Forensic DNA phenotyping using Oxford Nanopore Sequencing system

DNA forensics at forty: the way forward

Forensic DNA analysis has transformed criminal investigations since its inception in 1985. Over four decades, this field has evolved through various phases-from the early stages of exploration to today's highly sophisticated methodologies. Key advancements such as the development of rapid DNA analysis techniques, microchip-based systems, and next-generation sequencing have improved the speed, reliability, and utility of DNA forensics. However, despite these technological advances, the field still faces considerable challenges, particularly with increasing case backlogs, limited population-specific databases, and the difficulties associated with analyzing degraded or challenging samples like bones and touch DNA. Emerging technologies such as single-cell genomic analysis, lineage markers, proteomics, and human microbiome analysis offer promising solutions to these challenges. Furthermore, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in forensic workflows is enhancing the ability to analyze complex DNA samples efficiently, paving the way for faster and more accurate results. As forensic DNA analysis enters its next phase, the focus will be on expanding databases, refining quality control and assurance protocols, and standardizing training for forensic professionals worldwide. The journey of forensic DNA analysis over the past 40 years demonstrates a field in continuous development. Although significant progress has been made, there remain opportunities for further innovation, particularly in overcoming the current limitations and addressing ethical and legal concerns. By doing so, forensic DNA analysis will continue to play a pivotal role in the future of criminal justice.

Facing the Unknown: Integration of Skeletal Traits, Genetic Information and Forensic Facial Approximation

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Identification of human remains is of utmost importance for criminal investigations and providing closure to the families. The reconstruction of a biological profile of the individual will narrow down the list of candidates for identification. From another perspective, facial approximations performed by a forensic artist can provide investigative leads, with the identity being confirmed by primary or secondary methods of identification. In recent years, DNA analysis has evolved, trying to create a portrait of the perpetrator/victim based on External Visible Characteristics (EVCs), the color of the eyes, hair, and skin and Biogeographical ancestry (BGA), called DNA phenotyping. Despite these advances, currently, there are no studies integrating the biological profile performed by forensic anthropologists, the facial approximation created by forensic artists and EVCs determined by DNA. The goal of this work was to integrate these three investigative leads to enhance the possibility of human identification.

METHODS

Five donated remains from Mercyhurst were studied through these approaches: reconstruction of biological profile, facial approximation and estimation of EVCs based on previous studies.

RESULTS

Our results indicated the feasibility of integrating this biological profile and EVCs data into the facial approximation developed by the forensic artist, aiming to an enhance portrait of the remains. In a second phase of this project, the accuracy of the integrated facial approximation will be assessed.

CONCLUSIONS

This study pointed out the importance of an interdisciplinary approach towards the identification of human remains, as well as the combination of current methods with new technologies.