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Haino T, Nitta N. Supramolecular Synthesis of Star Polymers. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202400014. [PMID: 38407573 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Supramolecular polymers, in which monomers are assembled via intermolecular interactions, have been extensively studied. The fusion of supramolecular polymers with conventional polymers has attracted the attention of many researchers. In this review article, the recent progress in the construction of supramolecular star polymers, including regular star polymers and miktoarm star polymers, is discussed. The initial sections briefly provide an overview of the conventional classification and synthesis methods for star polymers. Coordination-driven self-assembly was investigated for the supramolecular synthesis of star polymers. Star polymers with multiple polymer chains radiating from metal-organic polyhedra (MOPs) have also been described. Particular focus has been placed on the synthesis of star polymers featuring supramolecular cores formed through hydrogen-bonding-directed self-assembly. After describing the synthesis of star polymers based on host-guest complexes, the construction of miktoarm star polymers based on the molecular recognition of coordination capsules is detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeharu Haino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
- International Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (WPI-SKCM2), Hiroshima University, 2-313 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Natsumi Nitta
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, 5640 South Elise Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, United States
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2
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Cohen Y, Slovak S, Avram L. Solution NMR of synthetic cavity containing supramolecular systems: what have we learned on and from? Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8856-8884. [PMID: 34486595 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02906a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
NMR has been instrumental in studies of both the structure and dynamics of molecular systems for decades, so it is not surprising that NMR has played a pivotal role in the study of host-guest complexes and supramolecular systems. In this mini-review, selected examples will be used to demonstrate the added value of using (multiparametric) NMR for studying macrocycle-based host-guest and supramolecular systems. We will restrict the discussion to synthetic host systems having a cavity that can engulf their guests thus restricting them into confined spaces. So discussion of selected examples of cavitands, cages, capsules and their complexes, aggregates and polymers as well as organic cages and porous liquids and other porous materials will be used to demonstrate the insights that have been gathered from the extracted NMR parameters when studying such systems emphasizing the information obtained from somewhat less routine NMR methods such as diffusion NMR, diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) and chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) and their variants. These selected examples demonstrate the impact that the results and findings from these NMR studies have had on our understanding of such systems and on the developments in various research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoram Cohen
- School of Chemistry, The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 699781, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Sarit Slovak
- School of Chemistry, The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 699781, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Liat Avram
- Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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Horin I, Adiri T, Zafrani Y, Cohen Y. Bis-resorcin[4]arene Selectively Forms Hexameric Capsules in Apolar Solvents: Evidence from Diffusion NMR. Org Lett 2018; 20:3958-3961. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Inbar Horin
- School of Chemistry, The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tal Adiri
- School of Chemistry, The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yossi Zafrani
- School of Chemistry, The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74000, Israel
| | - Yoram Cohen
- School of Chemistry, The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Sahu SN, Rozhenko AB, Eberhard J, Mattay J. Synthesis of a new photoresponsive molecular carcerand. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Avram L, Goldbourt A, Cohen Y. Hexameric Capsules Studied by Magic Angle Spinning Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy: Identifying Solvent Molecules in Pyrogallol[4]arene Capsules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201506683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liat Avram
- School of Chemistry; The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Ramat Aviv Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Amir Goldbourt
- School of Chemistry; The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Ramat Aviv Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Yoram Cohen
- School of Chemistry; The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Ramat Aviv Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
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Avram L, Goldbourt A, Cohen Y. Hexameric Capsules Studied by Magic Angle Spinning Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy: Identifying Solvent Molecules in Pyrogallol[4]arene Capsules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:904-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liat Avram
- School of Chemistry; The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Ramat Aviv Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Amir Goldbourt
- School of Chemistry; The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Ramat Aviv Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Yoram Cohen
- School of Chemistry; The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Ramat Aviv Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
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7
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Abstract
In the last decade diffusion NMR and diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) have become important analytical tools for the characterization of supramolecular systems in solution. Diffusion NMR can be used to glean information on the (effective) size and shape of molecular species, as well as to probe inter-molecular interactions and can be used to estimate the association constant (Ka) of a complex. In addition, the diffusion coefficient, as obtained from diffusion NMR, is a much more intuitive parameter than the chemical shift for probing self-association, aggregation and inter-molecular interactions. The diffusion coefficient may be an even more important analytical parameter in systems in which the formed supramolecular entity has the same symmetry as its building units, when there is a large change in the molecular weight, where many molecular species are involved in the formation of the supramolecular systems, and when proton transfer may occur which, in turn, may affect the chemical shift. Some of the self-assembled molecular capsules and cages prepared in the last decade represent such supramolecular systems and in the present review, following a short introduction on diffusion NMR, we survey the contribution of diffusion NMR and DOSY in the field of molecular containers and capsules. We will first focus on the role played by diffusion NMR in the field of hydrogen bond driven self-assembled capsules. We then survey the contributions of diffusion NMR and DOSY to the study and characterization of metal-ligand cages and capsules. Finally, we describe a few recent applications of diffusion NMR in the field of hydrophobic, electrostatic and covalent containers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Avram
- School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Science, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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8
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Guralnik V, Avram L, Cohen Y. Unique organization of solvent molecules within the hexameric capsules of pyrogallol[4]arene in solution. Org Lett 2014; 16:5592-5. [PMID: 25337806 DOI: 10.1021/ol502618v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The hexameric capsules of pyrogallol[4]arene (2b) were prepared in nondeuterated solvents in the absence and presence of adamantane carboxylic acid (3). The small encapsulated molecules were shown to occupy different sites within the same capsule. In the presence of 3, which are also encapsulated in the hexameric capsules, one observes yet another pair of signals for the encapsulated solvent molecules. Different NMR experiments enabled assignment of the different sites within the hexameric capsules of 2b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Guralnik
- School of Chemistry, The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University , Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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9
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Durot S, Taesch J, Heitz V. Multiporphyrinic cages: architectures and functions. Chem Rev 2014; 114:8542-78. [PMID: 25026396 DOI: 10.1021/cr400673y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Durot
- Laboratoire de Synthèse des Assemblages Moléculaires Multifonctionnels, Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS/UMR 7177 , 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Drachnik AM, Kumari H, Barnes CL, Deakyne CA, Atwood JL. Encapsulation of manganese and cobalt complexes within resorcin[4]arene dimers. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce00556b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Resorcin[4]arene capture of Mn2+ or Co2+ metals yields inclusion complexes 1, 2a and 2b.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harshita Kumari
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Missouri-Columbia
- Columbia, USA
| | | | - Carol A. Deakyne
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Missouri-Columbia
- Columbia, USA
| | - Jerry L. Atwood
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Missouri-Columbia
- Columbia, USA
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11
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Csók Z, Kégl T, Li Y, Skoda-Földes R, Kiss L, Kunsági-Máté S, Todd MH, Kollár L. Synthesis of elongated cavitands via click reactions and their use as chemosensors. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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12
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Ichihara K, Kawai H, Togari Y, Kikuta E, Kitagawa H, Tsuzuki S, Yoza K, Yamanaka M, Kobayashi K. Encapsulation-Induced Remarkable Stability of a Hydrogen-Bonded Heterocapsule. Chemistry 2013; 19:3685-92. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Reynolds JC, Chew MQ, Martin HJ, Stubbs EC, Waters MA, Crotty SC, Silvestre-Gonzalez V, Chan Y, Thomas CLP, Page PCB, Creaser CS, Heaney H. Gas-phase and solution studies of three resorcin[4]arene derivatives using electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2013; 19:253-263. [PMID: 24575624 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) has been used to study the relative gas-phase proton and alkali metal (Li, Na, K and Cs) binding affinities of three different resorcin[4]arenes using the kinetic method. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) was used to study the fragmentation of resorcin[4]arene heterodimer sandwich complexes, allowing the relative binding affinity order to be established. All the alkali metal cations have the same gas-phase binding affinity order with the resorcin[4]arene host molecules. At collision energies of > or = 13eV, one of the [resorcin[4]arene+Metal]+, (Metal = Li, Na, K) ions fragmented through break-up of the resorcin[4]arene, whilst the other host resorcin[4]arene remained intact, causing an apparent change in binding affinity at high collision energy. This effect was not observed with caesium, since all complex ions dissociated readily under CID by displacement of the caesium cation. The binding affinity for the protonated resorcin[4]arenes was found to be different from the alkali metal cation binding affinity because of the higher proton affinity of the nitrogen-containing resorcin[4]arenes. It is shown that resorcin[4]arenes containing an oxazine ring can be converted into a ring-opened derivative via an Eschweiler-CLarke reaction in the presence of formic acid. A second ring-opening process also occurs, including a hydrolysis reaction that results in apparent Losses of 12 mass units from the intact resorcin[4]arene. Both these reactions occur in solution before mass spectrometric investigation and cannot be achieved by CID. This observation was confirmed by inducing the Eschweiter-CLarke reaction in a model benzoxazine compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Reynolds
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Mei Q Chew
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Helen J Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Emma C Stubbs
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Marguerite A Waters
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Sarah C Crotty
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
| | | | - Yohan Chan
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - C L Paul Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Philip C Bulman Page
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Colin S Creaser
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Harry Heaney
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK
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Shishkina SV, Tarnovskiy A, Rozhkov V, Shishkin OV, Lukin O, Shivanyuk A. Binding properties and self-assembly of C2v-symmetrical resorcin[4]arene tetrabenzoates. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Bringmann S, Brodbeck R, Hartmann R, Schäfer C, Mattay J. Anthracene-resorcin[4]arene-based capsules: Synthesis and photoswitchable features. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:7491-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06030a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Molecular Capsules Derived from Resorcin[4]arenes by Metal-Coordination. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 319:99-124. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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