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Tavari T, Nazari M, Meamardoost S, Tamayol A, Samandari M. A systematic overview of electrode configuration in electric‐driven micropumps. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1476-1520. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tannaz Tavari
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Shahrood University of Technology Shahrood Iran
| | - Mohsen Nazari
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Shahrood University of Technology Shahrood Iran
| | - Saber Meamardoost
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University at Buffalo Buffalo New York USA
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington Connecticut USA
| | - Mohamadmahdi Samandari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington Connecticut USA
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Liu W, Ren Y, Tao Y, Yan H, Xiao C, Wu Q. Buoyancy-Free Janus Microcylinders as Mobile Microelectrode Arrays for Continuous Microfluidic Biomolecule Collection within a Wide Frequency Range: A Numerical Simulation Study. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11030289. [PMID: 32164333 PMCID: PMC7142959 DOI: 10.3390/mi11030289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We numerically study herein the AC electrokinetic motion of Janus mobile microelectrode (ME) arrays in electrolyte solution in a wide field frequency, which holds great potential for biomedical applications. A fully coupled physical model, which incorporates the fluid-structure interaction under the synergy of induced-charge electroosmotic (ICEO) slipping and interfacial Maxwell stress, is developed for this purpose. A freely suspended Janus cylinder free from buoyancy, whose main body is made of polystyrene, while half of the particle surface is coated with a thin conducting film of negligible thickness, will react actively on application of an AC signal. In the low-frequency limit, induced-charge electrophoretic (ICEP) translation occurs due to symmetric breaking in ICEO slipping, which renders the insulating end to move ahead. At higher field frequencies, a brand-new electrokinetic transport phenomenon called "ego-dielectrophoresis (e-DEP)" arises due to the action of the localized uneven field on the inhomogeneous particle dipole moment. In stark contrast with the low-frequency ICEP translation, the high-frequency e-DEP force tends to drive the asymmetric dipole moment to move in the direction of the conducting end. The bidirectional transport feature of Janus microspheres in a wide AC frequency range can be vividly interpreted as an array of ME for continuous loading of secondary bioparticles from the surrounding liquid medium along its direction-controllable path by long-range electroconvection. These results pave the way for achieving flexible and high-throughput on-chip extraction of nanoscale biological contents for subsequent on-site bioassay based upon AC electrokinetics of Janus ME arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Liu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang’an University, Middle-Section of Nan’er Huan Road, Xi’an 710064, China; (W.L.); (C.X.); (Q.W.)
| | - Yukun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China;
- Correspondence: (R.Y.); (H.Y.); Tel.: +86-0451-8641-8028 (Y.R.)
| | - Ye Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China;
| | - Hui Yan
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China
- Correspondence: (R.Y.); (H.Y.); Tel.: +86-0451-8641-8028 (Y.R.)
| | - Congda Xiao
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang’an University, Middle-Section of Nan’er Huan Road, Xi’an 710064, China; (W.L.); (C.X.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qisheng Wu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang’an University, Middle-Section of Nan’er Huan Road, Xi’an 710064, China; (W.L.); (C.X.); (Q.W.)
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3
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Multifrequency Induced-Charge Electroosmosis. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10070447. [PMID: 31277290 PMCID: PMC6680487 DOI: 10.3390/mi10070447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We present herein a unique concept of multifrequency induced-charge electroosmosis (MICEO) actuated directly on driving electrode arrays, for highly-efficient simultaneous transport and convective mixing of fluidic samples in microscale ducts. MICEO delicately combines transversal AC electroosmotic vortex flow, and axial traveling-wave electroosmotic pump motion under external dual-Fourier-mode AC electric fields. The synthetic flow field associated with MICEO is mathematically analyzed under thin layer limit, and the particle tracing experiment with a special powering technique validates the effectiveness of this physical phenomenon. Meanwhile, the simulation results with a full-scale 3D computation model demonstrate its robust dual-functionality in inducing fully-automated analyte transport and chaotic stirring in a straight fluidic channel embedding double-sided quarter-phase discrete electrode arrays. Our physical demonstration with multifrequency signal control on nonlinear electroosmosis provides invaluable references for innovative designs of multifunctional on-chip analytical platforms in modern microfluidic systems.
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4
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Liu W, Ren Y, Chen F, Song J, Tao Y, Du K, Wu Q. A microscopic physical description of electrothermal‐induced flow for control of ion current transport in microfluidics interfacing nanofluidics. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2683-2698. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Liu
- School of Electronics and Control EngineeringSchool of HighwayChang'an University Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
| | - Yukun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and SystemHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
- The State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics (LNM)Chinese Academy of SciencesInstitute of Mechanics Beijing P. R. China
| | - Feng Chen
- School of Electronics and Control EngineeringSchool of HighwayChang'an University Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
| | - Jingni Song
- School of Electronics and Control EngineeringSchool of HighwayChang'an University Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
| | - Ye Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and SystemHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
| | - Kai Du
- School of Electronics and Control EngineeringSchool of HighwayChang'an University Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
| | - Qisheng Wu
- School of Electronics and Control EngineeringSchool of HighwayChang'an University Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
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5
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Gao X, Li Y. Biofluid pumping and mixing by an AC electrothermal micropump embedded with a spiral microelectrode pair in a cylindrical microchannel. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:3156-3170. [PMID: 30194859 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we numerically investigated a multifunctional AC electrothermal (ACET) micropump embedded with an asymmetric spiral microelectrode pair in a cylindrical microchannel for simultaneous pumping and mixing in high-conductivity fluids, which makes the pump useful for biofluid applications. When an AC signal was applied to the asymmetric spiral electrode pair, the vortices induced on the electrode surfaces with centerlines along the corresponding spiral electrode length exhibit a spiral distribution, and the net flow in the cylindrical microchannel is generated by the ACET effect. The vorticity field distribution can explain the mechanism of simultaneous pumping and mixing. Because the vorticity field is inclined against the microchannel direction, vortices on top of the spiral electrodes can affect the ACET flow in the following two aspects at the same time: one is pumping the flow in the microchannel direction, and the other is mixing the samples by stirring the flow. We also determined that the geometric ratios of the electrode width to the gap or slant angle of the spiral electrodes can feasibly be used to control the relative strength of the pumping and mixing capabilities, and we achieved an optimal design that gives both desirable pumping and mixing efficiencies. This study shows that the spiral ACET micropump design can rapidly drive the high-conductivity fluids and efficiently mix samples simultaneously. The numerical simulation of the spiral ACET micropump is of significant importance for practical, chemical and biological applications, and feasible fabrication techiniques should be experimentally investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Gao
- School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Yuxiao Li
- School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China
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Gimsa J, Titipornpun K, Stubbe M, Gimsa U. Combined detection of AC-electrokinetic effects: Experiments with three-axial chicken red blood cells. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2253-2261. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Gimsa
- University of Rostock; Department of Biophysics; Rostock Germany
| | - Kanokkan Titipornpun
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology; Suratthani Rajabhat University; Surat Thani Thailand
| | - Marco Stubbe
- University of Rostock; Department of Biophysics; Rostock Germany
| | - Ulrike Gimsa
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology; Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology; Dummerstorf Germany
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Ren Y, Liu W, Tao Y, Hui M, Wu Q. On AC-Field-Induced Nonlinear Electroosmosis next to the Sharp Corner-Field-Singularity of Leaky Dielectric Blocks and Its Application in on-Chip Micro-Mixing. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E102. [PMID: 30424036 PMCID: PMC6187378 DOI: 10.3390/mi9030102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Induced-charge electroosmosis has attracted lots of attention from the microfluidic community over the past decade. Most previous researches on this subject focused on induced-charge electroosmosis (ICEO) vortex streaming actuated on ideally polarizable surfaces immersed in electrolyte solutions. Starting from this point, we conduct herein a linear asymptotic analysis on nonlinear electroosmotic flow next to leaky dielectric blocks of arbitrary electrical conductivity and dielectric permittivity in harmonic AC electric fields, and theoretically demonstrate that observable ICEO fluid motion can be generated at high field frequencies in the vicinity of nearly insulating semiconductors, a very low electrical conductivity, of which can evidently increase the double-layer relaxation frequency (inversely proportional to the solid permittivity) to be much higher than the typical reciprocal RC time constant for induced double-layer charging on ideally polarizable surfaces. A computational model is developed to study the feasibility of this high-frequency vortex flow field of ICEO for sample mixing in microfluidics, in which the usage of AC voltage signal at high field frequencies may be beneficial to suppress electrochemical reactions to some extent. The influence of various parameters for developing an efficient mixer is investigated, and an integrated arrangement of semiconductor block array is suggested for achieving a reliable mixing performance at relatively high sample fluxes. Our physical demonstration with high-frequency ICEO next to leaky dielectric blocks using a simple channel structure offers valuable insights into the design of high-throughput micromixers for a variety of lab-on-a-chip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Weiyu Liu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an 710064, China.
| | - Ye Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Meng Hui
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an 710064, China.
| | - Qisheng Wu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an 710064, China.
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8
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Liu W, Wu Q, Ren Y, Cui P, Yao B, Li Y, Hui M, Jiang T, Bai L. On the Bipolar DC Flow Field-Effect-Transistor for Multifunctional Sample Handing in Microfluidics: A Theoretical Analysis under the Debye⁻Huckel Limit. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E82. [PMID: 30393361 PMCID: PMC6187470 DOI: 10.3390/mi9020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We present herein a novel method of bipolar field-effect control on DC electroosmosis (DCEO) from a physical point of view, in the context of an intelligent and robust operation tool for stratified laminar streams in microscale systems. In this unique design of the DC flow field-effect-transistor (DC-FFET), a pair of face-to-face external gate terminals are imposed with opposite gate-voltage polarities. Diffuse-charge dynamics induces heteropolar Debye screening charge within the diffuse double layer adjacent to the face-to-face oppositely-polarized gates, respectively. A background electric field is applied across the source-drain terminal and forces the face-to-face counterionic charge of reversed polarities into induced-charge electroosmotic (ICEO) vortex flow in the lateral direction. The chaotic turbulence of the transverse ICEO whirlpool interacts actively with the conventional plug flow of DCEO, giving rise to twisted streamlines for simultaneous DCEO pumping and ICEO mixing of fluid samples along the channel length direction. A mathematical model in thin-layer approximation and the low-voltage limit is subsequently established to test the feasibility of the bipolar DC-FFET configuration in electrokinetic manipulation of fluids at the micrometer dimension. According to our simulation analysis, an integrated device design with two sets of side-by-side, but upside-down gate electrode pair exhibits outstanding performance in electroconvective pumping and mixing even without any externally-applied pressure difference. Moreover, a paradigm of a microdevice for fully electrokinetics-driven analyte treatment is established with an array of reversed bipolar gate-terminal pairs arranged on top of the dielectric membrane along the channel length direction, from which we can obtain almost a perfect liquid mixture by using a smaller magnitude of gate voltages for causing less detrimental effects at a small Dukhin number. Sustained by theoretical analysis, our physical demonstration on bipolar field-effect flow control for the microfluidic device of dual functionalities in simultaneous electroconvective pumping and mixing holds great potential in the development of fully-automated liquid-phase actuators in modern microfluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Liu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an 710064, Shanxi, China.
| | - Qisheng Wu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an 710064, Shanxi, China.
| | - Yukun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Peng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Bobin Yao
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an 710064, Shanxi, China.
| | - Yanbo Li
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an 710064, Shanxi, China.
| | - Meng Hui
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an 710064, Shanxi, China.
| | - Tianyi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Lin Bai
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an 710064, Shanxi, China.
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9
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Ren Y, Liu X, Liu W, Tao Y, Jia Y, Hou L, Li W, Jiang H. Flexible particle flow-focusing in microchannel driven by droplet-directed induced-charge electroosmosis. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:597-607. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
| | - Xianyu Liu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
| | - Weiyu Liu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering; Chang'an University; Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
| | - Ye Tao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
| | - Yankai Jia
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
| | - Likai Hou
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
| | - Wenying Li
- Center for Applied Solid State Chemistry Research; Ningbo University; Ningbo P. R. China
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
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10
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Aghilinejad A, Aghaamoo M, Chen X, Xu J. Effects of electrothermal vortices on insulator-based dielectrophoresis for circulating tumor cell separation. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:869-877. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arian Aghilinejad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Washington State University; Vancouver WA USA
| | - Mohammad Aghaamoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of California; Irvine CA USA
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Washington State University; Vancouver WA USA
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago IL USA
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11
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Liu W, Ren Y, Tao Y, Yao B, Li Y. Simulation analysis of rectifying microfluidic mixing with field-effect-tunable electrothermal induced flow. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:779-793. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Liu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering; Chang'an University; Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Ye Tao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Bobin Yao
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering; Chang'an University; Xi'an P. R. China
| | - You Li
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering; Chang'an University; Xi'an P. R. China
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12
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Li Y, Ren Y, Liu W, Chen X, Tao Y, Jiang H. On controlling the flow behavior driven by induction electrohydrodynamics in microfluidic channels. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:983-995. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Li
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering; Chang'an University; Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
| | - Weiyu Liu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering; Chang'an University; Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
| | - Ye Tao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin Heilongjiang P. R. China
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13
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Cell Monitoring and Manipulation Systems (CMMSs) based on Glass Cell-Culture Chips (GC³s). MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:mi7070106. [PMID: 30404280 PMCID: PMC6190263 DOI: 10.3390/mi7070106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We developed different types of glass cell-culture chips (GC3s) for culturing cells for microscopic observation in open media-containing troughs or in microfluidic structures. Platinum sensor and manipulation structures were used to monitor physiological parameters and to allocate and permeabilize cells. Electro-thermal micro pumps distributed chemical compounds in the microfluidic systems. The integrated temperature sensors showed a linear, Pt1000-like behavior. Cell adhesion and proliferation were monitored using interdigitated electrode structures (IDESs). The cell-doubling times of primary murine embryonic neuronal cells (PNCs) were determined based on the IDES capacitance-peak shifts. The electrical activity of PNC networks was detected using multi-electrode arrays (MEAs). During seeding, the cells were dielectrophoretically allocated to individual MEAs to improve network structures. MEA pads with diameters of 15, 20, 25, and 35 µm were tested. After 3 weeks, the magnitudes of the determined action potentials were highest for pads of 25 µm in diameter and did not differ when the inter-pad distances were 100 or 170 µm. Using 25-µm diameter circular oxygen electrodes, the signal currents in the cell-culture media were found to range from approximately −0.08 nA (0% O2) to −2.35 nA (21% O2). It was observed that 60-nm thick silicon nitride-sensor layers were stable potentiometric pH sensors under cell-culture conditions for periods of days. Their sensitivity between pH 5 and 9 was as high as 45 mV per pH step. We concluded that sensorized GC3s are potential animal replacement systems for purposes such as toxicity pre-screening. For example, the effect of mefloquine, a medication used to treat malaria, on the electrical activity of neuronal cells was determined in this study using a GC3 system.
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Vafaie RH, Ghavifekr HB, Van Lintel H, Brugger J, Renaud P. Bi-directional ACET micropump for on-chip biological applications. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:719-26. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Hadjiaghaie Vafaie
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, EPFL, STI-LMIS; Lausanne Switzerland
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering; Sahand University of Technology; Tabriz Iran
| | | | - Harald Van Lintel
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, EPFL, STI-LMIS; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Juergen Brugger
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, EPFL, STI-LMIS; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Philippe Renaud
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, EPFL, STI-LMIS; Lausanne Switzerland
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15
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Bonk SM, Stubbe M, Buehler SM, Tautorat C, Baumann W, Klinkenberg ED, Gimsa J. Design and Characterization of a Sensorized Microfluidic Cell-Culture System with Electro-Thermal Micro-Pumps and Sensors for Cell Adhesion, Oxygen, and pH on a Glass Chip. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2015; 5:513-36. [PMID: 26263849 PMCID: PMC4600170 DOI: 10.3390/bios5030513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We combined a multi-sensor glass-chip with a microfluidic channel grid for the characterization of cellular behavior. The grid was imprinted in poly-dimethyl-siloxane. Mouse-embryonal/fetal calvaria fibroblasts (MC3T3-E1) were used as a model system. Thin-film platinum (Pt) sensors for respiration (amperometric oxygen electrode), acidification (potentiometric pH electrodes) and cell adhesion (interdigitated-electrodes structures, IDES) allowed us to monitor cell-physiological parameters as well as the cell-spreading behavior. Two on-chip electro-thermal micro-pumps (ETμPs) permitted the induction of medium flow in the system, e.g., for medium mixing and drug delivery. The glass-wafer technology ensured the microscopic observability of the on-chip cell culture. Connecting Pt structures were passivated by a 1.2 μm layer of silicon nitride (Si3N4). Thin Si3N4 layers (20 nm or 60 nm) were used as the sensitive material of the pH electrodes. These electrodes showed a linear behavior in the pH range from 4 to 9, with a sensitivity of up to 39 mV per pH step. The oxygen sensors were circular Pt electrodes with a sensor area of 78.5 μm(2). Their sensitivity was 100 pA per 1% oxygen increase in the range from 0% to 21% oxygen (air saturated). Two different IDES geometries with 30- and 50-μm finger spacings showed comparable sensitivities in detecting the proliferation rate of MC3T3 cells. These cells were cultured for 11 days in vitro to test the biocompatibility, microfluidics and electric sensors of our system under standard laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian M Bonk
- Chair for Biophysics, Department of Biology, University of Rostock, Gertrudenstr. 11a, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Marco Stubbe
- Chair for Biophysics, Department of Biology, University of Rostock, Gertrudenstr. 11a, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Sebastian M Buehler
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Carsten Tautorat
- Chair for Biophysics, Department of Biology, University of Rostock, Gertrudenstr. 11a, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Werner Baumann
- Chair for Biophysics, Department of Biology, University of Rostock, Gertrudenstr. 11a, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | | | - Jan Gimsa
- Chair for Biophysics, Department of Biology, University of Rostock, Gertrudenstr. 11a, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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Salari A, Navi M, Dalton C. A novel alternating current multiple array electrothermal micropump for lab-on-a-chip applications. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:014113. [PMID: 25713695 PMCID: PMC4320149 DOI: 10.1063/1.4907673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The AC electrothermal technique is very promising for biofluid micropumping, due to its ability to pump high conductivity fluids. However, compared to electroosmotic micropumps, a lack of high fluid flow is a disadvantage. In this paper, a novel AC multiple array electrothermal (MAET) micropump, utilizing multiple microelectrode arrays placed on the side-walls of the fluidic channel of the micropump, is introduced. Asymmetric coplanar microelectrodes are placed on all sides of the microfluidic channel, and are actuated in different phases: one, two opposing, two adjacent, three, or all sides at the same time. Micropumps with different combinations of side electrodes and cross sections are numerically investigated in this paper. The effect of the governing parameters with respect to thermal, fluidic, and electrical properties are studied and discussed. To verify the simulations, the AC MAET concept was then fabricated and experimentally tested. The resulted fluid flow achieved by the experiments showed good agreement with the corresponding simulations. The number of side electrode arrays and the actuation patterns were also found to greatly influence the micropump performance. This study shows that the new multiple array electrothermal micropump design can be used in a wide range of applications such as drug delivery and lab-on-a-chip, where high flow rate and high precision micropumping devices for high conductivity fluids are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Salari
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - M Navi
- Semnan University , Semnan, Iran
| | - C Dalton
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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