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Wilkinson JD, Callicott R, Salminen WF, Sandhu SK, Greenhaw J, Paredes A, Davis K, Jones Y, Paule MG, Slikker W, Rusconi PG, Czachor J, Bodien A, Westphal JA, Dauphin DD, Lipshultz SE. A randomized controlled laboratory study on the long-term effects of methylphenidate on cardiovascular function and structure in rhesus monkeys. Pediatr Res 2019; 85:398-404. [PMID: 30555154 PMCID: PMC6779032 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0256-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether long-term methylphenidate (MPH) results in any changes in cardiovascular function or structure can only be properly addressed through a randomized trial using an animal model which permits elevated dosing over an extended period of time. METHODS We studied 28 male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) approximately 7 years of age that had been randomly assigned to one of three MPH dosages: vehicle control (0 mg/kg, b.i.d., n = 9), low dose (2.5 mg/kg, b.i.d., n = 9), or high dose (12.5 mg/kg, b.i.d., n = 10). Dosage groups were compared on serum cardiovascular and inflammatory biomarkers, electrocardiograms (ECGs), echocardiograms, myocardial biopsies, and clinical pathology parameters following 5 years of uninterrupted dosing. RESULTS With the exception of serum myoglobin, there were no statistical differences or apparent dose-response trends in clinical pathology, cardiac inflammatory biomarkers, ECGs, echocardiograms, or myocardial biopsies. The high-dose MPH group had a lower serum myoglobin concentration (979 ng/mL) than either the low-dose group (1882 ng/mL) or the control group (2182 ng/mL). The dose response was inversely proportional to dosage (P = .0006). CONCLUSIONS Although the findings cannot be directly generalized to humans, chronic MPH exposure is unlikely to be associated with increased cardiovascular risk in healthy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. Wilkinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Ralph Callicott
- Animal Resource Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | | | - Satinder K. Sandhu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33156
| | - James Greenhaw
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079
| | - Angel Paredes
- Office of Scientific Coordination, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079
| | - Kelly Davis
- Toxicologic Pathology Associates, Jefferson, AR 72079
| | - Yvonne Jones
- Office of Scientific Coordination, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079
| | - Merle G. Paule
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, , Jefferson, AR 72079
| | - William Slikker
- Office of the Center Director, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079
| | - Paolo G. Rusconi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33156
| | - Jason Czachor
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Amy Bodien
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Joslyn A. Westphal
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Danielle D. Dauphin
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33156, USA
| | - Steven E. Lipshultz
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Oishei Children’s Hospital, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
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Zamora-Perez AL, Lazalde-Ramos BP, Sosa-Macías MG, Gómez-Meda BC, Torres-Bugarín O, Zúñiga-González GM. Methylphenidate lacks genotoxic effects in mouse peripheral blood erythrocytes. Drug Chem Toxicol 2011; 34:294-9. [PMID: 21649484 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2010.536770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH; Ritalin®; Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Basel, Switzerland) has been prescribed to treat attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) since its approval by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration over 50 years ago. Due to concerns that MPH might induce cytogenetic alterations in children, treatment with this drug has been a controversial issue. In the present study, we assessed the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes (MNEs), micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs), and polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) in peripheral blood samples from mice treated with three different doses of MPH (30, 60, or 125 mg/kg). We found no evidence of increased MNEs or MNPCEs, nor did PCEs decline. These results add to the accumulating evidence that MPH does not induce genotoxic or cytotoxic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Zamora-Perez
- Instituto de Investigación en Odontología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
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