1
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Tan DW, Gilani SZ, Alvares GA, Mian A, Whitehouse AJO, Maybery MT. An investigation of a novel broad autism phenotype: increased facial masculinity among parents of children on the autism spectrum. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220143. [PMID: 35317674 PMCID: PMC8941387 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The broad autism phenotype commonly refers to sub-clinical levels of autistic-like behaviour and cognition presented in biological relatives of autistic people. In a recent study, we reported findings suggesting that the broad autism phenotype may also be expressed in facial morphology, specifically increased facial masculinity. Increased facial masculinity has been reported among autistic children, as well as their non-autistic siblings. The present study builds on our previous findings by investigating the presence of increased facial masculinity among non-autistic parents of autistic children. Using a previously established method, a 'facial masculinity score' and several facial distances were calculated for each three-dimensional facial image of 192 parents of autistic children (58 males, 134 females) and 163 age-matched parents of non-autistic children (50 males, 113 females). While controlling for facial area and age, significantly higher masculinity scores and larger (more masculine) facial distances were observed in parents of autistic children relative to the comparison group, with effect sizes ranging from small to medium (0.16 ≤ d ≤ .41), regardless of sex. These findings add to an accumulating evidence base that the broad autism phenotype is expressed in physical characteristics and suggest that both maternal and paternal pathways are implicated in masculinized facial morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Weiting Tan
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Syed Zulqarnain Gilani
- Centre of AI & ML, School of Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.,Institute for Nutrition Research, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Gail A Alvares
- Telethon Kids Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Ajmal Mian
- Centre of AI & ML, School of Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Murray T Maybery
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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2
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Kong C. Ethical dangers of facial phenotyping through photography in psychiatric genomics studies. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2019; 45:730-735. [PMID: 31363012 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2019-105478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric genomics research protocols are increasingly incorporating tools of deep phenotyping to observe and examine phenotypic abnormalities among individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. In particular, photography and the use of two-dimensional and three-dimensional facial analysis is thought to shed further light on the phenotypic expression of the genes underlying neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as provide potential diagnostic tools for clinicians. In this paper, I argue that the research use of photography to aid facial phenotyping raises deeply fraught issues from an ethical point of view. First, the process of objectification through photographic imagery and facial analysis could potentially worsen the stigmatisation of persons with neurodevelopmental disorders. Second, the use of photography for facial phenotyping has worrying parallels with the historical misuse of photography to advance positive and negative eugenics around race, ethnicity and intellectual disability. The paper recommends ethical caution in the use of photography and facial phenotyping in psychiatric genomics studies exploring neurodevelopmental disorders, outlining certain necessary safeguards, such as a critical awareness of the history of anthropometric photography use among scientists, as well as the exploration of photographic methodologies that could potentially empower individuals with disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camillia Kong
- Birkbeck University of London Institute for Criminal Policy Research, London, UK
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3
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Nellåker C, Alkuraya FS, Baynam G, Bernier RA, Bernier FP, Boulanger V, Brudno M, Brunner HG, Clayton-Smith J, Cogné B, Dawkins HJ, deVries BB, Douzgou S, Dudding-Byth T, Eichler EE, Ferlaino M, Fieggen K, Firth HV, FitzPatrick DR, Gration D, Groza T, Haendel M, Hallowell N, Hamosh A, Hehir-Kwa J, Hitz MP, Hughes M, Kini U, Kleefstra T, Kooy RF, Krawitz P, Küry S, Lees M, Lyon GJ, Lyonnet S, Marcadier JL, Meyn S, Moslerová V, Politei JM, Poulton CC, Raymond FL, Reijnders MR, Robinson PN, Romano C, Rose CM, Sainsbury DC, Schofield L, Sutton VR, Turnovec M, Van Dijck A, Van Esch H, Wilkie AO. Enabling Global Clinical Collaborations on Identifiable Patient Data: The Minerva Initiative. Front Genet 2019; 10:611. [PMID: 31417602 PMCID: PMC6681681 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical utility of computational phenotyping for both genetic and rare diseases is increasingly appreciated; however, its true potential is yet to be fully realized. Alongside the growing clinical and research availability of sequencing technologies, precise deep and scalable phenotyping is required to serve unmet need in genetic and rare diseases. To improve the lives of individuals affected with rare diseases through deep phenotyping, global big data interrogation is necessary to aid our understanding of disease biology, assist diagnosis, and develop targeted treatment strategies. This includes the application of cutting-edge machine learning methods to image data. As with most digital tools employed in health care, there are ethical and data governance challenges associated with using identifiable personal image data. There are also risks with failing to deliver on the patient benefits of these new technologies, the biggest of which is posed by data siloing. The Minerva Initiative has been designed to enable the public good of deep phenotyping while mitigating these ethical risks. Its open structure, enabling collaboration and data sharing between individuals, clinicians, researchers and private enterprise, is key for delivering precision public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Nellåker
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fowzan S. Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gareth Baynam
- Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies, and Genetic Services of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial, Subiaco, WA, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute and School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Spatial Sciences, Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Raphael A. Bernier
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Vanessa Boulanger
- National Organization for Rare Disorders, Danbury, CT, United States
| | - Michael Brudno
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto and the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Han G. Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jill Clayton-Smith
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, MAHSC, Saint Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Cogné
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France
| | - Hugh J.S. Dawkins
- Office of Population Health Genomics, Public and Aboriginal Health Division, Department of Health Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Sir Walter Murdoch School of Policy and International Affairs, Murdoch University
- Centre for Population Health Research, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Bert B.A. deVries
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sofia Douzgou
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, MAHSC, Saint Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Evan E. Eichler
- Department of Genome Science, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Michael Ferlaino
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Fieggen
- Division of Human Genetics, Level 3, Wernher and Beit North, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Helen V. Firth
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David R. FitzPatrick
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dylan Gration
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - Tudor Groza
- The Garvan Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Melissa Haendel
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Nina Hallowell
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Ethox Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ada Hamosh
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jayne Hehir-Kwa
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marc-Phillip Hitz
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein–Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mark Hughes
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Usha Kini
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tjitske Kleefstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - R Frank Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Krawitz
- Institut für Genomische Statistik und Bioinformatik, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sébastien Küry
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France
| | - Melissa Lees
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gholson J. Lyon
- George A. Jervis Clinic and Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities (IBR), Staten Island, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Stephen Meyn
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto and the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Veronika Moslerová
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Juan M. Politei
- Laboratorio Chamoles, Errores Congénitos del Metabolismo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cathryn C. Poulton
- Department of Paediatrics and Neonates, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - F Lucy Raymond
- CIMR (Wellcome Trust/MRC Building), Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Margot R.F. Reijnders
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Catherine M. Rose
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Service and Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David C.G. Sainsbury
- Northern & Yorkshire Cleft Lip and Palate Service, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Lyn Schofield
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - Vernon R. Sutton
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Marek Turnovec
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Anke Van Dijck
- Department of Medical Genetics, University and University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hilde Van Esch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrew O.M. Wilkie
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
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4
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Hoskens H, Li J, Indencleef K, Gors D, Larmuseau MHD, Richmond S, Zhurov AI, Hens G, Peeters H, Claes P. Spatially Dense 3D Facial Heritability and Modules of Co-heritability in a Father-Offspring Design. Front Genet 2018; 9:554. [PMID: 30510565 PMCID: PMC6252335 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The human face is a complex trait displaying a strong genetic component as illustrated by various studies on facial heritability. Most of these start from sparse descriptions of facial shape using a limited set of landmarks. Subsequently, facial features are preselected as univariate measurements or principal components and the heritability is estimated for each of these features separately. However, none of these studies investigated multivariate facial features, nor the co-heritability between different facial features. Here we report a spatially dense multivariate analysis of facial heritability and co-heritability starting from data from fathers and their children available within ALSPAC. Additionally, we provide an elaborate overview of related craniofacial heritability studies. Methods: In total, 3D facial images of 762 father-offspring pairs were retained after quality control. An anthropometric mask was applied to these images to establish spatially dense quasi-landmark configurations. Partial least squares regression was performed and the (co-)heritability for all quasi-landmarks (∼7160) was computed as twice the regression coefficient. Subsequently, these were used as input to a hierarchical facial segmentation, resulting in the definition of facial modules that are internally integrated through the biological mechanisms of inheritance. Finally, multivariate heritability estimates were obtained for each of the resulting modules. Results: Nearly all modular estimates reached statistical significance under 1,000,000 permutations and after multiple testing correction (p ≤ 1.3889 × 10-3), displaying low to high heritability scores. Particular facial areas showing the greatest heritability were similar for both sons and daughters. However, higher estimates were obtained in the former. These areas included the global face, upper facial part (encompassing the nasion, zygomas and forehead) and nose, with values reaching 82% in boys and 72% in girls. The lower parts of the face only showed low to moderate levels of heritability. Conclusion: In this work, we refrain from reducing facial variation to a series of individual measurements and analyze the heritability and co-heritability from spatially dense landmark configurations at multiple levels of organization. Finally, a multivariate estimation of heritability for global-to-local facial segments is reported. Knowledge of the genetic determination of facial shape is useful in the identification of genetic variants that underlie normal-range facial variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Hoskens
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Medical Imaging Research Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jiarui Li
- Medical Imaging Research Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karlijne Indencleef
- Medical Imaging Research Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Research Group Experimental Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dorothy Gors
- Medical Imaging Research Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten H D Larmuseau
- Forensic Biomedical Sciences, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephen Richmond
- Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alexei I Zhurov
- Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Greet Hens
- Research Group Experimental Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hilde Peeters
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Claes
- Medical Imaging Research Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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5
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Dudding-Byth T, Baxter A, Holliday EG, Hackett A, O'Donnell S, White SM, Attia J, Brunner H, de Vries B, Koolen D, Kleefstra T, Ratwatte S, Riveros C, Brain S, Lovell BC. Computer face-matching technology using two-dimensional photographs accurately matches the facial gestalt of unrelated individuals with the same syndromic form of intellectual disability. BMC Biotechnol 2017; 17:90. [PMID: 29258477 PMCID: PMC5735520 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-017-0410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Massively parallel genetic sequencing allows rapid testing of known intellectual disability (ID) genes. However, the discovery of novel syndromic ID genes requires molecular confirmation in at least a second or a cluster of individuals with an overlapping phenotype or similar facial gestalt. Using computer face-matching technology we report an automated approach to matching the faces of non-identical individuals with the same genetic syndrome within a database of 3681 images [1600 images of one of 10 genetic syndrome subgroups together with 2081 control images]. Using the leave-one-out method, two research questions were specified:Using two-dimensional (2D) photographs of individuals with one of 10 genetic syndromes within a database of images, did the technology correctly identify more than expected by chance: i) a top match? ii) at least one match within the top five matches? or iii) at least one in the top 10 with an individual from the same syndrome subgroup? Was there concordance between correct technology-based matches and whether two out of three clinical geneticists would have considered the diagnosis based on the image alone?
Results The computer face-matching technology correctly identifies a top match, at least one correct match in the top five and at least one in the top 10 more than expected by chance (P < 0.00001). There was low agreement between the technology and clinicians, with higher accuracy of the technology when results were discordant (P < 0.01) for all syndromes except Kabuki syndrome. Conclusions Although the accuracy of the computer face-matching technology was tested on images of individuals with known syndromic forms of intellectual disability, the results of this pilot study illustrate the potential utility of face-matching technology within deep phenotyping platforms to facilitate the interpretation of DNA sequencing data for individuals who remain undiagnosed despite testing the known developmental disorder genes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12896-017-0410-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Dudding-Byth
- Hunter Genetics, Hunter New England Health Service, Newcastle, NSW, Australia. .,GrowUpWell, Priority of Research Excellence, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia. .,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia. .,New South Wales Genetics of Learning Disability (GOLD) service, Hunter New England Health Service, Newcastle, NSW, 2298, Australia.
| | - Anne Baxter
- Hunter Genetics, Hunter New England Health Service, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Elizabeth G Holliday
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Anna Hackett
- Hunter Genetics, Hunter New England Health Service, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,New South Wales Genetics of Learning Disability (GOLD) service, Hunter New England Health Service, Newcastle, NSW, 2298, Australia
| | - Sheridan O'Donnell
- Hunter Genetics, Hunter New England Health Service, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan M White
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Attia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Han Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bert de Vries
- Department of Human Genetics and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - David Koolen
- Department of Human Genetics and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tjitske Kleefstra
- Department of Human Genetics and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Seshika Ratwatte
- The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,The Department of Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Carlos Riveros
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Brian C Lovell
- Imagus Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of ITEE, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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6
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Baynam G, Bauskis A, Pachter N, Schofield L, Verhoef H, Palmer RL, Kung S, Helmholz P, Ridout M, Walker CE, Hawkins A, Goldblatt J, Weeramanthri TS, Dawkins HJS, Molster CM. 3-Dimensional Facial Analysis-Facing Precision Public Health. Front Public Health 2017; 5:31. [PMID: 28443272 PMCID: PMC5385440 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision public health is a new field driven by technological advances that enable more precise descriptions and analyses of individuals and population groups, with a view to improving the overall health of populations. This promises to lead to more precise clinical and public health practices, across the continuum of prevention, screening, diagnosis, and treatment. A phenotype is the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of a genotype with the environment. Precision (deep) phenotyping applies innovative technologies to exhaustively and more precisely examine the discrete components of a phenotype and goes beyond the information usually included in medical charts. This form of phenotyping is a critical component of more precise diagnostic capability and 3-dimensional facial analysis (3DFA) is a key technological enabler in this domain. In this paper, we examine the potential of 3DFA as a public health tool, by viewing it against the 10 essential public health services of the “public health wheel,” developed by the US Centers for Disease Control. This provides an illustrative framework to gage current and emergent applications of genomic technologies for implementing precision public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Baynam
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies, Perth, WA, Australia.,Office of Population Health Genomics, Public Health Division, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.,Spatial Sciences, Department of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alicia Bauskis
- Office of Population Health Genomics, Public Health Division, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nicholas Pachter
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lyn Schofield
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Hedwig Verhoef
- Cooperative Research Centre for Spatial Information, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Richard L Palmer
- School of Spatial Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Stefanie Kung
- School of Spatial Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Petra Helmholz
- School of Spatial Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Michael Ridout
- School of Spatial Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Caroline E Walker
- Office of Population Health Genomics, Public Health Division, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anne Hawkins
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jack Goldblatt
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tarun S Weeramanthri
- Public Health Division, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Hugh J S Dawkins
- Office of Population Health Genomics, Public Health Division, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Centre for Population Health Research, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Caron M Molster
- Office of Population Health Genomics, Public Health Division, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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7
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Baynam G, Molster C, Bauskis A, Kowal E, Savarirayan R, Kelaher M, Easteal S, Massey L, Garvey G, Goldblatt J, Pachter N, Weeramanthri TS, Dawkins HJS. Indigenous Genetics and Rare Diseases: Harmony, Diversity and Equity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1031:511-520. [PMID: 29214589 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67144-4_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Advances in our understanding of genetic and rare diseases are changing the face of healthcare. Crucially, the global community must implement these advances equitably to reduce health disparities, including between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples. We take an Australian perspective to illustrate some key areas that are fundamental to the equitable translation of new knowledge for the improved diagnosis of genetic and rare diseases for Indigenous people. Specifically, we focus on inequalities in access to clinical genetics services and the lack of genetic and phenomic reference data to inform diagnoses. We provide examples of ways in which these inequities are being addressed through Australian partnerships to support a harmonious and inclusive approach to ensure that benefits from traditional wisdom, community knowledge and shared experiences are interwoven to support and inform implementation of new knowledge from genomics and precision public health. This will serve to deliver benefits to all of our diverse citizens, including Indigenous populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Baynam
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA, Australia. .,Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies, Subiaco, WA, Australia. .,Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Subiaco, WA, Australia.
| | - Caron Molster
- Office of Population Health Genomics, Public Health Division, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alicia Bauskis
- Office of Population Health Genomics, Public Health Division, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Emma Kowal
- Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalisation, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.,National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ravi Savarirayan
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Northern Territory Clinical Genetics Services, NT, Darwin, 9000, Australia
| | - Margaret Kelaher
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Simon Easteal
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Libby Massey
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Gail Garvey
- Wellbeing and Preventable Chronic Disease Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, 0811, Australia
| | - Jack Goldblatt
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nicholas Pachter
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tarun S Weeramanthri
- Sir Walter Murdoch School of Public Health and International Affairs, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hugh J S Dawkins
- Office of Population Health Genomics, Public Health Division, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Improved Diagnosis and Care for Rare Diseases through Implementation of Precision Public Health Framework. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1031:55-94. [PMID: 29214566 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67144-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Public health relies on technologies to produce and analyse data, as well as effectively develop and implement policies and practices. An example is the public health practice of epidemiology, which relies on computational technology to monitor the health status of populations, identify disadvantaged or at risk population groups and thereby inform health policy and priority setting. Critical to achieving health improvements for the underserved population of people living with rare diseases is early diagnosis and best care. In the rare diseases field, the vast majority of diseases are caused by destructive but previously difficult to identify protein-coding gene mutations. The reduction in cost of genetic testing and advances in the clinical use of genome sequencing, data science and imaging are converging to provide more precise understandings of the 'person-time-place' triad. That is: who is affected (people); when the disease is occurring (time); and where the disease is occurring (place). Consequently we are witnessing a paradigm shift in public health policy and practice towards 'precision public health'.Patient and stakeholder engagement has informed the need for a national public health policy framework for rare diseases. The engagement approach in different countries has produced highly comparable outcomes and objectives. Knowledge and experience sharing across the international rare diseases networks and partnerships has informed the development of the Western Australian Rare Diseases Strategic Framework 2015-2018 (RD Framework) and Australian government health briefings on the need for a National plan.The RD Framework is guiding the translation of genomic and other technologies into the Western Australian health system, leading to greater precision in diagnostic pathways and care, and is an example of how a precision public health framework can improve health outcomes for the rare diseases population.Five vignettes are used to illustrate how policy decisions provide the scaffolding for translation of new genomics knowledge, and catalyze transformative change in delivery of clinical services. The vignettes presented here are from an Australian perspective and are not intended to be comprehensive, but rather to provide insights into how a new and emerging 'precision public health' paradigm can improve the experiences of patients living with rare diseases, their caregivers and families.The conclusion is that genomic public health is informed by the individual and family needs, and the population health imperatives of an early and accurate diagnosis; which is the portal to best practice care. Knowledge sharing is critical for public health policy development and improving the lives of people living with rare diseases.
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Exploring the Underlying Genetics of Craniofacial Morphology through Various Sources of Knowledge. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3054578. [PMID: 28053980 PMCID: PMC5178329 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3054578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The craniofacial complex is the billboard of sorts containing information about sex, health, ancestry, kinship, genes, and environment. A thorough knowledge of the genes underlying craniofacial morphology is fundamental to understanding craniofacial biology and evolution. These genes can also provide an important foundation for practical efforts like predicting faces from DNA and phenotype-based facial diagnostics. In this work, we focus on the various sources of knowledge regarding the genes that affect patterns of craniofacial development. Although tremendous successes recently have been made using these sources in both methodology and biology, many challenges remain. Primary among these are precise phenotyping techniques and efficient modeling methods.
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10
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Baynam G, Overkov A, Davis M, Mina K, Schofield L, Allcock R, Laing N, Cook M, Dawkins H, Goldblatt J. A germline MTOR mutation in Aboriginal Australian siblings with intellectual disability, dysmorphism, macrocephaly, and small thoraces. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167:1659-67. [PMID: 25851998 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report on three Aboriginal Australian siblings with a unique phenotype which overlaps with known megalencephaly syndromes and RASopathies, including Costello syndrome. A gain-of-function mutation in MTOR was identified and represents the first reported human condition due to a germline, familial MTOR mutation. We describe the findings in this family to highlight that (i) the path to determination of pathogenicity was confounded by the lack of genomic reference data for Australian Aboriginals and that (ii) the disease biology, functional analyses in this family, and studies on the tuberous sclerosis complex support consideration of an mTOR inhibitor as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Baynam
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, Princess Margaret and King Edward Memorial Hospitals, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Office of Population Health Genomics, Department of Health, Public Health and Clinical Services Division, Government of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Angela Overkov
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, Princess Margaret and King Edward Memorial Hospitals, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mark Davis
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, QEII Medical Centre, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kym Mina
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, QEII Medical Centre, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lyn Schofield
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, Princess Margaret and King Edward Memorial Hospitals, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Richard Allcock
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, QEII Medical Centre, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nigel Laing
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew Cook
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Australia and Translational Research Unit, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Hugh Dawkins
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Comparative Genomics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Population Health Research, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jack Goldblatt
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, Princess Margaret and King Edward Memorial Hospitals, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Office of Population Health Genomics, Department of Health, Public Health and Clinical Services Division, Government of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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11
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Hermann NV, Darvann TA, Larsen P, Lindholm P, Andersen M, Kreiborg S. A Pilot Study on the Influence of Facial Expression on Measurements in Three-Dimensional Digital Surfaces of the Face in Infants With Cleft Lip and Palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2015; 53:3-15. [PMID: 25844560 DOI: 10.1597/14-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Three-dimensional surface imaging is an increasingly popular modality for face measurements in infants with cleft lip and palate. Infants are noncompliant toward producing specific facial expressions, and selecting the appropriate moment of acquisition is challenging. The objective was to estimate amount and spatial distribution of deformation of the face due to facial expression in infants with cleft lip and palate and provide recommendations for an improved acquisition protocol, including a method of quality control in terms of obtaining images with true neutral expression. MATERIAL AND METHODS Three-dimensional surface images of ten 4-month-old infants with unrepaired cleft lip and palate were obtained using a 3dMDface stereophotogrammetric system. For each subject, five surface images judged as representing a neutral expression were obtained during the same photo session. Mean and maximum deformations were calculated. A formalized review was performed, allowing the image exhibiting the "best" neutral expression to be selected, thus decreasing errors due to residual facial expression. RESULTS Deformation due to facial expression generally increased from forehead to chin. The amount of deformation in three selected regions were determined: nose (mean, 1 mm; maximum = 3 mm); cleft region (mean, 2 mm; maximum = 5 mm); chin region (mean, 5 mm; maximum = 12 mm). Analysis indicated that introduction of a formalized review of images could reduce these errors by a factor of 2. CONCLUSIONS The continuous change of facial expression in infants represents a substantial source of error; however, this may be reduced by incorporating a formalized review into the acquisition protocol.
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12
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Baynam G, Walters M, Claes P, Kung S, LeSouef P, Dawkins H, Bellgard M, Girdea M, Brudno M, Robinson P, Zankl A, Groza T, Gillett D, Goldblatt J. Phenotyping: targeting genotype's rich cousin for diagnosis. J Paediatr Child Health 2015; 51:381-6. [PMID: 25109851 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There are many current and evolving tools to assist clinicians in their daily work of phenotyping. In medicine, the term 'phenotype' is usually taken to mean some deviation from normal morphology, physiology and behaviour. It is ascertained via history, examination and investigations, and a primary aim is diagnosis. Therefore, doctors are, by necessity, expert 'phenotypers'. There is an inherent and partially realised power in phenotypic information that when harnessed can improve patient care. Furthermore, phenotyping developments are increasingly important in an era of rapid advances in genomic technology. Fortunately, there is an expanding network of phenotyping tools that are poised for clinical translation. These tools will preferentially be implemented to mirror clinical workflows and to integrate with advances in genomic and information-sharing technologies. This will synergise with and augment the clinical acumen of medical practitioners. We outline key enablers of the ascertainment, integration and interrogation of clinical phenotype by using genetic diseases, particularly rare ones, as a theme. Successes from the test bed or rare diseases will support approaches to common disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Baynam
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Office of Population Health Genomics, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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13
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Chandir S, Ahamed KU, Baqui AH, Sutter RW, Okayasu H, Pallansch MA, Oberste MS, Moulton LH, Halsey NA. Effect of Buffer on the Immune Response to Trivalent Oral Poliovirus Vaccine in Bangladesh: A Community Based Randomized Controlled Trial. J Infect Dis 2014; 210 Suppl 1:S390-7. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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Claes P, Hill H, Shriver MD. Toward DNA-based facial composites: preliminary results and validation. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2014; 13:208-16. [PMID: 25194685 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The potential of constructing useful DNA-based facial composites is forensically of great interest. Given the significant identity information coded in the human face these predictions could help investigations out of an impasse. Although, there is substantial evidence that much of the total variation in facial features is genetically mediated, the discovery of which genes and gene variants underlie normal facial variation has been hampered primarily by the multipartite nature of facial variation. Traditionally, such physical complexity is simplified by simple scalar measurements defined a priori, such as nose or mouth width or alternatively using dimensionality reduction techniques such as principal component analysis where each principal coordinate is then treated as a scalar trait. However, as shown in previous and related work, a more impartial and systematic approach to modeling facial morphology is available and can facilitate both the gene discovery steps, as we recently showed, and DNA-based facial composite construction, as we show here. We first use genomic ancestry and sex to create a base-face, which is simply an average sex and ancestry matched face. Subsequently, the effects of 24 individual SNPs that have been shown to have significant effects on facial variation are overlaid on the base-face forming the predicted-face in a process akin to a photomontage or image blending. We next evaluate the accuracy of predicted faces using cross-validation. Physical accuracy of the facial predictions either locally in particular parts of the face or in terms of overall similarity is mainly determined by sex and genomic ancestry. The SNP-effects maintain the physical accuracy while significantly increasing the distinctiveness of the facial predictions, which would be expected to reduce false positives in perceptual identification tasks. To the best of our knowledge this is the first effort at generating facial composites from DNA and the results are preliminary but certainly promising, especially considering the limited amount of genetic information about the face contained in these 24 SNPs. This approach can incorporate additional SNPs as these are discovered and their effects documented. In this context we discuss three main avenues of research: expanding our knowledge of the genetic architecture of facial morphology, improving the predictive modeling of facial morphology by exploring and incorporating alternative prediction models, and increasing the value of the results through the weighted encoding of physical measurements in terms of human perception of faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Claes
- Medical Image Computing, ESAT/PSI, Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Medical Imaging Research Center, KU Leuven & UZ Leuven, iMinds-KU Leuven Future Health Department, Belgium.
| | - Harold Hill
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia.
| | - Mark D Shriver
- Department of Anthropology, Penn State University, 409 Carpenter Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
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15
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Ferry Q, Steinberg J, Webber C, FitzPatrick DR, Ponting CP, Zisserman A, Nellåker C. Diagnostically relevant facial gestalt information from ordinary photos. eLife 2014; 3:e02020. [PMID: 24963138 PMCID: PMC4067075 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial characteristics are highly informative for clinical geneticists when diagnosing genetic diseases. As a first step towards the high-throughput diagnosis of ultra-rare developmental diseases we introduce an automatic approach that implements recent developments in computer vision. This algorithm extracts phenotypic information from ordinary non-clinical photographs and, using machine learning, models human facial dysmorphisms in a multidimensional 'Clinical Face Phenotype Space'. The space locates patients in the context of known syndromes and thereby facilitates the generation of diagnostic hypotheses. Consequently, the approach will aid clinicians by greatly narrowing (by 27.6-fold) the search space of potential diagnoses for patients with suspected developmental disorders. Furthermore, this Clinical Face Phenotype Space allows the clustering of patients by phenotype even when no known syndrome diagnosis exists, thereby aiding disease identification. We demonstrate that this approach provides a novel method for inferring causative genetic variants from clinical sequencing data through functional genetic pathway comparisons.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02020.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Ferry
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Steinberg
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Caleb Webber
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David R FitzPatrick
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chris P Ponting
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Zisserman
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christoffer Nellåker
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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16
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Ferry Q, Steinberg J, Webber C, FitzPatrick DR, Ponting CP, Zisserman A, Nellåker C. Diagnostically relevant facial gestalt information from ordinary photos. eLife 2014. [PMID: 24963138 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02020.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial characteristics are highly informative for clinical geneticists when diagnosing genetic diseases. As a first step towards the high-throughput diagnosis of ultra-rare developmental diseases we introduce an automatic approach that implements recent developments in computer vision. This algorithm extracts phenotypic information from ordinary non-clinical photographs and, using machine learning, models human facial dysmorphisms in a multidimensional 'Clinical Face Phenotype Space'. The space locates patients in the context of known syndromes and thereby facilitates the generation of diagnostic hypotheses. Consequently, the approach will aid clinicians by greatly narrowing (by 27.6-fold) the search space of potential diagnoses for patients with suspected developmental disorders. Furthermore, this Clinical Face Phenotype Space allows the clustering of patients by phenotype even when no known syndrome diagnosis exists, thereby aiding disease identification. We demonstrate that this approach provides a novel method for inferring causative genetic variants from clinical sequencing data through functional genetic pathway comparisons.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02020.001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Ferry
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Steinberg
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Caleb Webber
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David R FitzPatrick
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chris P Ponting
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Zisserman
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christoffer Nellåker
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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17
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Yong R, Ranjitkar S, Townsend GC, Smith RN, Evans AR, Hughes TE, Lekkas D, Brook AH. Dental phenomics: advancing genotype to phenotype correlations in craniofacial research. Aust Dent J 2014; 59 Suppl 1:34-47. [DOI: 10.1111/adj.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Yong
- School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; South Australia Australia
| | - S Ranjitkar
- School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; South Australia Australia
| | - GC Townsend
- School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; South Australia Australia
| | - RN Smith
- School of Dentistry; The University of Liverpool; United Kingdom
| | - AR Evans
- School of Biological Sciences; Monash University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - TE Hughes
- School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; South Australia Australia
| | - D Lekkas
- School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; South Australia Australia
| | - AH Brook
- School of Dentistry; The University of Adelaide; South Australia Australia
- School of Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; United Kingdom
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18
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Sperber GH, Sperber SM. The genesis of craniofacial biology as a health science discipline. Aust Dent J 2014; 59 Suppl 1:6-12. [DOI: 10.1111/adj.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - SM Sperber
- University of Colorado; Denver Colorado USA
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19
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Frigerio A, Bhama PK, Tan OT. Quantitative three-dimensional assessment of port-wine stain clearance after laser treatments. Lasers Surg Med 2013; 45:633-8. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Frigerio
- Carolyn and Peter Lynch Center for Laser and Reconstructive Surgery; Harvard Medical School, Massachussets Eye and Ear Infirmary; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Prabhat K. Bhama
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otology and Laryngology; Harvard Medical School, Massachussets Eye and Ear Infirmary; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Oon T. Tan
- Carolyn and Peter Lynch Center for Laser and Reconstructive Surgery; Harvard Medical School, Massachussets Eye and Ear Infirmary; Boston Massachusetts
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20
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Objective monitoring of mTOR inhibitor therapy by three-dimensional facial analysis. Twin Res Hum Genet 2013; 16:840-4. [PMID: 23870680 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2013.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
With advances in therapeutics for rare, genetic and syndromic diseases, there is an increasing need for objective assessments of phenotypic endpoints. These assessments will preferentially be high precision, non-invasive, non-irradiating, and relatively inexpensive and portable. We report a case of a child with an extensive lymphatic vascular malformation of the head and neck, treated with an mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor that was assessed using 3D facial analysis. This case illustrates that this technology is prospectively a cost-effective modality for treatment monitoring, and it supports that it may also be used for novel explorations of disease biology for conditions associated with disturbances in the mTOR, and interrelated, pathways.
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Frigerio A, Bhama PK, Tan OT. Quantitative three-dimensional assessment of port-wine stain clearance after laser treatments. Lasers Surg Med 2013; 46:180-5. [PMID: 24155123 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Outcomes analysis of laser treatment for port-wine stains has been hampered by the lack of an objective measure of surface area and volume; moreover, treatment success is often gauged by clinician subjective assessment. Three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging has been applied in several medical disciplines to quantify surface changes, with promising results. We hypothesized that 3D surface imaging could be used to objectively measure changes in area and volume of port-wine stains following laser treatment. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective review of consecutive patients with port-wine stains treated over a 20-month time period. Area and volume of the lesions were measured using 3dMD photogrammetric software (3dMD, Atlanta, GA) before and after a series of sequential pulsed dye laser and/or alexandrite laser treatments. RESULTS Fifty-five patients with 59 port-wine stains were included in the study. The initial average measured area was 44.3 cm(2) ; final average measured area decreased to 36.9 cm(2) (P < 0.001). The average volume change was 1.20 cc for all PWS included in the study and 1.90 cc for lesions that received at least 5 laser treatments within the study period. CONCLUSION Three-dimensional photography demonstrated area and volume changes in patients with port-wine stains after laser treatments. Future studies to determine if statistically significant changes correlate with clinically appreciable changes are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Frigerio
- Carolyn and Peter Lynch Center for Laser and Reconstructive Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts
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