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Bakry MMS, Abdel-Baky NF. Impact of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) infestation on maize growth characteristics and yield loss. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 84:e274602. [PMID: 37493657 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.274602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The fall armyworm [FAW; Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E Smith, 1797)] is an invasive and polyphagous insect that infests cereal crops, causing economic losses, and may be led to pose a threat to future the global maize crop in the future. Field trials were conducted to study the negative impacts of S. frugiperda on vegetative growth measurements, yield, and the components of the maize cultivar (Single-Hybrid 168 Yellow) in Luxor Governorate, Egypt. S. frugiperda larvae infestation to maize plants was observed in the 3rd week of June and so continued till the harvest in both 2021 and 2022 seasons. S. frugiperda had three peaks of the seasonal activity/season in the untreated (pesticide-free, control) and in the treated main plots by pesticides. Maize vegetative growth attributes (averages of plant height, stem diameter, and the number of green leaves per plant) displayed higher rates of the treated maize plants by insecticides against S. frugiperda. Maize grain, straw, and biological yield (kg/ha) were decreased in the untreated maize plants (insecticides free) than in the treated by insecticides. Concerning maize yield components, the treated plants were to outperform in the average length of a plant stem (cm), stem diameter (cm), and weight of cob (g), as well as, number of rows/cob, number of grains/ cob, number of grains/cob, maize cob grain weight (g) and weight of 1000-grains (g)], in comparison with the untreated plants. Also, the FAW infestation to untreated maize plants was decreased well in all calculated maize growth attributes, i.e., grain yield, and components. Regarding the relationship between variations in a given variable and the changes in S. frugiperda larvae numbers and plant damage percentage, the simple correlation and regression coefficient revealed a highly significant negative relationship in all the parameters tested. The obtained information may help farmers and decision-makers in the management of FAW populations based on an effective plan related to control measures that should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M S Bakry
- Agricultural Research Center, Plant Protection Research Institute, Department of Scale Insects and Mealybugs Research, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nagdy F Abdel-Baky
- Mansoura University, Faculty of Agriculture, Economic Entomology Department, Mansoura, Egypt
- Qassim University, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Department of Plant Production and Protection, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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Harrison R, Banda J, Chipabika G, Chisonga C, Katema C, Mabote Ndalamei D, Nyirenda S, Tembo H. Low Impact of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Across Smallholder Fields in Malawi and Zambia. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:1783-1789. [PMID: 36515111 PMCID: PMC9748589 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith), a serious pest of cereals from the Americas, has spread across sub-Saharan Africa and Asia since 2016, threatening the food security and incomes of millions of smallholder farmers. To measure the impact of S. frugiperda under different management approaches, we established on-farm trials across 12 landscapes (615-1,379 mm mean annual rainfall) in Malawi and Zambia during the 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons. Here we present the results from our conventional tillage, monocrop maize, no pesticide treatment, which served to monitor the background S. frugiperda impact in the absence of control measures. Median plot-level S. frugiperda incidence ranged between 0.00 and 0.52 across landscapes. Considering severe leaf damage (Davis score ≥5), the proportion of affected plants varied between 0.00 and 0.30 at the plot scale, but only 3% of plots had ≥10% severely damaged plants. While incidence and damage severity varied substantially among sites and seasons, our models indicate that they were lower in high tree cover landscapes, in the late season scouting, and in the 2020/2021 season. Yield could not be predicted from S. frugiperda incidence or leaf damage. Our results suggest S. frugiperda impacts may have been overestimated at many sites across sub-Saharan Africa. S. frugiperda incidence and damage declined through the cropping season, indicating that natural mortality factors were limiting populations, and none of our plots were heavily impacted. Long-term S. frugiperda management should be based on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) principles, including minimising the use of chemical pesticides to protect natural enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Banda
- Zambian Agricultural Research Institute, Mt Mukulu Research Station, Chilanga, Zambia
| | - Gilson Chipabika
- Zambian Agricultural Research Institute, Mt Mukulu Research Station, Chilanga, Zambia
| | | | - Christopher Katema
- World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Chitedze Agricultural Research Station, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | - Stephen Nyirenda
- Department of Agricultural Research Services (DARS), Bvumbwe Agricultural Research Station, Limbe, Malawi
| | - Howard Tembo
- Zambian Agricultural Research Institute, Mt Mukulu Research Station, Chilanga, Zambia
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Malekera MJ, Acharya R, Mostafiz MM, Hwang HS, Bhusal N, Lee KY. Temperature-Dependent Development Models Describing the Effects of Temperature on the Development of the Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:1084. [PMID: 36554994 PMCID: PMC9782183 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) is an economically important pest that recently invaded Africa and Asia; however, information regarding its biological capacity to establish itself in newly invaded environments is largely unknown. We investigated the effects of temperature on the development and survival of the invaded populations of S. frugiperda and selected mathematical models to evaluate its development in a new environment. S. frugiperda exhibited optimum survival and growth at temperatures between 28 °C and 30 °C. The lower and upper thermal thresholds for the egg-to-adult life cycle were 13.51 °C and 34.13 °C, respectively. We compared seven mathematical models and found that the Shi model was the most suitable for describing the temperature-dependent development rate of S. frugiperda. Therefore, the Shi mathematical model may be used to predict both the occurrence of particular developmental stages and the geographic distribution to implement measures for the management of S. frugiperda in agricultural fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matabaro Joseph Malekera
- Division of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Rajendra Acharya
- Division of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Biosciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Munir Mostafiz
- Division of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Plant Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwal-Su Hwang
- Division of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Sustainable Agriculture Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Gunwi 39061, Republic of Korea
| | - Narayan Bhusal
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Biosciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Yeoll Lee
- Division of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Plant Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Sustainable Agriculture Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Gunwi 39061, Republic of Korea
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Tambo JA, Uzayisenga B, Mugambi I, Onyango DO, Romney D. Sustainable management of fall armyworm in smallholder farming: The role of a multi‐channel information campaign in Rwanda. Food Energy Secur 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Van den Berg J, Prasanna BM, Midega CAO, Ronald PC, Carrière Y, Tabashnik BE. Managing Fall Armyworm in Africa: Can Bt Maize Sustainably Improve Control? JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:1934-1949. [PMID: 34505143 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The recent invasion of Africa by fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, a lepidopteran pest of maize and other crops, has heightened concerns about food security for millions of smallholder farmers. Maize genetically engineered to produce insecticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a potentially useful tool for controlling fall armyworm and other lepidopteran pests of maize in Africa. In the Americas, however, fall armyworm rapidly evolved practical resistance to maize producing one Bt toxin (Cry1Ab or Cry1Fa). Also, aside from South Africa, Bt maize has not been approved for cultivation in Africa, where stakeholders in each nation will make decisions about its deployment. In the context of Africa, we address maize production and use; fall armyworm distribution, host range, and impact; fall armyworm control tactics other than Bt maize; and strategies to make Bt maize more sustainable and accessible to smallholders. We recommend mandated refuges of non-Bt maize or other non-Bt host plants of at least 50% of total maize hectares for single-toxin Bt maize and 20% for Bt maize producing two or more distinct toxins that are each highly effective against fall armyworm. The smallholder practices of planting more than one maize cultivar and intercropping maize with other fall armyworm host plants could facilitate compliance. We also propose creating and providing smallholder farmers access to Bt maize that produces four distinct Bt toxins encoded by linked genes in a single transgene cassette. Using this novel Bt maize as one component of integrated pest management could sustainably improve control of lepidopteran pests including fall armyworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnnie Van den Berg
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, IPM Program, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Boddupalli M Prasanna
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), ICRAF Campus, UN Avenue, Gigiri, Nairobi, 00601, Kenya
| | - Charles A O Midega
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, IPM Program, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
- Poverty and Health Integrated Solutions, Kisumu, 40141, Kenya
| | - Pamela C Ronald
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yves Carrière
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Bruce E Tabashnik
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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