Predicting intentions to get the COVID-19 vaccine in India: An integration of theory of planned behaviour and health belief model

COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among adults in India: A primary study based on health behavior theories and 5C psychological antecedents model

Despite the significant success of India's COVID-19 vaccination program, a sizeable proportion of the adult population remains unvaccinated or has received a single dose of the vaccine. Despite the recommendations of the Government of India for the two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine and the precautionary booster dose, many people were still hesitant towards the COVID-19 full vaccination. Hence, this study aimed to identify the primary behavioral and psychological factors contributing to vaccine hesitancy. Cross-sectional data was collected via a multi-stage sampling design by using a scheduled sample survey in the Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh, India, between 15 July 2022 to 30 September 2022. This study has utilized three health behavior models-the Health Belief Model (HBM), the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), and the 5C Psychological Antecedents of vaccination, and employed bivariate and multivariable binary logistic regression model to assess the level of vaccine hesitancy and predictive health behavior of the respondents. Results indicate that among the constructs of the HBM and 5C Antecedents models, "perceived benefits", "confidence" and "collective responsibility" showed a lesser likelihood of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. However, in the TPB model constructs, a 'negative attitude towards the vaccine' showed a four times higher likelihood of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. From the future policy perspective, this study suggested that addressing the issue of 'negative attitudes towards the vaccine' and increasing the trust or confidence for the vaccine through increasing awareness about the benefits of the vaccination in India may reduce vaccine hesitancy.

Exploring Physical Education Teachers' Intention and Perceived Constraints in Offering Online Lessons Using the Theory of Planned Behavior: A Multi-Country Analysis

Guided by the theory of planned behavior, this study aimed to determine the influence of Physical Education (PE) teachers' attitudes, their perceived behavioral control, and the influence of subjective norms on their intention and constraints (intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural) to offer a high-quality class based on best practices to deliver PE lessons online during the COVID-19 pandemic. This cross-sectional, multi-country survey study recruited PE teachers from five countries (China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Turkey, and the United States). A total of 928 online questionnaires were used in the analysis. In terms of the overall intention to teach online, our findings showed that American and Filipino teachers had higher levels of intention to continue teaching online. In contrast, Turkish, Malaysian, and Chinese teachers showed a lower interest. Moreover, Malaysian teachers had more intrapersonal constraints while the teachers in the other four countries were not as restrained intrapersonally. The results highlight the significant influence of perceived behavioral control and attitudes on PE teachers' intention to deliver online courses. Constraints to online teaching had a considerably large negative impact on attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Based on the results, the proposed extension to the theory of planned behavior was an appropriate framework for understanding the behavioral intent of PE teachers.

Vaccine Uptake to Prevent Meningitis and Encephalitis in Shanghai, China

Multiple vaccines may prevent meningitis and encephalitis (M/E). In China, the meningococcal vaccine and Japanese encephalitis vaccine (JEV) have been included in the expanded program of immunization (EPI). The pneumococcal vaccine, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine, rotavirus vaccine, and enterovirus 71 (EV-71) vaccine are non-EPI vaccines and are self-paid. We aim to investigate the uptake of these M/E vaccines in children and the related knowledge and health beliefs among family caregivers. A total of 1011 family caregivers with children aged 1-6 years in Shanghai, China were included in the study. The uptake of the pneumococcal vaccine, Hib-containing vaccine, rotavirus vaccine, and EV-71 vaccine remained at 44.0-48.1% in children, compared with the higher uptake of the meningococcal vaccine (88.8%) and JEV (87.1%). Moreover, family caregivers had limited knowledge on the M/E pathogens and possible vaccines. Their health beliefs were moderate to high. Then, a health belief model (HBM) and a structural equation model were established. The uptake of four non-EPI vaccines was significantly influenced by family income (β = 0.159), knowledge (β = 0.354), self-efficacy (β = 0.584), and perceived susceptibility (β = 0.212) within an HBM. Therefore, it warrants further improving the uptake rate for these non-EPI vaccines to prevent potential M/E in children. A specific health promotion may empower the caregivers' decision-making on childhood vaccination.