Crescent-shaped skin paddle for a fibular flap: Avoiding skin grafting at the donor site

The clinical application and anatomical analysis of proximal peroneal artery perforator in free fibula flap based on CTA

BACKGROUND

The vascularized free fibular flap is increasingly recognized as the standard technique for the repair of complex soft tissue and hard tissue defects in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Conventionally, the vascular supply to the skin island is derived from the distal perforators of the peroneal artery. However, complications may arise if these distal perforators are either absent or damaged during surgical procedures, highlighting the necessity to employ the proximal peroneal perforators as an alternative. This study aims to investigate the anatomical characteristics-including the presence, distribution, and origin-of proximal peroneal perforators through computed tomography angiography (CTA) prior to surgical intervention. A secondary objective is to confirm their viability when distal perforators are unavailable or when dual-skin paddles are needed.

METHODS

A comprehensive review was conducted involving 50 patients who underwent CTA examinations. Three-dimensional reconstruction of DICOM data was utilized to document the presence, quantity, location, and variations of proximal perforators. Relative positions of the origin points were measured, and the distances from these points to the fibula were calculated. Additionally, 11 studies were included in which a proximal perforator was successfully used to prepare a free fibula chimeric myocutaneous flap for the reconstruction of maxillofacial defects.

RESULTS

Among the 100 lower limbs evaluated, a successful identification rate of 98% for proximal perforators was achieved via CTA. Of those identified, 70% were found to originate from the fibular artery, 22% branched concurrently with it, and 8% emerged prior to the point of emergence of the fibular artery. Analysis through curve fitting indicated that the origin points of proximal perforators were predominantly located approximately 13.17 mm below the origin of the fibular artery, with their endpoints projecting about 123.9 mm below the fibular head.

CONCLUSIONS

The high prevalence of proximal peroneal perforators identified in this population, along with their relatively stable anatomical positions, suggests their significant surgical potential. In scenarios where the distal peroneal perforator is absent or suffers intraoperative injury, the proximal peroneal perforator can serve as a reliable alternative for preparing a free fibula osteal flap combined with a proximal peroneal perforator skin paddle.

Patient-reported outcomes and morbidity after head and neck reconstructions: An evaluation of fibular and scapular free flaps

BACKGROUND

Fibular (FFF) and scapular free flaps (SFF) are versatile tissue transfers for head and neck reconstruction. However, their relative morbidity has been sparsely studied. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the morbidity and patient-reported outcome measures of these two reconstructive options.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Case series of patients from 2017 to 2020 who underwent a FFF or SFF for head and neck ablation. Demographic and surgical outcome measures, such as Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), anesthetic time, donor site morbidity, and perioperative morbidity score (POMs) were extracted. Patients were contacted to complete the Decision Regret Scale (DRS), University of Washington Quality of Life (UW-QoL), Oral Health Impact-14, and limb specific functional outcome measures. Statistical analyses included a linear regression.

RESULTS

In total, 97 FFF (mean age 58.5, 62.9% male) and 55 SFF (mean age 64.8, 63.6% male) were included. Total surgical time was higher in the SFF group (p < 0.05) and they had more comorbidities (p < 0.01). SFF patients had lower POM scores on post-operative day three (p < 0.05) while FFF patients scored better on the UW-QoL Physical Domain (p < 0.01). The DRS for both groups (FFF mean DRS 22.7, SFF mean DRS 19.2) was similar. When adjusted for patient morbidity, however, the SFF group had less decisional regret (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

This is the largest comprehensive evaluation of patient-reported outcome measures for FFF and SFFs. SFFs required longer surgical times but had less early morbidity than FFFs. Patients who underwent either reconstructions reported mild decisional regret, proving these are generally well tolerated procedures.