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Maak S, Norheim F, Drevon CA, Erickson HP. Progress and Challenges in the Biology of FNDC5 and Irisin. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:436-456. [PMID: 33493316 PMCID: PMC8284618 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In 2002, a transmembrane protein-now known as FNDC5-was discovered and shown to be expressed in skeletal muscle, heart, and brain. It was virtually ignored for 10 years, until a study in 2012 proposed that, in response to exercise, the ectodomain of skeletal muscle FNDC5 was cleaved, traveled to white adipose tissue, and induced browning. The wasted energy of this browning raised the possibility that this myokine, named irisin, might mediate some beneficial effects of exercise. Since then, more than 1000 papers have been published exploring the roles of irisin. A major interest has been on adipose tissue and metabolism, following up the major proposal from 2012. Many studies correlating plasma irisin levels with physiological conditions have been questioned for using flawed assays for irisin concentration. However, experiments altering irisin levels by injecting recombinant irisin or by gene knockout are more promising. Recent discoveries have suggested potential roles of irisin in bone remodeling and in the brain, with effects potentially related to Alzheimer's disease. We discuss some discrepancies between research groups and the mechanisms that are yet to be determined. Some important questions raised in the initial discovery of irisin, such as the role of the mutant start codon of human FNDC5 and the mechanism of ectodomain cleavage, remain to be answered. Apart from these specific questions, a promising new tool has been developed-mice with a global or tissue-specific knockout of FNDC5. In this review, we critically examine the current knowledge and delineate potential solutions to resolve existing ambiguities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Maak
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Frode Norheim
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian A Drevon
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Murar CE, Ninomiya M, Shimura S, Karakus U, Boyman O, Bode JW. Chemical Synthesis of Interleukin‐2 and Disulfide Stabilizing Analogues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia E. Murar
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Mamiko Ninomiya
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Satomi Shimura
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Ufuk Karakus
- Department of Immunology University Hospital Zurich Gloriastrasse 23 8091 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology University Hospital Zurich Gloriastrasse 23 8091 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey W. Bode
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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Murar CE, Ninomiya M, Shimura S, Karakus U, Boyman O, Bode JW. Chemical Synthesis of Interleukin-2 and Disulfide Stabilizing Analogues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8425-8429. [PMID: 32032465 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chemical protein synthesis allows the construction of well-defined structural variations and facilitates the development of deeper understanding of protein structure-function relationships and new protein engineering strategies. Herein, we report the chemical synthesis of interleukin-2 (IL-2) variants on a multimilligram scale and the formation of non-natural disulfide mimetics that improve stability against reduction. The synthesis was accomplished by convergent KAHA ligations; the acidic conditions of KAHA ligation proved to be valuable for the solubilization of the hydrophobic segments of IL-2. The bioactivity of the synthetic IL-2 and its analogues were shown to be equipotent to recombinant IL-2 and exhibit improved stability against reducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia E Murar
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mamiko Ninomiya
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Satomi Shimura
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ufuk Karakus
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 23, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 23, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey W Bode
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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Boross GN, Shimura S, Besenius M, Tennagels N, Rossen K, Wagner M, Bode JW. Facile folding of insulin variants bearing a prosthetic C-peptide prepared by α-ketoacid-hydroxylamine (KAHA) ligation. Chem Sci 2018; 9:8388-8395. [PMID: 30542587 PMCID: PMC6243641 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03738h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of insulin is an enduring challenge due to the hydrophobic peptide chains and construction of the correct intermolecular disulfide pattern. We report a new approach to the chemical synthesis of insulin using a short, traceless, prosthetic C-peptide that facilitates the formation of the correct disulfide pattern during folding and its removal by basic treatment. The linear precursor is assembled by an ester forming α-ketoacid-hydroxylamine (KAHA) ligation that provides access to the linear insulin precursors in good yield from two readily prepared segments. This convergent and flexible route provides access to various human, mouse, and guinea pig insulins containing a single homoserine mutation that shows no detrimental effect on the biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor N Boross
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland . ; http://www.bode.ethz.ch/
| | - Satomi Shimura
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland . ; http://www.bode.ethz.ch/
| | - Melissa Besenius
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH Industriepark Hoechst , 65926 Frankfurt am Main , Germany . http://www.sanofi.com
| | - Norbert Tennagels
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH Industriepark Hoechst , 65926 Frankfurt am Main , Germany . http://www.sanofi.com
| | - Kai Rossen
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH Industriepark Hoechst , 65926 Frankfurt am Main , Germany . http://www.sanofi.com
| | - Michael Wagner
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH Industriepark Hoechst , 65926 Frankfurt am Main , Germany . http://www.sanofi.com
| | - Jeffrey W Bode
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie , Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland . ; http://www.bode.ethz.ch/
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Harmand TJ, Pattabiraman VR, Bode JW. Chemical Synthesis of the Highly Hydrophobic Antiviral Membrane-Associated Protein IFITM3 and Modified Variants. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 129:12813-12817. [PMID: 32313320 PMCID: PMC7159699 DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is an antiviral transmembrane protein that is thought to serve as the primary factor for inhibiting the replication of a large number of viruses, including West Nile virus, Dengue virus, Ebola virus, and Zika virus. Production of this 14.5 kDa, 133-residue transmembrane protein, especially with essential posttranslational modifications, by recombinant expression is challenging. In this report, we document the chemical synthesis of IFTIM3 in multi-milligram quantities (>15 mg) and the preparation of phosphorylated and fluorescent variants. The synthesis was accomplished by using KAHA ligations, which operate under acidic aqueous/organic mixtures that excel at solubilizing even the exceptionally hydrophobic C-terminal region of IFITM3. The synthetic material is readily incorporated into model vesicles and forms the basis for using synthetic, homogenous IFITM3 and its derivatives for further studying its structure and biological mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault J. Harmand
- Laboratorium für Organische ChemieDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZürichWolfgang Pauli Strasse 108093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Vijaya R. Pattabiraman
- Laboratorium für Organische ChemieDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZürichWolfgang Pauli Strasse 108093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Jeffrey W. Bode
- Laboratorium für Organische ChemieDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH ZürichWolfgang Pauli Strasse 108093ZürichSwitzerland
- Institue of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)Nagoya UniversityChisukaNagoya464-8602Japan
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Harmand TJ, Pattabiraman VR, Bode JW. Chemical Synthesis of the Highly Hydrophobic Antiviral Membrane-Associated Protein IFITM3 and Modified Variants. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12639-12643. [PMID: 28834009 PMCID: PMC5658968 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interferon‐induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is an antiviral transmembrane protein that is thought to serve as the primary factor for inhibiting the replication of a large number of viruses, including West Nile virus, Dengue virus, Ebola virus, and Zika virus. Production of this 14.5 kDa, 133‐residue transmembrane protein, especially with essential posttranslational modifications, by recombinant expression is challenging. In this report, we document the chemical synthesis of IFTIM3 in multi‐milligram quantities (>15 mg) and the preparation of phosphorylated and fluorescent variants. The synthesis was accomplished by using KAHA ligations, which operate under acidic aqueous/organic mixtures that excel at solubilizing even the exceptionally hydrophobic C‐terminal region of IFITM3. The synthetic material is readily incorporated into model vesicles and forms the basis for using synthetic, homogenous IFITM3 and its derivatives for further studying its structure and biological mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault J Harmand
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang Pauli Strasse 10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vijaya R Pattabiraman
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang Pauli Strasse 10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey W Bode
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang Pauli Strasse 10, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.,Institue of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chisuka, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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Murar CE, Harmand TJ, Bode JW. Improved synthesis of (S)-N-Boc-5-oxaproline for protein synthesis with the α-ketoacid-hydroxylamine (KAHA) ligation. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:4996-5001. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Thuaud F, Rohrbacher F, Zwicky A, Bode JW. Photoprotected Peptideα-Ketoacids and Hydroxylamines for Iterative and One-Pot KAHA Ligations: Synthesis of NEDD8. Helv Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201600264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Thuaud
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; ETH-Zürich; CH-8093 Zürich
- Institute of Transformative bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM); Nagoya University; Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Florian Rohrbacher
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; ETH-Zürich; CH-8093 Zürich
| | - André Zwicky
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; ETH-Zürich; CH-8093 Zürich
| | - Jeffrey W. Bode
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences; ETH-Zürich; CH-8093 Zürich
- Institute of Transformative bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM); Nagoya University; Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
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