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Jiang L, Shao M, Song C, Zhou L, Nie W, Yu H, Wang S, Liu Y, Yu L. The Role of Epigenetic Mechanisms in the Development of PM 2.5-Induced Cognitive Impairment. TOXICS 2025; 13:119. [PMID: 39997934 PMCID: PMC11861554 DOI: 10.3390/toxics13020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2025] [Revised: 01/29/2025] [Accepted: 01/31/2025] [Indexed: 02/26/2025]
Abstract
PM2.5 is fine particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 μm. Recent evidence has shown that exposure to PM2.5 markedly elevates the risk of neurodegenerative diseases, neurodevelopmental disorders, and cardiovascular diseases, which may culminate in cognitive impairment. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms through which PM2.5 affects cognitive function are unclear. Recent studies have demonstrated that PM2.5-induced epigenetic alterations are associated with the development of cognitive impairment. Epigenetic alterations include modifications to DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs. The underlying mechanisms of epigenetic alterations are related to inflammation, synaptic dysfunction, cardiovascular factors, and alterations in neuronal structure and function. This review reports the latest findings on the relationship between PM2.5-induced epigenetic alterations and the development of cognitive disorders, offering novel insights into the cognitive effects of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishan Jiang
- Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Laboratory, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (L.J.); (M.S.); (C.S.); (L.Z.); (W.N.); (H.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Mingxia Shao
- Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Laboratory, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (L.J.); (M.S.); (C.S.); (L.Z.); (W.N.); (H.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Chao Song
- Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Laboratory, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (L.J.); (M.S.); (C.S.); (L.Z.); (W.N.); (H.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Li Zhou
- Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Laboratory, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (L.J.); (M.S.); (C.S.); (L.Z.); (W.N.); (H.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Wenke Nie
- Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Laboratory, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (L.J.); (M.S.); (C.S.); (L.Z.); (W.N.); (H.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Hang Yu
- Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Laboratory, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (L.J.); (M.S.); (C.S.); (L.Z.); (W.N.); (H.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Siqi Wang
- Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Laboratory, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (L.J.); (M.S.); (C.S.); (L.Z.); (W.N.); (H.Y.); (S.W.)
| | - Yongping Liu
- Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Laboratory, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (L.J.); (M.S.); (C.S.); (L.Z.); (W.N.); (H.Y.); (S.W.)
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Li Yu
- Neurologic Disorders and Regenerative Repair Laboratory, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China; (L.J.); (M.S.); (C.S.); (L.Z.); (W.N.); (H.Y.); (S.W.)
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
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Wong JY, Blechter B, Bassig BA, Dai Y, Vermeulen R, Hu W, Rahman ML, Duan H, Niu Y, Downward GS, Leng S, Ji BT, Fu W, Xu J, Meliefste K, Zhou B, Yang J, Ren D, Ye M, Jia X, Meng T, Bin P, Hosgood HD, Rothman N, Silverman DT, Zheng Y, Lan Q. Alterations to biomarkers related to long-term exposure to diesel exhaust at concentrations below occupational exposure limits in the European Union and the USA. Occup Environ Med 2023; 80:260-267. [PMID: 36972977 PMCID: PMC10337808 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2022-108719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously found that occupational exposure to diesel engine exhaust (DEE) was associated with alterations to 19 biomarkers that potentially reflect the mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Whether DEE is associated with biological alterations at concentrations under existing or recommended occupational exposure limits (OELs) is unclear. METHODS In a cross-sectional study of 54 factory workers exposed long-term to DEE and 55 unexposed controls, we reanalysed the 19 previously identified biomarkers. Multivariable linear regression was used to compare biomarker levels between DEE-exposed versus unexposed subjects and to assess elemental carbon (EC) exposure-response relationships, adjusted for age and smoking status. We analysed each biomarker at EC concentrations below the US Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) OEL (<106 µg/m3), below the European Union (EU) OEL (<50 µg/m3) and below the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) recommendation (<20 µg/m3). RESULTS Below the MSHA OEL, 17 biomarkers were altered between DEE-exposed workers and unexposed controls. Below the EU OEL, DEE-exposed workers had elevated lymphocytes (p=9E-03, false discovery rate (FDR)=0.04), CD4+ count (p=0.02, FDR=0.05), CD8+ count (p=5E-03, FDR=0.03) and miR-92a-3p (p=0.02, FDR=0.05), and nasal turbinate gene expression (first principal component: p=1E-06, FDR=2E-05), as well as decreased C-reactive protein (p=0.02, FDR=0.05), macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (p=0.04, FDR=0.09), miR-423-3p (p=0.04, FDR=0.09) and miR-122-5p (p=2E-03, FDR=0.02). Even at EC concentrations under the ACGIH recommendation, we found some evidence of exposure-response relationships for miR-423-3p (ptrend=0.01, FDR=0.19) and gene expression (ptrend=0.02, FDR=0.19). CONCLUSIONS DEE exposure under existing or recommended OELs may be associated with biomarkers reflective of cancer-related processes, including inflammatory/immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Yy Wong
- Epidemiology and Community Health Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Batel Blechter
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bryan A Bassig
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yufei Dai
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- The Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Hu
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mohammad L Rahman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Huawei Duan
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Niu
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - George S Downward
- The Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shuguang Leng
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Preventive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Bu-Tian Ji
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei Fu
- Chaoyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chaoyang, Lianing, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Division of Community Medicine and Public Health Practice, Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kees Meliefste
- The Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Baosen Zhou
- China Medical University, Liaoning, Shenyang, China
| | - Jufang Yang
- Chaoyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chaoyang, Lianing, China
| | - Dianzhi Ren
- Chaoyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chaoyang, Lianing, China
| | - Meng Ye
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Jia
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Meng
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Bin
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - H Dean Hosgood
- Division of Epidemiology, Yeshiva University Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Debra T Silverman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qing Lan
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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