection and extraction of DNA. Surface-tension-driven flow (i.e. passive pumping) [G. M. Walker et al., Lab. Chip. 2002, 2, 131-134] injects a fixed volume of sample that can be predicted mathematically. Passive pumping eliminates the need for tubing, valves, syringe pumps, and other equipment typically needed for interfacing with microelectrophoresis chips. This method requires a standard micropipette to load samples before separation, and remove the resulting bands after analysis. The device was made using liquid phase photopolymerization to rapidly fabricate the chip without the need of special equipment typically associated with the construction of microelectrophoresis chips (e.g. cleanroom) [A. K. Agarwal et al., J. Micromech. Microeng. 2006, 16, 332-340; S. K. Mohanty et al., Electrophoresis 2006, 27, 3772-3778]. Batch fabrication time for the device presented here was 1.5 h including channel coating time to suppress electroosmotic flow. Devices were constructed out of poly-isobornyl acrylate and glass. A standard microscope with a UV source was used for sample detection. Separations were demonstrated using Promega BenchTop 100 bp ladder in hydroxyl ethyl cellulose (HEC) and oligonucleotides of 91 and 118 bp were used to characterize sample injection and extraction of DNA bands. The end result was an inexpensive micro-capillary electrophoresis device that uses tools (e.g. micropipette, electrophoretic power supplies, and microscopes) already present in most labs for sample manipulation and detection, making it more accessible for potential end users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swomitra K Mohanty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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9
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Liang SL, Lin MT, Hafez MJ, Gocke CD, Murphy KM, Sokoll LJ, Eshleman JR. Application of traditional clinical pathology quality control techniques to molecular pathology. J Mol Diagn 2008; 10:142-6. [PMID: 18258922 DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2008.070123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many molecular diagnostic laboratories have evolved from research laboratories, initially performing low numbers of homebrew assays, but many laboratories now perform more kit-based assays, with ever increasing test volumes. One such assay is assessment of bone marrow transplantation engraftment. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is performed primarily in the treatment of hematological malignancies. Monitoring of engraftment was traditionally evaluated using minisatellites (variable number tandem repeats) and Southern blotting, but most laboratories now use Food and Drug Administration-cleared microsatellite (short tandem repeats) kits to assess the extent of engraftment. With the increase in equipment reliability, the use of kit-based assays, and the desire to provide the highest quality clinical data, we began applying traditional clinical pathology quality control tools to the molecular diagnostics laboratory. In this study, we demonstrate this approach using a microsatellite-based bone marrow engraftment assay. We analyzed control samples (pure and mixed) for two different microsatellites to establish quality control parameters and constructed Levey-Jennings charts to monitor both the precision and accuracy of this assay. By incorporating these tools into an overall quality assurance program, a laboratory can identify systematic errors and perform corrective actions before actual assay failure, thereby improving the quality of patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ling Liang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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10
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Butler JM, Appleby JE, Duewer DL. Locus-specific brackets for reliable typing of Y-chromosome short tandem repeat markers. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:2583-90. [PMID: 15934054 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Short tandem repeat (STR) loci, widely used as genetic markers in disease diagnostic studies and human identity applications, are traditionally genotyped through comparison of allele sizes to a sequenced allelic ladder. Allelic ladders permit a floating bin allele calling method to be utilized, which enables reliable allele calling across laboratories, instrument platforms, and electrophoretic conditions. Precise sizing methods for STR allele calling involving fixed bins can also be used when a high degree of precision has been demonstrated within an instrument platform and a set of electrophoretic conditions. An alternative method for reliable genotyping of STR markers, locus-specific brackets (LSBs), is introduced here. LSBs are artificial alleles created through molecular biology manipulations to be shorter or longer than alleles commonly seen in populations under investigation. The size and repeat number of measured alleles are interpolated between the two LSB products that are mixed with the polymerase chain reaction-amplified STR alleles. The advantages and limitations of the LSB approach are described along with a concordance study between the LSB typing approach and other STR typing methods. Complete agreement was observed with 162 samples studied at 5 Y-chromosome loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Butler
- Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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11
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Mohamadi MR, Kataoka M, Mahmoudian L, Jabasini M, Shinohara Y, Baba Y. Analysis of Sources of Error in Quantitation of Purified DNA Fragments and Unpurified PCR Products by DNA Microchip Electrophoresis. Chromatographia 2005. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-005-0521-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Huang Z, Jin L, Sanders JC, Zheng Y, Dunsmoor C, Tian H, Landers JP. Laser-induced fluorescence detection on multichannel electrophoretic microchips using microprocessor-embedded acousto-optic laser beam scanning. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2002; 49:859-66. [PMID: 12148825 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2002.800767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An improved method for fast scanning and fluorescence detection on multimicrochannel microchips is presented using acousto-optic-deflection-driven laser-beam scanning. A microprocessor embedded subsystem used in conjunction with LabView program as the human-machine interface for control of laser-beam scanning and data preprocessing allowed faster scanning and addressing speeds to be attained and improved attenuation calibration and the data sampling speed. This system allows for flexible, high-resolution fluorescence detection for multimicrochannel electrophoresis in a manner that can be applied to a number of high-throughput analysis applications. Incorporating an F-theta focusing lens into the optical set-up allowed for a laser spot as small as 10 microm to accurately be addressed to the center of microchannels. With this spot size, it will be possible to further increase the channel density in the scanning range without encountering crosstalk. Using a six-channel microchip (four separation channels, two alignment channels), the simultaneous separation and fluorescence detection of amino acids and DNA digest samples in four channels is illustrated. User-friendly interpretation of the separation data is facilitated not only by a peak alignment/normalization routine developed within the software, but also through improved signal-to-noise ratios obtained through exploitation of signal processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22901, USA.
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13
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Null AP, Muddiman DC. Perspectives on the use of electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for short tandem repeat genotyping in the post-genome era. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:589-606. [PMID: 11433532 DOI: 10.1002/jms.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The recent completion of the first rough draft of the human genome has provided fundamental information regarding our genetic make-up; however, the post-genome era will certainly require a host of new technologies to address complex biological questions. In particular, a rapid and accurate approach to characterize genetic markers, including short tandem repeats (STRs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is demanded. STRs are the most informative of the two polymorphisms owing to their remarkable variability and even dispersity throughout eukaryotic genomes. Mass spectrometry is rapidly becoming a significant method in DNA analysis and has high probability of revolutionizing the way in which scientists probe the human genome. It is our responsibility as biomolecular mass spectrometrists to understand the issues in genetic analysis and the capabilities of mass spectrometry so that we may fulfill our role in developing a rapid, reliable technology to answer specific biological questions. This perspective is intended to familiarize the mass spectrometry community with modern genomics and to report on the current state of mass spectrometry, specifically electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, for characterization of STRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Null
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, USA
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14
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15
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Siles BA, O'Neil KA, Fox MA, Anderson DE, Kuntz AF, Ranganath SC, Morris AC. Genetic fingerprinting of grape plant (Vitis vinifera) using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and dynamic size-sieving capillary electrophoresis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2000; 48:5903-5912. [PMID: 11312766 DOI: 10.1021/jf000734v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic size-sieving capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection (DSCE-LIF) was combined with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis to demonstrate the feasibility of the genetic analysis of grape plant varieties and clones within a variety. Parameters of the genomic DNA extraction process, as well as those of the RAPD analysis, were optimized specifically for this application. Polymorphic DNA fragments were generated for four different grape plant varieties including Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Chardonnay. Relative to slab gel electrophoresis (SGE) with ethidium bromide staining, DSCE-LIF provided superior separation efficiency and detection limits in the analysis of DNA polymorphic bands. Optimal DSCE-LIF analyses were achieved using a 10-fold RAPD sample dilution, hydrodynamic sample injection, and 100 ng/mL of YO-PRO-1 DNA intercalator in the dynamic size-sieving buffer solution. In addition, the reproducibility of both the DSCE-LIF and RAPD analyses were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Siles
- The College of William and Mary, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, USA.
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16
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Gong X, Yeung ES. Genetic typing and HIV-1 diagnosis by using 96 capillary array electrophoresis and ultraviolet absorption detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 741:15-21. [PMID: 10839127 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Current high-throughput approaches to the analysis of PCR products are based primarily on electrophoretic separation and laser-excited fluorescence detection. We show that capillary array electrophoresis can be applied to HIV-1 diagnosis and D1S80 VNTR genetic typing based simply on UV absorption detection. The additive contribution of each base pair to the total absorption signal provides adequate detection sensitivity for analyzing most PCR products. Not only is the use of specialized and potentially toxic fluorescent labels eliminated, but also the complexity and cost of the instrumentation are greatly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Gong
- Ames Laboratory-USDOE and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 50011, USA
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17
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Devaney JM, Girard JE, Marino MA. DNA microsatellite analysis using ion-pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 2000; 72:858-64. [PMID: 10701274 DOI: 10.1021/ac9908896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genotyping based on short tandem repeat (STR) regions is used in human identification and parentage testing, gene mapping studies, cancer diagnostics, and diagnosis of hereditary diseases. Analysis of STR systems using slab gel electrophoresis requires lengthy and labor-intensive procedures. Therefore, alternative methods such as capillary electrophoresis or ion-pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (IPRP HPLC) have been used to analyze DNA. IPRP HPLC offers an attractive substitute to gel electrophoresis for STR analysis because of the reduced analysis time, and there is no need for the waste disposal associated with radioisotopic, enzyme-linked, or fluorescence detection systems. We evaluated the use of IPRP HPLC for the sizing and typing of STR alleles from the HUMTHO1 locus. The IPRP HPLC conditions (column temperature, flow rate, percent organic modifier per minute) were optimized for the separation of PCR products. Using the optimized separation conditions, the alleles of the HUMTHO1 system were sized in their native state (double standard) with the use of internal markers. The typing results correlated 100% to accepted methods of DNA typing. The analysis time for the HUMTHO1 locus was less than 14 min, and the alleles could be peak captured for further examination following such as sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Devaney
- Transgenomic Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA.
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18
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Van Hoofstat DE, Deforce DL, Hubert De Pauw IP, Van den Eeckhout EG. DNA typing of fingerprints using capillary electrophoresis: effect of dactyloscopic powders. Electrophoresis 1999; 20:2870-6. [PMID: 10546822 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19991001)20:14<2870::aid-elps2870>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
DNA typing is a useful tool in crime solving, not only for blood samples, sperm, or saliva but also for traces of DNA left on tools or pieces of clothing used in burglaries or thefts. On these kinds of samples, the sources of DNA are extremely small amounts of skin debris left after gripping tools. When a sensitive technique such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled with capillary electrophoresis is used, it is possible to get a profile from these low amounts of DNA. The classic technique in such cases, used in forensic sciences, is to reveal fingerprints by different dactyloscopic powders. Therefore, DNA profiling was performed on physical fingerprints left on glass and wooden plates, in order to establish eventual problems or interferences involved by using both techniques simultaneously. Eleven dactyloscopic powders were investigated on their influence on DNA typing. The results show that some can be used together with DNA profiling but that serious precautions have to be taken to avoid contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Van Hoofstat
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Gent, Belgium
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19
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Bazar LS, Collier GB, Vanek PG, Siles BA, Kow YW, Doetsch PW, Cunningham RP, Chirikjian JG. Mutation identification DNA analysis system (MIDAS) for detection of known mutations. Electrophoresis 1999; 20:1141-8. [PMID: 10380753 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19990101)20:6<1141::aid-elps1141>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a novel experimental strategy for DNA mutation detection named the Mismatch Identification DNA Analysis System (MIDAS) [1, 2], which has an associated isothermal probe amplification step to increase target DNA detection sensitivity to attomole levels. MIDAS exploits DNA glycosylases to remove the sugar moiety on one strand (the probe strand) at a DNA base pair mismatch. The resulting apyrimidinic/ apurinic (AP) site is cleaved by AP endonucleases/lyases either associated with the DNA glycosylase or externally added to the reaction mixture. MIDAS utilizes 32p- or FITC-labeled oligonucleotides as mutation probes. Generally between 20-50 nucleotides in length, the probe hybridizes to the target sequence at the reaction temperature. Mismatch repair enzymes (MREs) then cut the probe at the point of mismatch. Once the probe is cleaved, the fragments become thermally unstable and fall off the target, thereby allowing another full-length probe to hybridize. This oscillating process amplifies the signal (cleaved probe). Cleavage products can be detected by electrophoretic separation followed by autoradiography, or by laser-induced fluorescence-capillary electrophoresis (LIF-CE) of fluorophore-labeled probes in two minutes using a novel CE matrix. In the present experiments, we employed the mesophilic Escherichia coli enzyme deoxyinosine 3'-endonuclease (Endo V), and a novel thermostable T/G DNA glycosylase, TDG mismatch repair enzyme (TDG-MRE). MIDAS differentiated between a clinical sample BRCA 1 wild-type sequence and a BRCA1 185delAG mutation without the need for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The combination of MIDAS with LIF-CE should make detection of known point mutations, deletions, and insertions a rapid and cost-effective technique well suited for automation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Bazar
- Georgetown University, Department of Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Washington DC, USA
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20
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Gao Q, Pang HM, Yeung ES. Simultaneous genetic typing from multiple short tandem repeat loci using a 96-capillary array electrophoresis system. Electrophoresis 1999; 20:1518-26. [PMID: 10424475 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19990601)20:7<1518::aid-elps1518>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Short tandem repeat (STR) markers are highly polymorphic and widely used in human identification and genetic mapping. We demonstrate fast and reliable genotyping based on the four STR loci vWF, THO1, TPOX, CSF1PO by multiple-capillary array electrophoresis. Extracted human genomic DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR products were mixed with pooled allelic ladder as an absolute standard and coinjected from a 96-vial tray. Separations were performed in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) sieving matrix with a one-hour turnaround time, with no degradation over 27 runs. Simultaneous one-color laser-induced fluorescence detection was achieved by using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. The allele peaks for the unknown sample were identified by comparing the normalized peak intensities of the mixtures to those of the pooled ladder by using a straightforward algorithm. An extremely high level of confidence in matching the bands was indicated with negligible crosstalk (< 0.89%) between adjacent capillaries. This scheme is applicable for STR genotyping with high resolution, high speed and high throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Gao
- Ames Laboratory-USDOE and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 50011, USA
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21
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Walchle C, Diwan BA, Shiao YH, Calvert RJ. Microsatellite instability is infrequent in azoxymethane-induced rat intestinal tumors: An assessment by capillary electrophoresis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999; 157:9-15. [PMID: 10329502 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1999.8662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A rat model of colon cancer in which tumors are induced by azoxymethane (AOM) is frequently used to study putative environmental agents that may modify the risk of human colon cancer development. In order to evaluate the usefulness of this model for human risk assessment, a comparison of the molecular changes associated with tumorigenesis in the rat model with those in human colon cancer is desirable. Microsatellite instability (MSI), an alteration in length of short repetitive DNA sequences associated with defective DNA mismatch repair, is an important molecular characteristic of many human colon tumors. Intestinal tumors were induced in male Fischer 344 rats injected with 15 mg/kg body wt AOM in four weekly doses. Thirteen intestinal tumors were examined for MSI at 10 different microsatellite loci, using a capillary electrophoresis (CE) method for accurate assessment of DNA length. This method was shown to have a resolution of 1 bp for a 140-bp PCR product and to be capable of detecting one mutant sequence within a background of 10 wild-type sequences. The CE method also readily distinguished a known MSI-positive human tumor sample from its matching control sample. Among the 13 rat intestinal tumors examined, only one had MSI, which was present at only a single locus. We conclude that, unlike sporadic human colon tumors in which 15-30% of tumors have MSI (usually at multiple loci), MSI is very rare in AOM-induced rat intestinal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Walchle
- Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center (NCI-FCRDC), Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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22
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Validation of Capillary Electrophoresis for Analysis of the X-Y Homologous Amelogenin Gene. J Forensic Sci 1998. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs14383j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Zhang N, Yeung ES. On-line coupling of polymerase chain reaction and capillary electrophoresis for automatic DNA typing and HIV-1 diagnosis. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 714:3-11. [PMID: 9746229 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate an integrated on-line system with a fused-silica capillary as the microreactor for PCR and capillary gel electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection for DNA typing and disease diagnosis. Two applications have been investigated: the four short tandem repeat (STR) loci vWA, THO1, TPOX and CSF1PO (CTTv) for DNA typing, and DNA probe for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) diagnosis. The CTTv are important loci in forensic and genetic linkage analysis. The PCR technique is a powerful tool in HIV research because it can detect the presence of the virus before any antibody response in the infected person. Thus it is important for early diagnosis. Multiplexed PCR in a fused-silica capillary, on-line injection, DNA denaturation and calibration based on a standard ladder have been successfully combined. Also, on-line liquid flow management, DNA separation and detection have been completely integrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Zhang
- Ames Laboratory-USDOE and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 50011, USA
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24
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Righetti PG, Gelfi C. Analysis of clinically relevant, diagnostic DNA by capillary zone and double-gradient gel slab electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1998; 806:97-112. [PMID: 9639883 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00304-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A number of applications of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) in sieving liquid polymers (notably linear polyacrylamides and cellulose) for the analysis of polymerase chain reaction products of clinically relevant, diagnostic DNA, are reviewed here. The fields covered are human genetics, quantitative gene dosage, microbiology and virology, forensic medicine and therapeutic DNA (notably antisense nucleotides). Some unique, novel developments are highlighted, such as (a) non-isocratic CZE, i.e., temperature-programmed CZE for detection of DNA point mutations and (b) the synthesis of novel N-substituted acrylamides, offering extreme resistance to alkaline hydrolysis, coupled with high hydrophilicity. In the field of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), as routinely performed in gel slabs, a novel methodology is described, i.e., double-gradient DGGE. In this technique, two gradients are simultaneously applied along the migration direction; a chemical denaturing gradient, for partially unwinding homo- and hetero-duplexes of DNA and a porosity gradient, for re-compacting diffuse bands melting over a broader range of denaturing conditions. Both the CZE and the slab gel methodologies, with the latest developments described in this review, appear to be promising tools for screening diagnostic DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Righetti
- University of Verona, Department of Agricultural and Industrial Biotechnologies, Italy
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25
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Van Hoofstat DE, Deforce DL, Millecamps RE, Brochez VM, Van Geldre EG, Vergauwe A, Sijs A, Van den Eeckhout EG. Population genetic study of four short tandem repeat loci in the Belgian population, using capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:719-22. [PMID: 9629905 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150190520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Allele frequencies of four short tandem repeat loci (HumCD4, HumTH01, HumD21S11 and HumSE33) were investigated in a sample of 395 unrelated Belgian individuals using multiplex polymerase chain reaction and capillary electrophoresis. Automated laser fluorescence was used to detect four fluorescent dyes, enabling the use of an internal standard within each lane. With this method rapid typing with high resolution was obtained and the different alleles were grouped on a statistical base. All loci meet Hardy-Weinberg expectations. The allelic frequency data, together with the constructed allelic ladder, can be used in paternity testing and personal identification in the medical and forensic sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Van Hoofstat
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Ghent, Belgium
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26
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Buscemi L, Tagliabracci A, Sassaroli C, Bianchi F, Canestrari S, Rodriguez D. Polymerase chain reaction typing of D21S11 short tandem repeat polymorphism by capillary electrophoresis. Allele frequencies and sequencing data in a population sample from central Italy. Forensic Sci Int 1998; 92:251-8. [PMID: 9627983 DOI: 10.1016/s0379-0738(98)00021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Blood samples were collected from 100 individuals living in Central Italy and analysed for STR locus D21S11 by capillary electrophoresis on an ABI Prism 310 genetic analyzer. For fragment sizing, PCR amplification products, obtained using a 6-FAM 5'-labeled reverse primer and an unlabeled forward primer, were run with an internal size standard labeled with TAMRA dye and typed using the local reciprocal method. An allele ladder consisting of a mix of sequenced amplified products was also prepared. An Italian population database was established. No deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed. The result of statistical analysis were highly informative (PD = 0.94; mean exclusion change = 0.66). DNA sequencing was performed on a set of representative alleles by Taq cycle sequencing using dye terminator labeling chemistry. A new structural variant was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Buscemi
- Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università di Ancona, Policlinico Torrette, Italy
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27
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Manetto G, Crivellente F, Tagliaro F, Turrina S, Pascali V. A simplified approach to capillary electrophoretic separation of polymerase chain reaction fragments of forensic interest. Forensic Sci Int 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0379-0738(98)00022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Wenz H, Robertson JM, Menchen S, Oaks F, Demorest DM, Scheibler D, Rosenblum BB, Wike C, Gilbert DA, Efcavitch JW. High-precision genotyping by denaturing capillary electrophoresis. Genome Res 1998; 8:69-80. [PMID: 9445489 PMCID: PMC310688 DOI: 10.1101/gr.8.1.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/1997] [Accepted: 11/18/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Genotyping, as applied to linkage mapping, human identification, or mapping of genetic traits, mandates electrophoretic separation systems that enable a user to identify alleles with high precision to obtain a correct genotype. For 2-bp microsatellites or short tandem repeats (STRs), standard deviations of +/-0.3 nucleotide are required to ensure with 99.7% probability the identity or dissimilarity of tested alleles. A complete system, consisting of commercially available laser-induced fluorescence capillary electrophoresis (ABI PRISM 310) and performance optimized polymer 4 (POP-4), was evaluated for microsatellite separations. POP-4 is a low viscosity polymer for use in uncoated fused microbore silica capillaries. It separates DNA fragments that differ in size by 1 nucleotide up to 250 nucleotides and that differ in size by 2 nucleotides for fragments up to at least 350 nucleotides in length in about 30 min. The presence of denaturants and, more importantly, operation at 60 degrees C was mandatory for high-precision and high-resolution sizing operation. Reproducible separation performance was achieved in excess of 100 injections per capillary with resulting standard deviations in the range of 0.04 to 0.17 nucleotide. Comparative sizing of known CEPH (Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humaine) samples performed at 22 independent test sites showed the usefulness of the system for genotyping with standard deviations of 0.24 nucleotide, or better.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wenz
- PE Applied Biosystems Division, Foster City, California 94404, USA.
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29
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Mansfield ES, Robertson JM, Vainer M, Isenberg AR, Frazier RR, Ferguson K, Chow S, Harris DW, Barker DL, Gill PD, Budowle B, McCord BR. Analysis of multiplexed short tandem repeat (STR) systems using capillary array electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:101-7. [PMID: 9511870 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150190118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The profiling of polymorphic short tandem repeat (STR) markers is being applied to human identification, parentage testing and genetic mapping. Reliable genotyping of these markers is facilitated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and high-resolution electrophoretic separation. Capillary array electrophoresis (CAE) offers very rapid, high-resolution separation of the amplified DNA and potential for automated sample processing not realized employing conventional slab-gel electrophoresis. The use of CAE to type DNA samples amplified at 11 genetic loci in multiplex profiles is presented. Two sets totaling 208 samples were amplified in a multiplex fashion using AmpFlSTR-Blue or AmpFlSTR-Green I and analyzed in a blind study using CAE. With the exception of one sample, the CAE genotyping results were in complete agreement with results obtained using a single-capillary system or two slab-gel electrophoresis systems. The sample, genotype TH01 7/10, migrated similar to TH01 6.3/9.3 allele sizes, which suggested a potential band migration shift. The recommended approach to such an observation is to analyze the sample again. The sample was rerun and correct genotype verified. Allelic ladder samples were analyzed multiple times by CAE to determine sizing accuracy and precision. The sizing of over 240 allelic ladder samples yielded an average within-run precision of +/- 0.13 bp and between-run precision of +/- 0.21 bp for fragments up to 350 bp. The CAE protocols permit processing of up to 96 multiplex STR samples in under 70 min.
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30
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Isenberg AR, Allen RO, Keys KM, Smerick JB, Budowle B, McCord BR. Analysis of two multiplexed short tandem repeat systems using capillary electrophoresis with multiwavelength fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:94-100. [PMID: 9511869 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150190117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A series of experiments was performed to analyze the utility of capillary electrophoresis (CE) with multiwavelength detection capabilities for multiplex typing of short tandem repeat loci. Characteristics of the sieving polymer, hydroxyethylcellulose, which affect resolution of single strand (ss) DNA fragments were examined. Additionally, the effects of denaturant in the polymer system, separation voltage, and analysis temperature were studied to ascertain their effects on DNA separations and capillary lifetime. The use of elevated run temperature (60 degrees C) was found to improve sizing precision, to increase the lifetime of capillaries (100 runs or more per capillary), and to provide runtimes of under 20 min. Finally, 100 individual human DNA samples were typed successfully using CE. The average resolution obtained was 1.4 bases for a 200 base fragment with a standard deviation of sizing of 0.2 bases, allowing all alleles examined to be distinguished clearly.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Isenberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
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31
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Bullard KM, Hietpas PB, Ewing AG. Capillary sample introduction of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products separated in ultrathin slab gels. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:71-5. [PMID: 9511865 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150190113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified short tandem repeat (STR) samples from the HUMVWF locus have been analyzed using a unique sample introduction and separation technique. A single capillary is used to transfer samples onto an ultrathin slab gel (57 microm thin). This ultrathin nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel is used to separate the amplified fragments, and laser-induced fluorescence with ethidium bromide is used for detection. The feasibility of performing STR analysis using this system has been investigated by examining the reproducibility for repeated samples. Reproducibility is examined by comparing the migration of the 14 and 17 HUMVWF alleles on three consecutive separations on the ultrathin slab gel. Using one locus, separations match in migration time with the two alleles 42 s apart for each of the three consecutive separations. This technique shows potential to increase sample throughput in STR analysis techniques although separation resolution still needs to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Bullard
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
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32
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Pouchkarev VP, Shved EF, Novikov PI. Sex determination of forensic samples by polymerase chain reaction of the amelogenin gene and analysis by capillary electrophoresis with polymer matrix. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:76-9. [PMID: 9511866 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150190114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to validate an application of GenePrint Sex Determination System based on amplification of a section of the X-Y homologous gene amelogenin followed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products for gender testing of forensic DNA. It was found that subnanogram quantities of male and female DNA were correctly detected by this system. Experiments were performed to investigate the possibility of quantitating the X-Y chromosome-specific PCR products to disclose sex-mixed DNA samples. It was found that observed electrophoretic profiles correctly reflected an X-Y chromosome proportion of the DNA sample which was introduced into the PCR mix. The tested amelogenin PCR-CE system was successfully used for gender testing of a wide range of biological evidence including sex-mixed DNA samples from rape cases. These results demonstrate that the tested amelogenin PCR-CE system is a useful tool for gender determination of forensic DNA.
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33
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Abstract
We have demonstrated in a systematic manner that the capillary electrophoresis (CE) method of genotyping the human D1S80 locus is an effective replacement for the commonly used gel electrophoresis method. The CE method is fast, with a total run time of less than 22 min per sample. Separation has been optimized so that resolution for all pairs of alleles from 14 through 41 is greater than 1, providing unambiguous identification. The method utilizes run buffer containing 0.30% hydroxyethyl cellulose as the sieving polymer in a 50 microm internal diameter (ID) column coated with a 0.1 microm DB-17 film. Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) with YO-PRO-1 intercalating dye is used for detection. Internal standards of 300 and 1000 bp bracket the D1S80 region in the electropherogram. Two typing procedures were evaluated: matching of the normalized migration times of sample alleles to ladder alleles; and software alignment of sample and ladder electropherograms using the internal standard peaks as references. Using the first procedure, 91.5% of the D1S80 genotypes were unambiguous, while 100% were unambiguous using the second procedure. Seventy-nine routine samples were analyzed in a side-by-side comparison of the CE and slab gel methods, with complete agreement of the results. Twenty-two samples were selected from a large database previously analyzed by the slab gel method to demonstrate that all alleles from 14 through 41 were typed correctly, including samples containing adjacent alleles. Additionally, 43 samples containing alleles greater than the 41 repeat number were typed correctly.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Mitchell
- IIT Research Institute, Newington, VA 22122, USA.
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34
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Marino MA, Devaney JM, Smith JK, Girard JE. Sequencing using capillary electrophoresis of short tandem repeat alleles separated and purified by high performance liquid chromatography. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:108-18. [PMID: 9511871 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150190119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified alleles need to be isolated and purified before carrying out additional analysis to confirm sequence, number of repeats and microvariants within a short tandem repeat (STR) locus. Also, PCR amplification of tetranucleotide repeat loci, used in DNA typing assays, often result in heteroduplex formation, adding to the complexity of analysis. Sequencing reactions require single specific target DNA for reliable sequencing analysis. Alkylated poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) columns at elevated temperature and gradient elution conditions increase the efficiency of separation to allow for the purification of PCR products. Using the separation technique of ion-pairing reverse-phase (IPRP) high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), molecular biologists can separate and purify DNA fragments without alteration to the double-stranded DNA sequencing properties. In this study, the IP-RP chromatography technique has been demonstrated by separation of alleles of the short tandem repeat loci of TH01, vWA31, F13A01 and FES/ FPS. Alleles differing in size range of 12 to 4 base pairs were separated by IPRP/HPLC and individual alleles were peak-captured, then cycle-sequenced. These HPLC fractions required no additional steps prior to cycle sequencing. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) was used to sequence the alleles. Furthermore, CE offers advantages over traditional slab methods via automation and higher applied voltages. Interestingly, unlike traditional gel electrophoresis, samples were introduced into the sieving matrix by electrokinetic injection, which allows for multiple injections from a single sample, a key feature for method development. Applied voltage was 320 V per centimeter using a nonderivatized fused silica capillary with an interior diameter of 50 microm and a total length of 47 centimeters. The total analysis time including capillary filling and pre-electrophoresis was less than 30 min for a 220-bp fragment. A sequencing rate of 530 bp/h was achieved using these conditions. By combining the techniques of HPLC separation and CE sequencing, the results confirmed the sequence and number of nucleotide repeats for each STR loci. An average sequencing efficiency of 97% was achieved. Additionally, this method defined the absence of a 9.3 microvariant for a TH01 heterozygous individual previously typed as a 9, 9.3/10 using slab gel electrophoresis. The techniques described can be applied to other DNA purification and isolation problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Marino
- Center for Medical and Molecular Genetics, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, USA.
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35
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Butler JM, Wilson MR, Reeder DJ. Rapid mitochondrial DNA typing using restriction enzyme digestion of polymerase chain reaction amplicons followed by capillary electrophoresis separation with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:119-24. [PMID: 9511872 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150190120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The polymorphic control region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is becoming more commonly used in forensic applications to differentiate among individuals in a population. Two hypervariable regions (HV1 and HV2) are often sequenced following amplification of the mtDNA via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). More rapid screening assays would reduce both the effort and the expense of comparing two samples. A methodology has been developed that first uses restriction endonuclease digestion of the PCR-amplified mtDNA using RsaI and MnlI and then capillary electrophoresis (CE) to separate and size the PCR-RFLP fragments. This rapid procedure offers an alternative method for screening of polymorphisms in amplified mtDNA samples. In addition, the presence of a T-->C transition at position 16189, which gives rise to the so-called "C-stretch" in HV1, may be predicted from the presence of nonspecific PCR products in the CE results.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Butler
- Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
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36
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37
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Lazaruk K, Walsh PS, Oaks F, Gilbert D, Rosenblum BB, Menchen S, Scheibler D, Wenz HM, Holt C, Wallin J. Genotyping of forensic short tandem repeat (STR) systems based on sizing precision in a capillary electrophoresis instrument. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:86-93. [PMID: 9511868 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150190116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Automated fluorescence analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified short tandem repeat (STR) systems by capillary electrophoresis (CE) is becoming an established tool both in forensic casework and in the implementation of both state and national convicted offender DNA databases. A new capillary electrophoresis instrument, the ABI Prism 310 Genetic Analyzer, along with the Performance Optimized Polymer 4 (POP-4) provides an automated and precise method for simultaneously analyzing ten fluorescently labeled STR loci from a single PCR amplification kit, which provides a power of discrimination of approximately one in five billion from a single PCR amplification. Data are presented on sizing precision, sizing accuracy, and resolution for the STR loci in the AmpFlSTR Profiler kit. Sizing accuracy is highly dependent on the electrophoresis system, and therefore the reporting of alleles based on the nucleotide size obtained from an electrophoresis system is not recommended for forensic work. The precision of the 310 capillary electrophoresis system, coupled with software developed for automated genotyping of alleles based on the use of an allelic ladder, allows for accurate genotyping of STR loci. Sizing precision of < or = 0.16 nucleotide standard deviation was obtained with this system, thus allowing for accurate genotyping of length variants that differ in length by a single nucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lazaruk
- PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA 94404, USA.
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38
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Abstract
During the past decade, capillary electrophoresis (CE) emerged as a promising, effective and economic approach for separation of a large variety of substances, including those encountered in clinical and forensic analysis. Reliable and automated CE instruments became commercially available and promoted the exploration of an increasing number of CE methods and fields of application. The widespread applicability of CE, its enormous separation power and high-sensitivity detection schemes make this technology an attractive and promising tool. This review discusses the principles and important aspects of CE-based assays and provides an overview of the key achievements encountered with CE in clinical and forensic analysis, including those associated with the analysis of serum proteins, hemoglobin variants, drugs and nucleic acids. Validated assays, interesting applications and future trends in clinical and forensic analysis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F von Heeren
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bern, Switzerland
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39
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Sunada WM, Blanch HW. Polymeric separation media for capillary electrophoresis of nucleic acids. Electrophoresis 1997; 18:2243-54. [PMID: 9456039 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150181215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The choice of polymer matrix for separating nucleic acids by capillary electrophoresis has often been arbitrary. However, considerable research in the area has led to a wealth of data exploring the key parameters of the polymer matrix that affect nucleic acid separations: polymer type, polymer molecular mass, polymer concentration, temperature, and buffer components and additives. Using this information, it is possible to use rational methods of choosing a good polymer matrix for a particular application. Further research into the properties of the mechanism of separation in polymer solutions, as well as the polymer matrix and other solution components will lead to even more efficient separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Sunada
- University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA
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40
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Schmalzing D, Koutny L, Adourian A, Belgrader P, Matsudaira P, Ehrlich D. DNA typing in thirty seconds with a microfabricated device. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:10273-8. [PMID: 9294200 PMCID: PMC23352 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.19.10273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the development of a practical ultrafast allelic profiling assay for the analysis of short tandem repeats (STRs) by using a highly optimized microfluidic electrophoresis device. We have achieved baseline-resolved electrophoretic separations of single-locus STR samples in 30 sec. Analyses of PCR samples containing the four loci CSF1PO, TPOX, THO1, and vWA (abbreviated as CTTv) were performed in less than 2 min. This constitutes a 10- to 100-fold improvement in speed relative to capillary or slab gel systems. The separation device consists of a microfabricated channel 45 micron x 100 micron in cross section and 26 mm in length, filled with a replaceable polyacrylamide matrix operated under denaturing conditions at 50 degrees C. A fluorescently labeled STR ladder was used as an internal standard for allele identification. Samples were prepared by standard procedures and only 4 microl was required for each analysis. The device is capable of repetitive operation and is suitable for automated high-speed and high-throughput applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schmalzing
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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41
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Talmadge K, Tan A, Zhu M. DNA fragment analysis by capillary polymer seiving electrophoresis using poly(acryloylaminoethoxyethanol)-coated capillaries. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00620-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Comparison of resolution of double-stranded and single-stranded DNA in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Fortina P, Cheng J, Shoffner MA, Surrey S, Hitchcock WM, Kricka LJ, Wilding P. Diagnosis of Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy and quantitative identification of carrier status by use of entangled solution capillary electrophoresis. Clin Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/43.5.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Use of capillary electrophoresis, a new and useful analytical tool, offers a variety of advantages for nucleic acid analyses, including rapid analysis, automation, high resolution, qualitative and quantitative results, and low consumption of both sample and reagents. We report the first example of the use of entangled solution capillary electrophoresis (ESCE) and laser-induced fluorescence detection (LIF) for separation-based diagnostics in the quantitative analysis of multiplex PCR products for determination of carrier status of Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD/BMD). This ap-proach greatly improved the speed, resolution, and sensitivity of information needed for the diagnosis of DMD/BMD compared with that from conventional diagnostic methods, and is of general utility for diagnosis of genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Fortina
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Saul Surrey
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Wendy M Hitchcock
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
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Baba Y. Analysis of disease-causing genes and DNA-based drugs by capillary electrophoresis. Towards DNA diagnosis and gene therapy for human diseases. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 687:271-302. [PMID: 9017454 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Rapid progress in the Human Genome Project has stimulated investigations for gene therapy and DNA diagnosis of human diseases through mutation or polymorphism analysis of disease-causing genes and has resulted in a new class of drugs, i.e., DNA-based drugs, including human gene, disease-causing gene, antisense DNA, DNA vaccine, triplex-forming oligonucleotide, protein-binding oligonucleotides, and ribozyme. The recent development of capillary electrophoresis technologies has facilitated the application of capillary electrophoresis to the analysis of DNA-based drugs and the detection of mutations and polymorphism on human genes towards DNA diagnosis and gene therapy for human diseases. In this article the present state of studies on the analysis of DNA-based drugs and disease-causing genes by capillary electrophoresis is reviewed. The paper gives an overview of recent progress in the Human Genome Project and the fundamental aspects of polymerase chain reaction-based technologies for the detection of mutations and polymorphism on human genes and capillary electrophoresis techniques. Attention is mainly pad to the application of capillary electrophoresis to polymerase chain reaction analysis, restriction fragment length polymorphism, single strand conformational polymorphism, variable number of tandem repeat, microsatellite analysis, hybridization technique, and monitoring of DNA-based drugs. Possible future trends are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Baba
- Department of Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
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Chao-Cheng Wang, Beale SC. Preparation of linear polyacrylamide gel step gradients for capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(96)00630-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Methodologies to obtain DNA sequence information efficiently and accurately will provide the basis for a broad spectrum of economical products and applications to a variety of industrial sectors, in addition to healthcare. Such technologies will build upon the evolving molecular biology and instrumentation base that is serving a specific research market. This will require the efficient integration of technical advances in microchemistry, micromachining, separation technologies, detection systems, microelectronics and information technology, and will involve the expertise of engineers, physicists, chemists, mathematicians, computer scientists and molecular biologists. The biotechnology, microelectronics, software, instrumentation, pharmaceutical and fine chemical industries will be vital to this development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Abramowitz
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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Marino MA, Weaver KR, Tully LA, Girard JE, Belgrader P. Characterization of mitochondrial DNA using low-stringency single specific primer amplification analyzed by laser induced fluorescence--capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 1996; 17:1499-504. [PMID: 8905267 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150170915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based DNA typing is routinely used in forensics for identity testing. Those assays that distinguish single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) require other biochemical reactions in addition to PCR to identify the sequence polymorphisms. Low-stringency sequence-specific PCR (LSSP-PCR) is an example of a recent method that does not require additional biochemical treatments. The analysis of LSSP-PCR by capillary electrophoresis (CE) to discriminate the highly polymorphic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop region is described. The DNA from five individuals were amplified (first step) using sequence-specific primers to produce 1021 bp fragments containing the D-loop region. Each fragment was isolated by electroelution using CE and UV detection, and subjected to a second amplification (second step) using a single primer annealed under low stringency conditions. This generated a range or profile of PCR products for each sample, which were resolved and analyzed by CE with the intercalator TOTO-1 and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection. The LSSP-PCR profiles were unique for each individual, indicating that this technique may be applicable for forensic identity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Marino
- Developmental Laboratory, Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington DC, USA. marino.@e-mail.afip.osd.mil
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