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Zhao J, Zhu W, Mao Y, Li X, Ling G, Luo C, Zhang P. Unignored intracellular journey and biomedical applications of extracellular vesicles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 212:115388. [PMID: 38969268 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
The intracellular journey of extracellular vesicles (EVs) cannot be ignored in various biological pathological processes. In this review, the biogenesis, biological functions, uptake pathways, intracellular trafficking routes, and biomedical applications of EVs were highlighted. Endosomal escape is a unique mode of EVs release. When vesicles escape from endosomes, they avoid the fate of fusing with lysosomes and being degraded, thus having the opportunity to directly enter the cytoplasm or other organelles. This escape mechanism is crucial for EVs to deliver specific signals or substances. The intracellular trafficking of EVs after endosomal escape is a complex and significant biological process that involves the coordinated work of various cellular structures and molecules. Through the in-depth study of this process, the function and regulatory mechanism of EVs are fully understood, providing new dimensions for future biomedical diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuhong Zhao
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wenjing Zhu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yuxuan Mao
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaodan Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Guixia Ling
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Cong Luo
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Delivery Systems of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Wang J, Jing J, Zhou C, Fan Y. Emerging roles of exosomes in oral diseases progression. Int J Oral Sci 2024; 16:4. [PMID: 38221571 PMCID: PMC10788352 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-023-00274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral diseases, such as periodontitis, salivary gland diseases, and oral cancers, significantly challenge health conditions due to their detrimental effects on patient's digestive functions, pronunciation, and esthetic demands. Delayed diagnosis and non-targeted treatment profoundly influence patients' prognosis and quality of life. The exploration of innovative approaches for early detection and precise treatment represents a promising frontier in oral medicine. Exosomes, which are characterized as nanometer-sized extracellular vesicles, are secreted by virtually all types of cells. As the research continues, the complex roles of these intracellular-derived extracellular vesicles in biological processes have gradually unfolded. Exosomes have attracted attention as valuable diagnostic and therapeutic tools for their ability to transfer abundant biological cargos and their intricate involvement in multiple cellular functions. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent applications of exosomes within the field of oral diseases, focusing on inflammation-related bone diseases and oral squamous cell carcinomas. We characterize the exosome alterations and demonstrate their potential applications as biomarkers for early diagnosis, highlighting their roles as indicators in multiple oral diseases. We also summarize the promising applications of exosomes in targeted therapy and proposed future directions for the use of exosomes in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junjun Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Yasothkumar D, Ramalingam K, Ramani P. EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS DRIVING ONCOGENESIS IN HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA. Exp Oncol 2023; 45:393-396. [PMID: 38186015 DOI: 10.15407/exp-oncology.2023.03.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
To the Editor, Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HN- SCC) accounts for about 600,000 new cases globally every year and stands the sixth most common cancer, arising from the squamous epithelium. It is localized in the head and neck area involving oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Despite the rigorous therapy, the 5-year overall survival remains poor in HNSCC and has not changed appreciably in the last 30 years. The majority of patients develop resistance to chemotherapeutic agents, and cancer progression occurs. Cetuximab, which targets the epidermal growth factor receptor, and pembrolizumab, an anti-programmed-death ligand 1 antibody, are among few FDA-approved medications. Current therapies are poor and cause severe long-term toxicity, which has a long-term impact on the quality of life [1].......
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Affiliation(s)
- D Yasothkumar
- Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - K Ramalingam
- Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - P Ramani
- Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
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Gameiro SF, Flondra KM. Human Papillomavirus-Associated Tumor Extracellular Vesicles in HPV + Tumor Microenvironments. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5668. [PMID: 37685735 PMCID: PMC10488665 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Most infections with human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are self-resolving and asymptomatic. However, some infections can lead to the development of cancer at different mucosal sites, such as the cervix and the head and neck. Head and neck cancers (HNCs) are dichotomized into HPV-positive (HPV+) or HPV-negative (HPV-) based on their respective etiologies. Notably, the tumor microenvironment (TME) of the HPV+ subtype has an immune landscape characterized with increased immune infiltration, higher levels of T cell activation, and higher levels of immunoregulatory stimuli compared to their HPV- counterparts. Both enveloped and nonenveloped viruses hijack the extracellular vesicle (EV) biogenesis pathway to deploy a "trojan horse" strategy with a pseudoviral envelope to enhance infectivity and evade inflammation. EVs derived from HPV-infected tumor cells could allow for the stealth transport of viral cargo to neighboring nonmalignant cellular populations or infiltrating immune cells within the TME. Furthermore, viral cargo or altered cellular cargo from HPV-associated tumor EVs (HPV-TEVs) could alter the functional state or biological responses of the recipient cellular populations, which could shape the distinctive HPV+ TME. This review will cover the impact of EVs released from HPV-infected cells on HPV-induced carcinogenesis, their role in shaping the distinctive HPV+ tumor microenvironment, and current efforts to develop a painless EV-based liquid biopsy for HPV+ cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F. Gameiro
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Kaitlyn M. Flondra
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada;
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Allevato MM, Smith JD, Brenner MJ, Chinn SB. Tumor-Derived Exosomes and the Role of Liquid Biopsy in Human Papillomavirus Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer J 2023; 29:230-237. [PMID: 37471614 PMCID: PMC10372688 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0000000000000671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The global incidence of human papillomavirus-positive (HPV+) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has surged in recent decades, with HPV+ HNSCC accounting for >70% of oropharynx cancers in the United States. Its incidence in men has surpassed that of HPV+ cervical cancer in women, and reliable assays are needed for early detection and to monitor response to therapy. Human papillomavirus-positive OPSCC has a more favorable response to therapy and prognosis than HPV-negative (HPV-) HNSCC, motivating regimens to deintensify curative surgery or chemoradiotherapy protocols. A barrier to deintensifying and personalizing therapy is lack of reliable predictive biomarkers. Furthermore, HPV- HNSCC survival rates are static without reliable surveillance biomarkers available. The emergence of circulating plasma-based biomarkers reflecting the tumor-immune microenvironment heralds a new era in HNSCC diagnosis and therapy. We review evidence on tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (exosomes) as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognostication, and treatment in HPV+ and HPV- HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Allevato
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joshua D. Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael J. Brenner
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Steven B. Chinn
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Whiteside TL. The potential of microRNA carried by small extracellular vesicles in cancer plasma to serve as cancer biomarkers. Transl Cancer Res 2023; 12:1359-1362. [PMID: 37304534 PMCID: PMC10248569 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-23-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L. Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Departments of Immunology and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Whiteside TL. Evaluating tumor cell- and T cell-derived extracellular vesicles as potential biomarkers of cancer and immune cell competence. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:109-122. [PMID: 36787282 PMCID: PMC9998373 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2178902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by tumors, also called tumor-derived exosomes (TEX), have been implicated in inducing immune cell suppression in vitro and in vivo. The development of a novel category of noninvasive biomarkers for precision oncology remains an unmet need, and TEX emerge as a promising liquid tumor biopsy component. AREAS COVERED TEX play a critical role in monitoring cancer presence/progression and in reprograming of anti-tumor effector T cells to producers of EVs with pro-tumor activity. TEX are a subset of circulating EVs. Their separation by immune capture from EVs derived from nonmalignant cells allows for TEX phenotypic/functional assessments. TEX cross-talking with CD3(+) T cells induce the release of CD3(+) small EV (sEV), whose cargo of suppressor proteins resembles that of TEX and further contributes to cancer-induced immune suppression. While TEX recapitulate the genetic/molecular phenotype of tumor cells, CD3(+) sEV might serve as 'T cell liquid biopsy.' EXPERT OPINION Preclinical explorations of the role in cancer body fluids of TEX and CD3(+) sEV as cancer biomarkers suggest that these EV subsets may qualify as liquid tumor biopsy noninvasive components in the near future. Their potential to simultaneously serve as noninvasive liquid tumor biopsy and T cell biopsy remains to be validated in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Whiteside
- Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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