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Deng Q, He B, Shen M, Ge J, Du B, Zeng L. First Evidence of Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers As Abundant, Ubiquitous, Emerging Pollutants in Dust and Air Particles: A New Concern for Human Health. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:1349-1358. [PMID: 38170899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Hindered amine light stabilizers (HALSs) represent a crucial class of polymer additives that are extensively used in plastics and other polymeric materials. However, their environmental presence and related exposure risks have until now remained unexplored. This study addressed this critical knowledge by examining dust and air particles collected in South China, utilizing a comprehensive analytical approach to identify and quantify nine monomeric HALSs. A total of seven of the nine studied HALSs were detected in the samples, with bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate (Tinuvin 770) and methyl 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-4-piperidyl sebacate (HS-508) identified as the most abundant and widespread pollutants. Median total concentrations of HALSs ranged from 417 to 8,830 ng/g in urban dust samples and from 28.6 to 70.9 pg/m3 in urban air particles. Notably, dust concentrations of HALSs significantly exceeded those of traditional well-known light stabilizers such as UV absorbers. Human exposure assessment indicated that in contrast to air inhalation dust ingestion represented a more substantial exposure pathway owing to the relatively low volatility of these newly identified chemicals. Predictive modeling suggests that many of the examined HALSs exhibited characteristics of persistence, high toxicity, or strong potential for long-range transport, underscoring their hazardous nature. This study represents the first comprehensive investigation into the prevalence of HALSs as a class of emerging pollutants widespread in the environment, necessitating heightened attention and further research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Benyu He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Mingjie Shen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jiali Ge
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Bibai Du
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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Ügdüler S, Van Geem KM, Roosen M, Delbeke EIP, De Meester S. Challenges and opportunities of solvent-based additive extraction methods for plastic recycling. Waste Manag 2020; 104:148-182. [PMID: 31978833 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Additives are ubiquitously used in plastics to improve their functionality. However, they are not always desirable in their 'second life' and are a major bottleneck for chemical recycling. Although research on extraction techniques for efficient removal of additives is increasing, it resembles much like uncharted territory due to the broad variety of additives, plastics and removal techniques. Today solvent-based additive extraction techniques, solid-liquid extraction and dissolution-precipitation, are considered to be the most promising techniques to remove additives. This review focuses on the assessment of these techniques by making a link between literature and physicochemical principles such as diffusion and Hansen solubility theory. From a technical point of view, dissolution-precipitation is preferred to remove a broad spectrum of additives because diffusion limitations affect the solid-liquid extraction recoveries. Novel techniques such as accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) are promising for finding the balance between these two processes. Because of limited studies on the economic and environmental feasibility of extraction methods, this review also includes a basic economic and environmental assessment of two extreme cases for the extraction of additives. According to this assessment, the feasibility of additives removal depends strongly on the type of additive and plastic and also on the extraction conditions. In the best-case scenario at least 70% of solvent recovery is required to extract plasticizers from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) via dissolution-precipitation with tetrahydrofuran (THF), while solid-liquid extraction of phenolic antioxidants and a fatty acid amide slip agents from polypropylene (PP) with dichloromethane (DCM) can be economically viable even without intensive solvent recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Ügdüler
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Graaf Karel De Goedelaan 5, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Kevin M Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Martijn Roosen
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Graaf Karel De Goedelaan 5, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth I P Delbeke
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Steven De Meester
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Graaf Karel De Goedelaan 5, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium.
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Li Y, Chen L. Separation and Identification of Oligomeric-Hindered Amine Light Stabilizer Uvasorb HA 88 by High-performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Coupled With Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALSI-TOF-MS). ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1617731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Sutton AT, Arrua RD, Gaborieau M, Castignolles P, Hilder EF. Characterization of oligo(acrylic acid)s and their block co-oligomers. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1032:163-177. [PMID: 30143214 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oligo(acrylic acid), oligoAA are important species currently used industrially in the stabilization of paints and also for the production of self-assembled polymer structures which have been shown to have useful applications in analytical separation methods and potentially in drug delivery systems. To properly tailor the synthesis of oligoAA, and its block co-oligomers synthesized by Reversible-Addition Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT) polymerization to applications, detailed knowledge about the chemical structure is needed. Commonly used techniques such as Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) and Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS) suffer from poor resolution and non-quantitative distributions, respectively. In this work free solution Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) has been thoroughly investigated as an alternative, allowing for the separation of oligoAA by molar mass and the RAFT agent end group. The method was then extended to block co-oligomers of acrylic acid and styrene. Peak capacities up to 426 were observed for these 1D CE separations, 10 times greater than what has been achieved for Liquid Chromatography (LC) of oligostyrenes. To provide a comprehensive insight into the chemical structure of these materials 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to provide an accurate average chain length and reveal the presence of branching. The chain length at which branching is detected was investigated with the results showing a degree of branching of 1% of the monomer units in oligoAA with an average chain length of 9 monomer units, which was the shortest chain length at which branching could be detected. This branching is suspected to be a result of both intermolecular and intramolecular transfer reactions. The combination of free solution CE and NMR spectroscopy is shown to provide a near complete elucidation of the chemical structure of oligoAA including the average chain length and branching as well as the chain length and RAFT agent end group distribution. Furthermore, the purity in terms of the dead chains and unreacted RAFT agent was quantified. The use of free solution CE and 1H NMR spectroscopy demonstrated in this work can be routinely applied to oligoelectrolytes and their block co-oligomers to provide an accurate characterization which allows for better design of the materials produced from these oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Sutton
- Future Industries Institute (FII), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5011, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - R Dario Arrua
- Future Industries Institute (FII), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5011, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - Marianne Gaborieau
- Western Sydney University, ACROSS, School of Science and Health, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia; Western Sydney University, Medical Sciences Research Group, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Patrice Castignolles
- Western Sydney University, ACROSS, School of Science and Health, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Emily F Hilder
- Future Industries Institute (FII), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5011, Australia; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7005, Australia.
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Kreisberger G, Buchberger WW. Rapid determination of oligomeric hindered amine light stabilizers in polymeric materials. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:2366-2373. [PMID: 28401664 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hindered amine light stabilizers are essential for the stabilization of synthetic polymers, particularly for materials used for outdoor applications. Although up to now a considerable number of studies dealing with the analytics of this class of stabilizers had been published, especially the determination of oligomeric hindered amine light stabilizers is still an analytical challenge. In the current work, a fast and simple liquid chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of oligomeric hindered amine light stabilizers is presented. A key aspect of this method is their completely different retention behavior depending on the pH, enabling a single peak elution approach by a pH gradient run. This allows a quantitation with simple UV detection independent of the actual oligomeric composition. Calibration curves within the concentration range relevant for the analysis of real polymer samples (LOQ = 70 mg/L) were constructed with R2 values above 0.99. Spiked extracts from polyolefin samples showed recovery rates between 97.3 and 102.9% for five different commercial hindered amine light stabilizers. Relative standard deviations were between 2.0 and 3.9%. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the employed approach can be easily adapted for mass spectrometry detection.
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Klampfl CW, Himmelsbach M. Advances in the determination of hindered amine light stabilizers - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 933:10-22. [PMID: 27496993 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Within this paper we discuss analytical strategies for the characterization and quantitation of hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) an important sub-group of polymer additives. For the determination of monomeric HALS a range of mature and reliable techniques exists, allowing their determination in polymer extracts. If qualitative or semi-quantitative information suffices, certain techniques are capable of sampling directly from the polymer surface with limited or no sample preparation. Different strategies for the determination of complex oligomeric HALS in extracts from polymer samples are discussed. Here, approaches providing only a sum parameter including all HALS oligomers have been distinguished from more sophisticated technologies allowing the determination of single oligomers, their degradation and by-products. Particularly, the latter issue is facing increased interest as it provides important information for polymers aging studies. A tabulated overview provides comprehensive information on different analytical techniques suitable for HALS determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria.
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Hintersteiner I, Reisinger M, Himmelsbach M, Buchberger W. Separation and characterization of oligomeric hindered amine light stabilizers using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:1056-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Hintersteiner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Johannes-Kepler-University Linz; Linz Austria
| | - Michael Reisinger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Johannes-Kepler-University Linz; Linz Austria
| | - Markus Himmelsbach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Johannes-Kepler-University Linz; Linz Austria
| | - Wolfgang Buchberger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry; Johannes-Kepler-University Linz; Linz Austria
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Ballesteros-Gómez A, Jonkers T, Covaci A, de Boer J. Screening of additives in plastics with high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry and different ionization sources: direct probe injection (DIP)-APCI, LC-APCI, and LC-ion booster ESI. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2945-53. [PMID: 26758596 PMCID: PMC4819935 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plastics are complex mixtures consisting of a polymer and additives with different physico-chemical properties. We developed a broad screening method to elucidate the nature of compounds present in plastics used in electrical/electronic equipment commonly found at homes (e.g., electrical adaptors, computer casings, heaters). The analysis was done by (a) solvent extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled to high accuracy/resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) with different ionization sources or (b) direct analysis of the solid by ambient mass spectrometry high accuracy/resolution TOFMS. The different ionization methods showed different selectivity and sensitivity for the different compound classes and were complementary. A variety of antioxidants, phthalates, UV filters, and flame retardants were found in most samples. Furthermore, some recently reported impurities or degradation products derived from flame retardants were identified, such as hydroxylated triphenyl phosphate and tetrabromobisphenol A monoglycidyl ether. Wide screening of plastic additives by direct probe injection (DIP)-APCI, LC-APCI and LC-ion booster ESI ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ballesteros-Gómez
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Tim Jonkers
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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