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Perez-Becerril C, Burghel GJ, Hartley C, Rowlands CF, Evans DG, Smith MJ. Improved sensitivity for detection of pathogenic variants in familial NF2-related schwannomatosis. J Med Genet 2024; 61:452-458. [PMID: 38302265 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2023-109586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the impact of additional genetic screening techniques on the rate of detection of pathogenic variants leading to familial NF2-related schwannomatosis. METHODS We conducted genetic screening of a cohort of 168 second-generation individuals meeting the clinical criteria for NF2-related schwannomatosis. In addition to the current clinical screening techniques, targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis, we applied additional genetic screening techniques, including karyotype and RNA analysis. For characterisation of a complex structural variant, we also performed long-read sequencing analysis. RESULTS Additional genetic analysis resulted in increased sensitivity of detection of pathogenic variants from 87% to 95% in our second-generation NF2-related schwannomatosis cohort. A number of pathogenic variants identified through extended analysis had been previously observed after NGS analysis but had been overlooked or classified as variants of uncertain significance. CONCLUSION Our study indicates there is added value in performing additional genetic analysis for detection of pathogenic variants that are difficult to identify with current clinical genetic screening methods. In particular, RNA analysis is valuable for accurate classification of non-canonical splicing variants. Karyotype analysis and whole genome sequencing analysis are of particular value for identification of large and/or complex structural variants, with additional advantages in the use of long-read sequencing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Perez-Becerril
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - George J Burghel
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Claire Hartley
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Charles F Rowlands
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - D Gareth Evans
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Miriam J Smith
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Perez-Becerril C, Evans DG, Smith MJ. Pathogenic noncoding variants in the neurofibromatosis and schwannomatosis predisposition genes. Hum Mutat 2021; 42:1187-1207. [PMID: 34273915 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), type 2 (NF2), and schwannomatosis are a group of autosomal dominant disorders that predispose to the development of nerve sheath tumors. Pathogenic variants (PVs) that cause NF1 and NF2 are located in the NF1 and NF2 loci, respectively. To date, most variants associated with schwannomatosis have been identified in the SMARCB1 and LZTR1 genes, and a missense variant in the DGCR8 gene was recently reported to predispose to schwannomas. In spite of the high detection rate for PVs in NF1 and NF2 (over 90% of non-mosaic germline variants can be identified by routine genetic screening) underlying PVs for a proportion of clinical cases remain undetected. A higher proportion of non-NF2 schwannomatosis cases have no detected PV, with PVs currently only identified in around 70%-86% of familial cases and 30%-40% of non-NF2 sporadic schwannomatosis cases. A number of variants of uncertain significance have been observed for each disorder, many of them located in noncoding, regulatory, or intergenic regions. Here we summarize noncoding variants in this group of genes and discuss their established or potential role in the pathogenesis of NF1, NF2, and schwannomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Perez-Becerril
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Science, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - D Gareth Evans
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Science, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Miriam J Smith
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Science, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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3
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Xu Y, Song T, Li Y, Guo F, Jin X, Cheng L, Zheng J, Li C, Zhang Y, Chen B, Zhang J. Identification of two novel insertion abnormal transcripts in two Chinese families affected with Dystrophinopathy. J Clin Lab Anal 2019; 34:e23142. [PMID: 31793735 PMCID: PMC7171295 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X‐linked recessive inheritance muscle dystrophy disease, associated with pathogenic variants in the DMD gene. MLPA, DHPLC and DMD sequence studies fail to found the causative alteration in two cases. This study intends to evaluate the disease‐causing mutations and explains the correlation genotype‐phenotype. Methods The mRNA analysis and Long‐range PCR with sequencing were used for molecular diagnosis. Results In case one, an insertion of 78 nucleotides between exons 40 and 41 (r.5739_5740insMN602429:r415_492) was identified in case one. The insertion sequences were highly homologous to the intron 40 (NG_012232.1:g.1001760_g.1001837). Long‐range PCR with sequencing analysis showed that a novel deep intronic DMD mutation (NG_012232.1:g.1001838A>G) was identified, generating a premature stop codon and terminating protein translation. The likely pathogenic mutation was detected in fetal sample. In case two, an insertion of 74 nucleotides which located inside the consensus sequence AG/GT was detected between exons 2 and 3 (r.93_94insMN584887:r61_134), which resulted in a premature stop codon. The insertion sequences were traceable in the intron 2 of DMD gene (NG_012232.1:g.415926_g.415999). We did not perform prenatal DMD gene diagnosis for case two due to lack of sufficient genetic information. Conclusion These findings clarify importance of proceeding to the mRNA analysis when no causative mutations were found neither by MLPA/DHPLC nor gene sequencing so as to reach the molecular confirmation of DMD and carry out an accurate genetic assessment/ carrier status testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tingting Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fenfen Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiao Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yingqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Biliang Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianfang Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Dewan R, Pemov A, Dutra AS, Pak ED, Edwards NA, Ray-Chaudhury A, Hansen NF, Chandrasekharappa SC, Mullikin JC, Asthagiri AR, Heiss JD, Stewart DR, Germanwala AV. First insight into the somatic mutation burden of neurofibromatosis type 2-associated grade I and grade II meningiomas: a case report comprehensive genomic study of two cranial meningiomas with vastly different clinical presentation. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:127. [PMID: 28193203 PMCID: PMC5307647 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3127-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is a rare autosomal dominant nervous system tumor predisposition disorder caused by constitutive inactivation of one of the two copies of NF2. Meningiomas affect about one half of NF2 patients, and are associated with a higher disease burden. Currently, the somatic mutation landscape in NF2-associated meningiomas remains largely unexamined. Case presentation Here, we present an in-depth genomic study of benign and atypical meningiomas, both from a single NF2 patient. While the grade I tumor was asymptomatic, the grade II tumor exhibited an unusually high growth rate: expanding to 335 times its initial volume within one year. The genomes of both tumors were examined by whole-exome sequencing (WES) complemented with spectral karyotyping (SKY) and SNP-array copy-number analyses. To better understand the clonal composition of the atypical meningioma, the tumor was divided in four sections and each section was investigated independently. Both tumors had second copy inactivation of NF2, confirming the central role of the gene in meningioma formation. The genome of the benign tumor closely resembled that of a normal diploid cell and had only one other deleterious mutation (EPHB3). In contrast, the chromosomal architecture of the grade II tumor was highly re-arranged, yet uniform among all analyzed fragments, implying that this large and fast growing tumor was composed of relatively few clones. Besides multiple gains and losses, the grade II meningioma harbored numerous chromosomal translocations. WES analysis of the atypical tumor identified deleterious mutations in two genes: ADAMTSL3 and CAPN5 in all fragments, indicating that the mutations were present in the cell undergoing fast clonal expansion Conclusions This is the first WES study of NF2-associated meningiomas. Besides second NF2 copy inactivation, we found low somatic burden in both tumors and high level of genomic instability in the atypical meningioma. Genomic instability resulting in altered gene dosage and compromised structural integrity of multiple genes may be the primary reason of the high growth rate for the grade II tumor. Further study of ADAMTSL3 and CAPN5 may lead to elucidation of their molecular implications in meningioma pathogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3127-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramita Dewan
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Pemov
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Amalia S Dutra
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Evgenia D Pak
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nancy A Edwards
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abhik Ray-Chaudhury
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nancy F Hansen
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Settara C Chandrasekharappa
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James C Mullikin
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ashok R Asthagiri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - John D Heiss
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Douglas R Stewart
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Anand V Germanwala
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA. .,Department of Otolaryngology, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
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Caminsky NG, Mucaki EJ, Rogan PK. Interpretation of mRNA splicing mutations in genetic disease: review of the literature and guidelines for information-theoretical analysis. F1000Res 2015. [DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.5654.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interpretation of genomic variants has become one of the paramount challenges in the post-genome sequencing era. In this review we summarize nearly 20 years of research on the applications of information theory (IT) to interpret coding and non-coding mutations that alter mRNA splicing in rare and common diseases. We compile and summarize the spectrum of published variants analyzed by IT, to provide a broad perspective of the distribution of deleterious natural and cryptic splice site variants detected, as well as those affecting splicing regulatory sequences. Results for natural splice site mutations can be interrogated dynamically with Splicing Mutation Calculator, a companion software program that computes changes in information content for any splice site substitution, linked to corresponding publications containing these mutations. The accuracy of IT-based analysis was assessed in the context of experimentally validated mutations. Because splice site information quantifies binding affinity, IT-based analyses can discern the differences between variants that account for the observed reduced (leaky) versus abolished mRNA splicing. We extend this principle by comparing predicted mutations in natural, cryptic, and regulatory splice sites with observed deleterious phenotypic and benign effects. Our analysis of 1727 variants revealed a number of general principles useful for ensuring portability of these analyses and accurate input and interpretation of mutations. We offer guidelines for optimal use of IT software for interpretation of mRNA splicing mutations.
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Abstract
Auditory processing can be disrupted by brainstem lesions. It is estimated that approximately 57% of brainstem lesions are associated with auditory disorders. However diseases of the brainstem usually involve many structures, producing a plethora of other neurologic deficits, often relegating "auditory symptoms in the background." Lesions below or within the cochlear nuclei result in ipsilateral auditory-processing abnormalities detected in routine testing; disorders rostral to the cochlear nuclei may result in bilateral abnormalities or may be silent. Lesions in the superior olivary complex and trapezoid body show a mixture of ipsilateral, contralateral, and bilateral abnormalities, whereas lesions of the lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus, and medial geniculate body do not affect peripheral auditory processing and result in predominantly subtle contralateral abnormalities that may be missed by routine auditory testing. In these cases psychophysical methods developed for the evaluation of central auditory function should be employed (e.g., dichotic listening, interaural time perception, sound localization). The extensive connections of the auditory brainstem nuclei not only are responsible for binaural interaction but also assure redundancy in the system. This redundancy may explain why small brainstem lesions are sometimes clinically silent. Any disorder of the brainstem (e.g., neoplasms, vascular disorders, infections, trauma, demyelinating disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, malformations) that involves the auditory pathways and/or centers may produce hearing abnormalities.
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Caminsky N, Mucaki EJ, Rogan PK. Interpretation of mRNA splicing mutations in genetic disease: review of the literature and guidelines for information-theoretical analysis. F1000Res 2014; 3:282. [PMID: 25717368 PMCID: PMC4329672 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.5654.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interpretation of genomic variants has become one of the paramount challenges in the post-genome sequencing era. In this review we summarize nearly 20 years of research on the applications of information theory (IT) to interpret coding and non-coding mutations that alter mRNA splicing in rare and common diseases. We compile and summarize the spectrum of published variants analyzed by IT, to provide a broad perspective of the distribution of deleterious natural and cryptic splice site variants detected, as well as those affecting splicing regulatory sequences. Results for natural splice site mutations can be interrogated dynamically with Splicing Mutation Calculator, a companion software program that computes changes in information content for any splice site substitution, linked to corresponding publications containing these mutations. The accuracy of IT-based analysis was assessed in the context of experimentally validated mutations. Because splice site information quantifies binding affinity, IT-based analyses can discern the differences between variants that account for the observed reduced (leaky) versus abolished mRNA splicing. We extend this principle by comparing predicted mutations in natural, cryptic, and regulatory splice sites with observed deleterious phenotypic and benign effects. Our analysis of 1727 variants revealed a number of general principles useful for ensuring portability of these analyses and accurate input and interpretation of mutations. We offer guidelines for optimal use of IT software for interpretation of mRNA splicing mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Caminsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 2C1, Canada
| | - Eliseos J Mucaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 2C1, Canada
| | - Peter K Rogan
- Departments of Biochemistry and Computer Science, Western University, London, ON, N6A 2C1, Canada
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Sato A, Abe K, Yuzuriha M, Fujii S, Takahashi N, Hojo H, Teramoto S, Aoyama H. A novel mutation in the thyroglobulin gene that causes goiter and dwarfism in Wistar Hannover GALAS rats. Mutat Res 2014; 762:17-23. [PMID: 24582622 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Outbred stocks of rats have been used extensively in biomedical, pharmaceutical and/or toxicological studies as a model of genetically heterogeneous human populations. One of such stocks is the Wistar Hannover GALAS rat. However, the colony of Wistar Hannover GALAS rat has been suspected of keeping a problematic mutation that manifests two distinct spontaneous abnormalities, goiter and dwarfism, which often confuses study results. We have successfully identified the responsible mutation, a guanine to thymine transversion at the acceptor site (3' end) of intron 6 in the thyroglobulin (Tg) gene (Tgc.749-1G>T), that induces a complete missing of exon 7 from the whole Tg transcript by mating experiments and subsequent molecular analyses. The following observations confirmed that Tgc.749-1G>T/Tgc.749-1G>T homozygotes manifested both dwarfism and goiter, while Tgc.749-1G>T/+ heterozygotes had only a goiter with normal appearance, suggesting that the mutant phenotypes inherit as an autosomal semi-dominant trait. The mutant phenotypes, goiter and dwarfism, mimicked those caused by typical endocrine disrupters attacking the thyroid. Hence a simple and reliable diagnostic methodology has been developed for genomic DNA-based genotyping of animals. The diagnostic methodology reported here would allow users of Wistar Hannover GALAS rats to evaluate their study results precisely by carefully interpreting the data obtained from Tgc.749-1G>T/+ heterozygotes having externally undetectable thyroidal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sato
- Toxicology Division, Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321 Uchimoriya-machi, Joso, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Kuniya Abe
- Technology and Development Team for Mammalian Genome Dynamism, RIKEN BioResource Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Misako Yuzuriha
- Technology and Development Team for Mammalian Genome Dynamism, RIKEN BioResource Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Sakiko Fujii
- Safety Research Division, Safety Research Institute for Chemical Compounds Co., Ltd., 363-24 Shin-ei, Kiyota-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 004-0839, Japan
| | - Naofumi Takahashi
- Toxicology Division, Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321 Uchimoriya-machi, Joso, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hojo
- Toxicology Division, Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321 Uchimoriya-machi, Joso, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Shoji Teramoto
- Toxicology Division, Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321 Uchimoriya-machi, Joso, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Aoyama
- Toxicology Division, Institute of Environmental Toxicology, 4321 Uchimoriya-machi, Joso, Ibaraki 303-0043, Japan.
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Castellanos E, Rosas I, Solanes A, Bielsa I, Lázaro C, Carrato C, Hostalot C, Prades P, Roca-Ribas F, Blanco I, Serra E. In vitro antisense therapeutics for a deep intronic mutation causing Neurofibromatosis type 2. Eur J Hum Genet 2012. [PMID: 23188051 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is an autosomal-dominant disorder affecting about 1:33 000 newborns, mainly characterized by the development of tumors of the nervous system and ocular abnormalities. Around 85% of germline NF2 mutations are point mutations. Among them, ∼25% affect splicing and are associated with a variable disease severity. In the context of our NF2 Multidisciplinary Clinics, we have identified a patient fulfilling clinical criteria for the disease and exhibiting a severe phenotype. The patient carries a deep intronic mutation (g. 74409T>A, NG_009057.1) that produces the insertion of a cryptic exon of 167pb in the mature mRNA between exons 13 and 14, resulting in a truncated merlin protein (p.Pro482Profs*39). A mutation-specific antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer was designed and used in vitro to effectively restore normal NF2 splicing in patient-derived primary fibroblasts. In addition, merlin protein levels were greatly recovered after morpholino treatment, decreasing patient's fibroblasts in vitro proliferation capacity and restoring cytoeskeleton organization. To our knowledge, this is the first NF2 case caused by a deep intronic mutation in which an in vitro antisense therapeutic approximation has been tested. These results open the possibility of using this approach in vivo for this type of mutation causing NF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Castellanos
- Hereditary Cancer Program, Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Badalona, Spain
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