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Dwivedi R, Pradhan J, Athe R. Measuring catastrophe in paying for healthcare: A comparative methodological approach by using National Sample Survey, India. Int J Health Plann Manage 2021; 36:1887-1915. [PMID: 34196030 DOI: 10.1002/hpm.3272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthcare expenditure significantly varies among various segments of the population. The appropriate measures of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) will help to unravel the real burden of spending among households. Present study provides a link between the theoretical insights from Grossman's model and various methodological approaches for the estimation of CHE by using data from the three rounds of nationally representative Consumer Expenditure Surveys, India. Statistical analysis has been carried out by using multivariate logistic regression to identify the major determinants of CHE. Findings indicate that the occurrence of CHE has increased during 1993-2012. Rural residents and households with varying age composition such as with higher numbers of children and elderly were at higher risk. Economic status is significantly associated with CHE and increased demand for healthcare. The measurements differ as per the methodological approaches of CHE and definition of household's capacity to pay. Approach-based variations in the results can be of key importance in determining trends and magnitude in CHE. Despite these variations in measurements, study finds a limited incidence of CHE among the disadvantaged segment of the population though a greater share was devoted to health expenditure in recent years. Better risk pooling mechanism is required to address the healthcare needs of the disadvantaged segment such as elderly, children, poor and rural population in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinshu Dwivedi
- Department of Science and Humanities, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jalandhar Pradhan
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Ramesh Athe
- Department of Humanities and Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
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Dennis ML, Benova L, Abuya T, Quartagno M, Bellows B, Campbell OMR. Initiation and continuity of maternal healthcare: examining the role of vouchers and user-fee removal on maternal health service use in Kenya. Health Policy Plan 2019; 34:120-131. [PMID: 30843068 PMCID: PMC6481282 DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czz004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores the relationship between two health financing initiatives on women's progression through the maternal health continuum in Kenya: a subsidized reproductive health voucher programme (2006-16) and the introduction of free maternity services in all government facilities (2013). Using cross-sectional survey data, we ran three multivariable logistic regression models examining the effects of the voucher programme, free maternity policy, health insurance and other determinants on (1) early antenatal care (ANC) initiation (first visit within the first trimester of pregnancy), (2) receiving continuous care (1+ ANC, facility birth, 1+ post-natal care (PNC) check) and (3) completing the maternal health pathway as recommended (4+ ANC, facility birth, 1+ PNC, with first check occurring within 48 h of delivery). Full implementation of the voucher programme was positively associated with receiving continuous care among users of 1+ ANC [interaction term adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.33, P = 0.014]. Early ANC initiation (aOR: 1.32, P = 0.001) and use of private sector ANC (aOR: 1.93, P < 0.001) were also positively associated with use of continuous care among ANC users. Among continuous care users, early ANC was associated with increased odds of completing the maternal health pathway as recommended (aOR: 3.80, P < 0.001). Higher parity was negatively associated with all three outcomes, while having health insurance was positively associated with each outcome. The impact of other sociodemographic factors such as maternal age, education, wealth quintile, urban residence, and employment varied by outcome; however, the findings generally suggest that marginalized women faced greater barriers to early ANC initiation and continuity of care. Health financing and women's timing and source of ANC are strongly related to their subsequent progression through the maternal health pathway. To increase continuity of care and improve maternal health outcomes, policymakers must therefore focus on equitably reducing financial and other barriers to care seeking and improving quality of care throughout the continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mardieh L Dennis
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street WC1E7HT, London, UK
| | - Lenka Benova
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street WC1E7HT, London, UK.,Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Kronenburgstraat 43, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Timothy Abuya
- Population Council Kenya, Avenue 5, Rose Avenue, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Matteo Quartagno
- Department of Medical Statistics, Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street WC1E7HT, London, UK.,MRC Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK and
| | - Ben Bellows
- Population Council, 4301 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 280, Washington DC, USA
| | - Oona M R Campbell
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street WC1E7HT, London, UK
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