Bond Angles in Lactones and Lactams

Acyclic Twisted Amides

In this contribution, we provide a comprehensive overview of acyclic twisted amides, covering the literature since 1993 (the year of the first recognized report on acyclic twisted amides) through June 2020. The review focuses on classes of acyclic twisted amides and their key structural properties, such as amide bond twist and nitrogen pyramidalization, which are primarily responsible for disrupting n_N to π*_C═O conjugation. Through discussing acyclic twisted amides in comparison with the classic bridged lactams and conformationally restricted cyclic fused amides, the reader is provided with an overview of amidic distortion that results in novel conformational features of acyclic amides that can be exploited in various fields of chemistry ranging from organic synthesis and polymers to biochemistry and structural chemistry and the current position of acyclic twisted amides in modern chemistry.

One-pot green synthesis of biologically relevant novel spiro[indolin-2-one-3,4'-pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles] and studies on their spectral and X-ray crystallographic behaviors

Syntheses via green route and single-crystal X-ray structural investigations have been carried out for three spiro[indolin-2-one-3,4'-pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole] derivatives, 6'-amino-2-oxo-3'-propyl-2'H-spiro[indoline-3,4'-pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole]-5'-carbonitrile dimethyl sulfoxide monosolvate (5a), 6'-amino-5-fluoro-2-oxo-3'-propyl-2'H-spiro[indoline-3,4'-pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole]-5'-carbonitrile dimethyl sulfoxide monosolvate (5b) and methyl 6'-amino-5-cyano-1-methyl-2-oxo-3'-propyl-2'H-spiro[indoline-3,4'-pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole]-3'-carboxylate 0.25 hydrate (5c), respectively. Compounds (5a) and (5b) crystallize in the triclinic space group P\bar 1, whereas compound (5c) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c. In molecules (5a) and (5b) all the rings are practically flat, while in (5c), the heterocyclic pyran ring adopts a flattened-boat conformation. In (5a) and (5b) the cyanide group is oriented in a (-ap) conformation, while the amino group is oriented in a (+ap) conformation with a pyran ring, but in (5c) both the cyanide and amino groups are oriented in a (-ap) conformation with the pyran ring. In the crystal structure of (5a) and (5b), the molecules are linked by an elaborate system of N-H...O and N-H...N hydrogen bonds to generate a zigzag-like construct. In (5c) molecules are linked by N-H...O hydrogen bonds, thereby generating extended chains. The present communication focuses on the detailed and comparative information about spectral behaviors, single-crystal X-ray crystallographic properties and solid-state supramolecular architectures of these synthesized compounds of potential biological interests.

Total Synthesis and Characterization of 7-Hypoquinuclidonium Tetrafluoroborate and 7-Hypoquinuclidone BF3 Complex

Derivatives of the fully twisted bicyclic amide 7-hypoquinuclidone are synthesized using a Schmidt-Aubé reaction. Their structures were unambiguously confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis and extensive spectroscopic characterization. Furthermore, the stability and chemical reactivity of these anti-Bredt amides are investigated. 7-Hypoquinuclidonium tetrafluoroborate is shown to decompose to a unique nitrogen bound amide-BF3 complex of 7-hypoquinuclidone under anhydrous conditions and to react instantaneously with water making it one of the most reactive amides known to date.

Benz[cd]indol-2(1H)-one at 298 and 100 K

Weakly diffracting crystals of benz[cd]indol-2(1H)-one (naphtholactam), C(11)H(7)NO, were unsuitable for data collection by early photographic methods. However, a diffractometer data set collected at room temperature in 1989 was solved and refined. The peak scans were broad, and the results indicated disorder or a satellite crystal. Recent data collection (on another crystal from the same sample) with an area detector at 100 K revealed the same disorder, and made it possible to refine two different, more complete, disorder models. Both models assume an occasional 180° rotation of the nearly planar centrosymmetric cis-lactam dimer. The refinements differ, especially in the anisotropic displacement parameters for the -C(=O)-NH- portion of the molecule. Both models at 100 K give a C-N (`amide') bond distance of 1.38 Å, about 0.04 Å longer than the average distance in saturated γ-lactams in the Cambridge Structural Database. Cohesive packing interactions between molecules include opposing-dipole dimers; the packing may explain the 10:1 ratio favoring the major-occupancy molecule.

6-Chloro-2-oxindole: X-ray and DFT-calculated study

The molecule of the title compound (systematic name: 6-chloroindolin-2-one), C(8)H(6)ClNO, is almost planar, with a dihedral angle of 1.13 (9)° between the planes of the constituent pyrrolidine and benzene rings. Centrosymmetric dimers are formed in the crystal structure by N-H···O hydrogen bonds, and these dimers are additionally linked by Cl···Cl and C-H···O interactions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of theory were used to optimize the molecular structure and the geometry was best reproduced by optimization of two interacting molecules. The bond orders in the molecule, estimated using the natural bond orbitals (NBO) formalism, are consistent with the observed bond lengths. In particular, the contribution of the lone pair of electrons on the N atom to the N-C bond in the N-C=O group is revealed. The measured IR spectrum of the compound shows a red shift of the N-H stretching frequency compared with the free molecule, due to the formation of the hydrogen bonds.

Crystallographic characterization of conformation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid residue (Ac3c) in simple derivatives and peptides

The molecular and crystal structures of the C alpha,alpha-dialkylated alpha-amino acid residue 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid hemihydrate (H2+-Ac3c-O-.1/2 H2O) and nine derivatives and dipeptides have been determined by X-ray diffraction. The derivatives are pBrBz-Ac3c-OH, Piv-Ac3c-OH, Z-Ac3c-OH, the alpha-and beta-forms of t-Boc-Ac3c-OH, Z-Ac3c-OMe, and the 5(4H)-oxazolone from pBrBz-Ac3c-OH; the dipeptides are H-(Ac3c)-OMe and c(Ac3c)2. The values determined for the torsion angles about the N-C alpha (phi) and C alpha-C' (psi) bonds for the single Ac3c residue of Piv-Ac3c-OH, the alpha- and beta-forms of t-Boc-Ac3-OH and Z-Ac3c-OMe, and the C-terminal Ac3c residue of H-(Ac3c)2-OMe correspond to folded conformations in the "bridge" region of the Ramachandran map. The structures of pBrBz-Ac3c-OH and Z-Ac3c-OH, however, are unusual in having a semi-extended conformation for the phi, psi angles. The N-terminal Ac3c residue of H-(Ac3c)2-OMe adopts a novel type of C5 conformation, characterized inter alia by an (amino) N. . .H-N (peptide) intramolecular hydrogen bond. While the acyl N alpha-blocking groups form trans amides (pBrBz-Ac3c-OH and Piv-Ac3c-OH), the urethane groups may adopt either the trans [Z-Ac3c-OH and t-Boc-Ac3c-OH (alpha-form)] or the cis amide conformations [t-Boc-Ac3c-OH(beta-form) and Z-Ac3c-OMe]. The five- and six-membered rings of the 5(4H)-oxazolone and the 2,5-dioxopiperazine, respectively, are planar. The four independent molecules in the asymmetric unit of the free alpha-amino acid are zwitterionic.

Crystal-state structural analysis of two gamma-lactam-restricted analogs of Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2

The crystal structures of two analogs of Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (1), containing a gamma-lactam conformational constraint in place of the -Leu-Gly- sequences, are described. The highly biologically active (S,R)-diastereomer 2a is semi-extended at the C-terminus, with the N-terminal Pro residue in the unusual "C5" conformation [psi 1 = -0.8(15) degrees] stabilized by a (peptide)N-H...N(amino) intramolecular H-bond [the N(3)...N(4) separation is 2.687(11)A]. Conversely, the N,N'-isopropylidene aminal trihydrate of the (S,S)-diastereomer 2b, compound 3, adopts a beta-bend conformation at the C-terminus, as already reported for 1. However, the backbone torsion angles [phi 2 = 57.4(4), psi 2 = -129.9(3) degrees; psi 3 = -92.3(4), phi 3 = 6.4(5) degrees] lie close to the values expected for the corner residues of an ideal type-II' beta-bend. A weak intramolecular 4----1 H-bond is seen between the Gly carboxyamide anti-NH and Pro C = O groups. In the newly formed 2,2,3,4-tetraalkyl-5-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl moiety the psi 1 torsion angle is 12.9(4) degrees and the intramolecular N(3)...N(4) separation is 2.321(4)A.