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Ma Y, Persi L, Yamakoshi Y. Synthesis and characterization of water-soluble C 60-peptide conjugates. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:777-786. [PMID: 38633915 PMCID: PMC11022410 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
With the aim of developing biocompatible and water-soluble C60 derivatives, three types of C60-peptide conjugates consisting of hydrophilic oligopeptide anchors (oligo-Lys, oligo-Glu, and oligo-Arg) were synthesized. A previously reported Prato reaction adduct of a biscarboxylic acid-substituted C60 derivative was subjected to a solid phase synthesis for amide formation with N-terminal amines of peptides on resin to successfully provide C60-peptide conjugates with one C60 and two peptide anchors as water-soluble moieties. Among three C60-peptide conjugates prepared, C60-oligo-Lys was soluble in water at neutral pH, and C60-oligo-Glu was soluble in buffer with a higher pH value, but C60-oligo-Arg was insoluble in water and most other solvents. C60-oligo-Lys and C60-oligo-Glu were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR. Photoinduced 1O2 generation was observed in the most soluble C60-oligo-Lys conjugate under visible light irradiation (527 nm) to show the potential of this highly water-soluble molecule in biological systems, for example, as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Persi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yoko Yamakoshi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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2
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Liosi K, Stasyuk AJ, Masero F, Voityuk AA, Nauser T, Mougel V, Solà M, Yamakoshi Y. Unexpected Disparity in Photoinduced Reactions of C 60 and C 70 in Water with the Generation of O 2 •- or 1O 2. JACS AU 2021; 1:1601-1611. [PMID: 34723263 PMCID: PMC8549049 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined fullerene-PEG conjugates, C60-PEG (1) and two C70-PEG (2 and 3 with the addition sites on ab-[6,6] and cc-[6,6]-junctions), were prepared from their corresponding Prato monoadduct precursors. The resulting highly water-soluble fullerene-PEG conjugates 1-3 were evaluated for their DNA-cleaving activities and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation under visible light irradiation. Unexpectedly, photoinduced cleavage of DNA by C60-PEG 1 was much higher than that by C70-PEG 2 and 3 with higher absorption intensity, especially in the presence of an electron donor (NADH). The preference of photoinduced ROS generation from fullerene-PEG conjugates 1-3 via the type II (energy transfer) or the type I (electron transfer) photoreaction was found to be dependent on the fullerene core (between C60 and C70) and functionalization pattern of C70 (between 2 and 3). This was clearly supported by the electron transfer rate obtained from cyclic voltammetry data and computationally estimated relative rate of each step of the type II and the type I reactions, with the finding that type II energy transfer reactions occurred in the inverted Marcus regime while type I electron transfer reactions proceeded in the normal Marcus regime. This finding on the disparity in the pathways of photoinduced reactions (type I versus type II) provides insights into the behavior of photosensitizers in water and the design of photodynamic therapy drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korinne Liosi
- Laboratorium
für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anton J. Stasyuk
- Institut
de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament
de Química, Universitat de Girona, M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Fabio Masero
- Laboratorium
für Anorganische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander A. Voityuk
- Institut
de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament
de Química, Universitat de Girona, M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Thomas Nauser
- Laboratorium
für Anorganische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Victor Mougel
- Laboratorium
für Anorganische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut
de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament
de Química, Universitat de Girona, M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Yoko Yamakoshi
- Laboratorium
für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Simple Development of Novel Reversible Colorimetric Thermometer Using Urea Organogel Embedded with Thermochromic Hydrazone Chromophore. CHEMOSENSORS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors8040132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thermochromic urea (U) organogel immobilized with a thermochromic tricyanofuran hydrazone (TCFH) chromophore was developed. Thermochromic TCFH chromophore bearing two nitro functional groups on a hydrazone recognition unit was synthesized via an azo-coupling reaction of tricyanofuran (TCF) heterocyclic moiety containing an active methyl group with the diazonium chloride salt of 2,4-dinitroaniline comprising two strongly electron-withdrawing nitro groups. The molecular structure of both intermediates and TCFH dye were characterized by several analytical methods, including 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, mass spectroscopy (MS), and elemental analysis. The thermochromic responsiveness could be attributed to the charge delocalization of TCFH as well as to the presence of an intramolecular charge transfer. The generated organogel displayed a thermoreversible sol–gel transition associated with color change. The origin of the monitored thermochromism is a conformational change of the tricyanofuran hydrazone backbone due to the temperature-driven deprotonation–protonation reversible process. The prepared urea–tricyanofuran hydrazone (UTCFH) thermometer acted as a diagnostic tool providing an instant color change between yellow, orange, red and purple upon changing the temperature of the UTCFH organogel in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). This color change was proportionally correlated with increasing the temperature from 44 to 63 °C. The UTCFH organogel composed of urea and push-π-pull hydrazone type tricyanofuran chromophore immobilized physically in the urea organogel was found to function as a temperature-driven chromic thermometer. This chromogenic UTCFH organogel in DMSO displayed a phase transition at 41–48 °C. The morphological properties of the gel internal fibrous nanostructure (80–120 nm) were monitored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The colorimetric measurements were monitored by UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy. The chromogenic thermometer demonstrated a good reversibility without fatigue. The mechanism accounting for thermochromism of UTCFH organogel is proposed.
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Ray A, Liosi K, Ramakrishna SN, Spencer ND, Kuzuya A, Yamakoshi Y. Single-Molecule AFM Study of DNA Damage by 1O 2 Generated from Photoexcited C 60. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7819-7826. [PMID: 32830976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Light-induced oxidative damage of DNA by 1O2 generated from photoexcited C60 was observed at the single-molecule level by atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging. Two types of DNA origami with uniform morphologies were immobilized on a mica surface and used as DNA substrates. Upon visible light irradiation (528 nm) in the presence of a C60 aqueous solution, the morphology changes of DNA origami substrates were observed by time-lapse AFM imaging at the single-molecule level by tracking a discrete DNA molecule. The origami showed nicked and flattened morphologies with relaxed features caused by the covalent cleavage of the DNA strands. The involvement of 1O2 in the on-surface DNA damage was clearly confirmed by AFM experiments in the presence of a 1O2 quencher and ESR measurements with a spin-trapping agent for 1O2. This study is the first example of single-molecule observation of oxidative damage of DNA by AFM with corresponding morphology changes in a photocontrolled and time-dependent manner by 1O2 generated catalytically from photoexcited C60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Ray
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Korinne Liosi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Shivaprakash N Ramakrishna
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas D Spencer
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Akinori Kuzuya
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Kansai University, Yamate-cho 3-3-35, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Yoko Yamakoshi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Kazakova AV, Konev AS, Zorin IM, Poshekhonov IS, Korzhikov-Vlakh VA, Khlebnikov AF. PEG-modified aziridines for stereoselective synthesis of water-soluble fulleropyrrolidines. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:9864-9873. [PMID: 31670347 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01949a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diastereoselective synthesis of water-soluble fullerene compounds bearing a pharmacophore pyrrolofullerene-2',5'-dicarboxylate unit is reported. The stereocontrol of the product configuration is achieved through stereospecificity of two consecutive concerted reactions: electrocyclic aziridine ring opening followed by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of the resulting azomethyne ylide. The solubility in water (up to 20 μM through direct dissolution) is secured by introducing a polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrophilic pendant. The structure and molecular-mass distribution of the resulting PEGylated fulleropyrrolidines are exhaustively characterized by 1H, 13C NMR and HRMS. According to absorbance spectroscopy, AFM and DLS studies, the synthesized compound tends to aggregate in aqueous media forming associates of ca. 4-9 nm radius surrounded by a solvation shell resulting in an effective hydrodynamic diameter of ca. 90 nm. In view of notable solubility in water, well-defined chemical structure and resemblance to the compounds with known anti-HIV activity, the synthesized PEGylated diethyl trans-pyrrolofullerene-2',5'-dicarboxylate might be an attractive candidate for biological evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina V Kazakova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
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Borissov A, Marques I, Lim JYC, Félix V, Smith MD, Beer PD. Anion Recognition in Water by Charge-Neutral Halogen and Chalcogen Bonding Foldamer Receptors. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:4119-4129. [PMID: 30730716 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel strategy for the recognition of anions in water using charge-neutral σ-hole halogen and chalcogen bonding acyclic hosts is demonstrated for the first time. Exploiting the intrinsic hydrophobicity of halogen and chalcogen bond donor atoms integrated into a foldamer structural molecular framework containing hydrophilic functionalities, a series of water-soluble receptors was constructed for an anion recognition investigation. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) binding studies with a range of anions revealed the receptors to display very strong and selective binding of large, weakly hydrated anions such as I- and ReO4-. This is achieved through the formation of 2:1 host-guest stoichiometric complex assemblies, resulting in an encapsulated anion stabilized by cooperative, multidentate, convergent σ-hole donors, as shown by molecular dynamics simulations carried out in water. Importantly, the combination of multiple σ-hole-anion interactions and hydrophobic collapse results in I- affinities in water that exceed all known σ-hole receptors, including cationic systems (β2 up to 1.68 × 1011 M-2). Furthermore, the anion binding affinities and selectivity trends of the first example of an all-chalcogen bonding anion receptor in pure water are compared with halogen bonding and hydrogen bonding receptor analogues. These results further advance and establish halogen and chalcogen bond donor functions as new tools for overcoming the challenging goal of anion recognition in pure water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arseni Borissov
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , U.K
| | - Igor Marques
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials , University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Jason Y C Lim
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , U.K
| | - Vítor Félix
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials , University of Aveiro , 3810-193 Aveiro , Portugal
| | - Martin D Smith
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , U.K
| | - Paul D Beer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry , University of Oxford , Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , U.K
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Mizuki K, Matsumoto S, Honda T, Maeda K, Toyama S, Iohara D, Hirayama F, Okazaki S, Takeshita K, Hatta T. Synthesis, Aggregation Behavior, and Photodynamic Properties of a Water-Soluble Fulleropyrrolidine Bearing an N-PEG Pyridinium Unit. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2018; 66:822-825. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Mizuki
- Department of Nanoscience, Faculty of Engineering, Sojo University
| | - Seigo Matsumoto
- Department of Nanoscience, Faculty of Engineering, Sojo University
| | - Taro Honda
- Department of Nanoscience, Faculty of Engineering, Sojo University
| | - Kouhei Maeda
- Department of Nanoscience, Faculty of Engineering, Sojo University
| | - Satoshi Toyama
- Department of Nanoscience, Faculty of Engineering, Sojo University
| | | | | | | | | | - Taizo Hatta
- Department of Nanoscience, Faculty of Engineering, Sojo University
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8
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Effect of Hydrophobicity on the Self-Assembly Behavior of Urea Benzene Derivatives in Aqueous Solution. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8071080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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9
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Tiu EGV, Liosi K, Aroua S, Yamakoshi Y. Micelle vs. vesicle formation controlled by distal functionalization of C 60-PEG conjugates. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:6676-6680. [PMID: 32264430 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00829e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An amphiphilic C60-PEG conjugate was modified by the addition of cationic moieties in the hydrophobic C60 part to provide the related bis- and tris-adducts and their self-assembling structures were compared. All of these materials were water-soluble and their supramolecular structures were investigated in the aqueous phase using tensiometry, DLS, and STEM techniques. While mono- and bis-adducts formed micelle-type supramolecular structures, the tris-one with two additional cationic pyrrolidine groups showed the formation of larger particles as indicated by DLS data. Further, the STEM image of the tris-adduct showed a vesicle-type supramolecular structure with, presumably, an internal water-phase inside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisha G V Tiu
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, CH8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Choi Y, Jo S, Chae A, Kim YK, Park JE, Lim D, Park SY, In I. Simple Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Amphiphilic Carbon Quantum Dots from A 3/B 2 Polyamidation Monomer Set. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:27883-27893. [PMID: 28742324 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Highly fluorescent and amphiphilic carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were prepared by microwave-assisted pyrolysis of citric acid and 4,7,10-trioxa-1,13-tridecanediamine (TTDDA), which functioned as an A3 and B2 polyamidation type monomer set. Gram quantities of fluorescent CQDs were easily obtained within 5 min of microwave heating using a household microwave oven. Because of the dual role of TTDDA, both as a constituting monomer and as a surface passivation agent, TTDDA-based CQDs showed a high fluorescence quantum yield of 29% and amphiphilic solubility in various polar and nonpolar solvents. These properties enable the wide application of TTDDA-based CQDs as nontoxic bioimaging agents, nanofillers for polymer composites, and down-converting layers for enhancing the efficiency of Si solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Choi
- Department of IT Convergence (Brain Korea PLUS 21), ‡Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, §Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and ∥Department of Electronic Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation , Chungju 27909, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongho Jo
- Department of IT Convergence (Brain Korea PLUS 21), ‡Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, §Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and ∥Department of Electronic Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation , Chungju 27909, Republic of Korea
| | - Ari Chae
- Department of IT Convergence (Brain Korea PLUS 21), ‡Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, §Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and ∥Department of Electronic Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation , Chungju 27909, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kwang Kim
- Department of IT Convergence (Brain Korea PLUS 21), ‡Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, §Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and ∥Department of Electronic Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation , Chungju 27909, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Park
- Department of IT Convergence (Brain Korea PLUS 21), ‡Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, §Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and ∥Department of Electronic Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation , Chungju 27909, Republic of Korea
| | - Donggun Lim
- Department of IT Convergence (Brain Korea PLUS 21), ‡Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, §Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and ∥Department of Electronic Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation , Chungju 27909, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Young Park
- Department of IT Convergence (Brain Korea PLUS 21), ‡Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, §Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and ∥Department of Electronic Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation , Chungju 27909, Republic of Korea
| | - Insik In
- Department of IT Convergence (Brain Korea PLUS 21), ‡Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, §Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and ∥Department of Electronic Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation , Chungju 27909, Republic of Korea
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Morishita K, Okamoto Y, Murayama S, Usui K, Ohashi E, Hirai G, Aoki I, Karasawa S. Water-Proton Relaxivities of Radical Nanoparticles Self-Assembled via Hydration or Dehydration Processes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:7810-7817. [PMID: 28678510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles capable of accumulating in tumor tissues are promising materials for tumor imaging and therapy. In this study, two radical nanoparticles (RNPs), denoted as 1 and 2, composed of self-assembled ureabenzene derivatives possessing one or two amphiphilic side chains were demonstrated to be candidates for metal-free functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents (CAs). Because of the self-assembly behavior of 1 and 2 in a saline solution, spherical RNPs of sizes ∼50-90 and ∼30-100 nm were detected. In a highly concentrated solution, RNP 1 showed considerably small water-proton relaxivity values (r1 and r2), whereas RNP 2 showed an r1 value that was around 5 times larger than that of RNP 1. These distinct r1 values might be caused by differences in the self-assembly behavior by a hydration or dehydration process. In vivo studies with RNP 2 demonstrated a slightly enhanced T1-weighted image in mice, suggesting that the RNPs can potentially be used as metal-free functional MRI CAs for T1-weighted imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Morishita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University , 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuna Okamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University , 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shuhei Murayama
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), Group of Quantum-State Controlled MRI, QST , Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage, Chiba-city 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuteru Usui
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University , 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Eriko Ohashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University , 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Go Hirai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University , 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ichio Aoki
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), Group of Quantum-State Controlled MRI, QST , Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage, Chiba-city 263-8555, Japan
| | - Satoru Karasawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University , 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
- Showa Pharmaceutical University , 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida 194-8543, Japan
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