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Price GAV, Stauber JL, Jolley DF, Koppel DJ, Van Genderen EJ, Ryan AC, Holland A. Development and Validation of Multiple Linear Regression Models for Predicting Chronic Zinc Toxicity to Freshwater Microalgae. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023; 42:2630-2641. [PMID: 37728174 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Multiple linear regression (MLR) models were developed for predicting chronic zinc toxicity to a freshwater microalga, Chlorella sp., using three toxicity-modifying factors (TMFs): pH, hardness, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The interactive effects between pH and hardness and between pH and DOC were also included. Models were developed at three different effect concentration (EC) levels: EC10, EC20, and EC50. Models were independently validated using six different zinc-spiked Australian natural waters with a range of water chemistries. Stepwise regression found hardness to be an influential TMF in model scenarios and was retained in all final models, while pH, DOC, and interactive terms had variable influence and were only retained in some models. Autovalidation and residual analysis of all models indicated that models generally predicted toxicity and that there was little bias based on individual TMFs. The MLR models, at all effect levels, performed poorly when predicting toxicity in the zinc-spiked natural waters during independent validation, with models consistently overpredicting toxicity. This overprediction may be from another unaccounted for TMF that may be present across all natural waters. Alternatively, this consistent overprediction questions the underlying assumption that models developed from synthetic laboratory test waters can be directly applied to natural water samples. Further research into the suitability of applying synthetic laboratory water-based models to a greater range of natural waters is needed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2630-2641. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwilym A V Price
- Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney Broadway, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
- CSIRO Land and Water, Lucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jenny L Stauber
- CSIRO Land and Water, Lucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Environment and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine & Environment, Albury/Wodonga Campus, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dianne F Jolley
- Environment, Community and Sustainability, Wollongong Resources, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Darren J Koppel
- CSIRO Land and Water, Lucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Adam C Ryan
- International Zinc Association, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aleicia Holland
- CSIRO Land and Water, Lucas Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Environment and Genetics, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine & Environment, Albury/Wodonga Campus, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Stauber JL, Gadd J, Price GAV, Evans A, Holland A, Albert A, Batley GE, Binet MT, Golding LA, Hickey C, Harford A, Jolley D, Koppel D, McKnight KS, Morais LG, Ryan A, Thompson K, Van Genderen E, Van Dam RA, Warne MSJ. Applicability of Chronic Multiple Linear Regression Models for Predicting Zinc Toxicity in Australian and New Zealand Freshwaters. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023; 42:2614-2629. [PMID: 37477462 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Bioavailability models, for example, multiple linear regressions (MLRs) of water quality parameters, are increasingly being used to develop bioavailability-based water quality criteria for metals. However, models developed for the Northern Hemisphere cannot be adopted for Australia and New Zealand without first validating them against local species and local water chemistry characteristics. We investigated the applicability of zinc chronic bioavailability models to predict toxicity in a range of uncontaminated natural waters in Australia and New Zealand. Water chemistry data were compiled to guide a selection of waters with different zinc toxicity-modifying factors. Predicted toxicities using several bioavailability models were compared with observed chronic toxicities for the green alga Raphidocelis subcapitata and the native cladocerans Ceriodaphnia cf. dubia and Daphnia thomsoni. The most sensitive species to zinc in five New Zealand freshwaters was R. subcapitata (72-h growth rate), with toxicity ameliorated by high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) or low pH, and hardness having a minimal influence. Zinc toxicity to D. thomsoni (reproduction) was ameliorated by both high DOC and hardness in these same waters. No single trophic level-specific effect concentration, 10% (EC10) MLR was the best predictor of chronic toxicity to the cladocerans, and MLRs based on EC10 values both over- and under-predicted zinc toxicity. The EC50 MLRs better predicted toxicities to both the Australian and New Zealand cladocerans to within a factor of 2 of the observed toxicities in most waters. These findings suggest that existing MLRs may be useful for normalizing local ecotoxicity data to derive water quality criteria for Australia and New Zealand. The final choice of models will depend on their predictive ability, level of protection, and ease of use. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2614-2629. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Stauber
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Environment, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Science, Engineering and Technology, La Trobe University, Wodonga, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer Gadd
- National Institute for Water Research, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gwilym A V Price
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Environment, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Science, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony Evans
- Science, Engineering and Technology, La Trobe University, Wodonga, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aleicia Holland
- Science, Engineering and Technology, La Trobe University, Wodonga, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anathea Albert
- National Institute for Water Research, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Graeme E Batley
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Environment, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Monique T Binet
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Environment, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lisa A Golding
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Environment, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Andrew Harford
- Environmental Institute of the Supervising Scientist, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Dianne Jolley
- Wollongong Resources, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Darren Koppel
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kitty S McKnight
- School of Natural Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lucas G Morais
- Science, Engineering and Technology, La Trobe University, Wodonga, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam Ryan
- International Zinc Association, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Karen Thompson
- National Institute for Water Research, Auckland, New Zealand
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Brix KV, Tear L, DeForest DK, Adams WJ. Development of Multiple Linear Regression Models for Predicting Chronic Iron Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023; 42:1386-1400. [PMID: 36988398 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We developed multiple linear regression (MLR) models for predicting iron (Fe) toxicity to aquatic organisms for use in deriving site-specific water quality guidelines (WQGs). The effects of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), hardness, and pH on Fe toxicity to three representative taxa (Ceriodaphnia dubia, Pimephales promelas, and Raphidocelis subcapitata) were evaluated. Both DOC and pH were identified as toxicity-modifying factors (TMFs) for P. promelas and R. subcapitata, whereas only DOC was a TMF for C. dubia. The MLR models based on effective concentration 10% and 20% values were developed and performed reasonably well, with adjusted R2 of 0.68-0.89 across all species and statistical endpoints. Differences among species in the MLR models precluded development of a pooled model. Instead, the species-specific models were assumed to be representative of invertebrates, fish, and algae and were applied accordingly to normalize toxicity data. The species sensitivity distribution (SSD) included standard laboratory toxicity data and effects data from mesocosm experiments on aquatic insects, with aquatic insects being the predominant taxa in the lowest quartile of the SSD. Using the European Union approach for deriving WQGs, application of MLR models to this SSD resulted in WQGs ranging from 114 to 765 μg l-1 Fe across the TMF conditions evaluated (DOC: 0.5-10 mg l-1 ; pH: 6.0-8.4), with slightly higher WQGs (199-910 μg l-1 ) derived using the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) methodology. An important uncertainty in these derivations is the applicability of the C. dubia MLR model (no pH parameter) to aquatic insects, and understanding the pH sensitivity of aquatic insects to Fe toxicity is a research priority. An Excel-based tool for calculating Fe WQGs using both European Union and USEPA approaches across a range of TMF conditions is provided. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;00:1-15. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin V Brix
- EcoTox, Miami, Florida, USA
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Lucinda Tear
- Windward Environmental, Seattle, Washington, USA
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