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Strupp C, Corvaro M, Cohen SM, Corton JC, Ogawa K, Richert L, Jacobs MN. Increased Cell Proliferation as a Key Event in Chemical Carcinogenesis: Application in an Integrated Approach for the Testing and Assessment of Non-Genotoxic Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13246. [PMID: 37686053 PMCID: PMC10488128 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to genotoxic carcinogens, there are currently no internationally agreed upon regulatory tools for identifying non-genotoxic carcinogens of human relevance. The rodent cancer bioassay is only used in certain regulatory sectors and is criticized for its limited predictive power for human cancer risk. Cancer is due to genetic errors occurring in single cells. The risk of cancer is higher when there is an increase in the number of errors per replication (genotoxic agents) or in the number of replications (cell proliferation-inducing agents). The default regulatory approach for genotoxic agents whereby no threshold is set is reasonably conservative. However, non-genotoxic carcinogens cannot be regulated in the same way since increased cell proliferation has a clear threshold. An integrated approach for the testing and assessment (IATA) of non-genotoxic carcinogens is under development at the OECD, considering learnings from the regulatory assessment of data-rich substances such as agrochemicals. The aim is to achieve an endorsed IATA that predicts human cancer better than the rodent cancer bioassay, using methodologies that equally or better protect human health and are superior from the view of animal welfare/efficiency. This paper describes the technical opportunities available to assess cell proliferation as the central gateway of an IATA for non-genotoxic carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samuel M. Cohen
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology and Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - J. Christopher Corton
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA;
| | - Kumiko Ogawa
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | | | - Miriam N. Jacobs
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UK HSA), Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, Harwell Innovation Campus, Dicot OX11 0RQ, UK
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Ingested nitrate and nitrite and stomach cancer risk: An updated review. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:3646-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Xie XL, Wei M, Kakehashi A, Yamano S, Okabe K, Tajiri M, Wanibuchi H. Dammar resin, a non-mutagen, inducts oxidative stress and metabolic enzymes in the liver of gpt delta transgenic mouse which is different from a mutagen, 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 748:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Rosado T, Conim A, Alves-Pereira I, Ferreira R. Vanadium pentoxide effects on stress responses in wine Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain UE-ME3. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2009; 18:1116-1122. [PMID: 19597706 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-009-0363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium pentoxide mainly used as catalyst in sulphuric acid, maleic anhydride and ceramics industry, is a pollutant watering redistributed around the environment. Research on biological influence of vanadium pentoxide has gained major importance because it exerts toxic effects on a wide variety of biological systems. In this work we intent to evaluate the effects of vanadium pentoxide ranging from 0 to 2 mM in culture media on a wine wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae from Alentejo region of Portugal. Our results show that 2.0 mM vanadium pentoxide in culture medium induced a significant increase of malonaldehyde level and Glutathione peroxidase activity, a slightly increase of Catalase A activity as well as a decrease of wet weight and mitochondrial NADH cit c reductase of S. cerevisiae UE-ME(3). Also our results show that cycloheximide prevent cell death when cells grows 30 min in presence of 1.5 mM of vanadium pentoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Rosado
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Evora, R.Romão Ramalho, 59, 7002-671, Evora, Portugal
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Takizawa Y, Miyazawa T, Nonoyama S, Goto YI, Itoh M. Edaravone inhibits DNA peroxidation and neuronal cell death in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy model rat. Pediatr Res 2009; 65:636-41. [PMID: 19247215 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181a16a9f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is the most frequent neurologic disease in the perinatal period. Its major cause is oxidative stress, which induces DNA peroxidation and apoptotic neuronal death. We examined 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) expression to evaluate brain damage in neonatal HIE and the therapeutic effect of edaravone, a free radical scavenger. Using HPLC and immunohistochemistry, the 8-OHdG levels of neonatal HIE model Sprague-Dawley rats that were subjected to left common carotid artery ligation and 2-h hypoxia significantly increased after 24-48 h of hypoxic-ischemic (HI) insult, but decreased after 72 h. Moreover, the number of apoptotic cells with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling and karyorrhexis significantly increased after 24-72 h of HI insult. In a therapeutic experiment, edaravone was administered i.p. (9 mg/kg) after HI insult every 24 h. Edaravone reduced both the apoptotic neuronal cell number and 8-OHdG expression after 24-48 h of HI. From a double immunofluorescent study, DNA peroxidation occurred in apoptotic neuronal cells with 8-OHdG expression. Edaravone may inhibit the number of apoptotic neuronal cells and 8-OHdG expression within 48 h after HI insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Takizawa
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
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Yuan JH, Li YQ, Yang XY. Protective effects of epigallocatechin gallate on colon preneoplastic lesions induced by 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f ] quinoline in mice. Mol Med 2008; 14:590-8. [PMID: 18596869 DOI: 10.2119/2007-00050.yuan] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a key active ingredient in green tea, has multiple anticarcinogenic effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate if EGCG could prevent the formation of colon aberrant crypt foci (ACF) induced by 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f ]quinoline (IQ) and to explore possible mechanisms for resultant effects. Sixty male BALB/cA nude, immunodeficient mice were divided into six groups including a normal unexposed control, mice induced with IQ alone, three groups treated with varying doses of EGCG post-IQ induction, and a EGCG-treated control population. Six weeks later, the mice were killed, and tissues subjected to hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and 0.2% methylene blue staining to observe histopathological alterations of colon mucus and the formation of ACF, respectively. Protein expression of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was assessed via immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western analysis, and mRNA levels of Nrf2 and uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)1A10 were determined in colon tissues. Our results demonstrate that, compared with IQ-induced controls, the degree of atypical hyperplasia decreased and the number of total ACF and total AC also decreased significantly (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) in mice belonging to all EGCG dosing groups. At the same time, the protein levels of Nrf2 detected by IHC and Western blotting increased (both P < 0.01 compared with IQ group), and the mRNA levels of Nrf2 and UGT1A10 increased (both P < 0.01 compared with IQ group). In conclusion, EGCG had preventive effects on preneoplastic lesions induced by IQ. Our observations suggest that this effect may be the result of activation of the Nrf2-UGT1A10 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hua Yuan
- Department of Digestive Disease, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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Plazar J, Hreljac I, Pirih P, Filipic M, Groothuis GMM. Detection of xenobiotic-induced DNA damage by the comet assay applied to human and rat precision-cut liver slices. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 21:1134-42. [PMID: 17459656 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2006] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The comet assay is a simple and sensitive method for measuring DNA damage at the level of individual cells and is extensively used in genotoxicity studies. It is commonly applied to cultured cells. The aim of this study was to apply the comet assay for use in fresh liver tissue, where metabolic activity, all cell types and tissue architecture are preserved. The response of liver slices to genotoxic agents was tested with the reactive oxygen species generating tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBOOH, 0.1-2 mM), [corrected] and the pro-carcinogens 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ, 0.5-2 mM) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP, 10-100 microM). Dose-dependent DNA damage was observed and compared to HepG2 cells. At non-cytotoxic concentrations of carcinogens, human liver slices were more sensitive to tBOOH than rat liver slices, while no significant difference was found for BaP and IQ. Human liver slices were more sensitive to IQ than HepG2 cells, equally sensitive to BaP and less to tBOOH. Control slices showed low levels of DNA damage, which did not increase during 24 h preservation (0 degrees C) or 48 h culturing (37 degrees C). In conclusion, the comet assay that we applied for measuring DNA damage in precision-cut liver slices is an useful tool to study genotoxic effects induced by various potential genotoxicants, allowing for detection of species differences in susceptibility to carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janja Plazar
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery, University Centre for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Kitamura Y, Umemura T, Kanki K, Kodama Y, Kitamoto S, Saito K, Itoh K, Yamamoto M, Masegi T, Nishikawa A, Hirose M. Increased susceptibility to hepatocarcinogenicity of Nrf2-deficient mice exposed to 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:19-24. [PMID: 17083568 PMCID: PMC11159668 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2006.00352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the roles of the transcription factor NF-E2-related factor (Nrf2) in hepatocarcinogenesis induced by 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), a mutagenic and carcinogenic heterocyclic amine, Nrf2-deficient mice were treated with 300 p.p.m. IQ in their diet for 1, 4 or 52 weeks. In the long-term experiment, the multiplicity and incidence of liver tumors in male and female IQ-treated Nrf2 deficient (-/-) mice were significantly higher than those in their counterpart wild-type (+/+) mice exposed to IQ. In the short-term experiment, although IQ exposure to Nrf2(+/+) mice of both sexes did not modify UDP-glucuronosyltransferase values, glutathione S-transferase values were significantly increased due to IQ treatment, in contrast to no alteration in male and female Nrf2(-/-) mice. Levels of oxidative stress markers such as 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the livers of all treated mice were not changed by IQ treatment. IQ-specific DNA adduct levels were elevated only in female Nrf2(-/-) mice, although the increase was not significant. IQ treatment caused an increase in proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling indices only in male Nrf2(-/-) mice. The present data clearly show that Nrf2(-/-) mice of both sexes are susceptible to IQ hepatocarcinogenicity, which might result from IQ accumulation due to failure of metabolizing enzyme induction. In addition, inconsistent results concerning IQ-specific adducts and proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling indices in male and female Nrf2(-/-) mice suggest the existence of different contributions of Nrf2 to IQ hepatocarcinogenesis between mice of the two sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuki Kitamura
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Kitamura Y, Umemura T, Kanki K, Ishii Y, Kuroiwa Y, Masegi T, Nishikawa A, Hirose M. Lung as a new target in rats of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline carcinogenesis: results of a two-stage model initiated with N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine. Cancer Sci 2006; 97:368-73. [PMID: 16630133 PMCID: PMC11158155 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2006.00191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of IQ on the promotion stage of DHPN-induced lung carcinogenesis and contributions of oxidative stress were investigated in rats. Groups of 20 male 6-week-old F344 rats were given 0.1% DHPN in their drinking water for 2 weeks for initiation. From the age of 9 weeks, they were treated with 0, 150 and 300 p.p.m. of IQ in the diet for 27 weeks. Control rats were similarly fed 300 p.p.m. IQ or basal diet alone without the preceding initiation. IQ clearly (P < 0.01) enhanced the multiplicity of lung tumors in a dose-dependent manner (DHPN alone, 3.63 +/- 1.80; DHPN +150 p.p.m. IQ, 11.50 +/- 5.04; DHPN +300 p.p.m. IQ, 18.83 +/- 4.58 [no./rat]). In addition, the incidence of lung tumors in the 300 p.p.m. IQ alone group (25%) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that in the non-treatment group (0%). In a second experiment, male rats were given IQ at doses of 0 and 300 p.p.m. in the diet for one week in order to analyze 8-OHdG formation, levels of TBARS and BrdU-LI in the lungs. There were no changes in 8-OHdG or TBARS levels, but significant elevation of BrdU-LI occurred in the IQ administration group. The overall data clearly indicate that IQ is a potent lung carcinogen in rats, in which oxidative stress may not be involved in lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuki Kitamura
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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