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Ghanem MS, Caffa I, Monacelli F, Nencioni A. Inhibitors of NAD + Production in Cancer Treatment: State of the Art and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2092. [PMID: 38396769 PMCID: PMC10889166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The addiction of tumors to elevated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels is a hallmark of cancer metabolism. Obstructing NAD+ biosynthesis in tumors is a new and promising antineoplastic strategy. Inhibitors developed against nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), the main enzyme in NAD+ production from nicotinamide, elicited robust anticancer activity in preclinical models but not in patients, implying that other NAD+-biosynthetic pathways are also active in tumors and provide sufficient NAD+ amounts despite NAMPT obstruction. Recent studies show that NAD+ biosynthesis through the so-called "Preiss-Handler (PH) pathway", which utilizes nicotinate as a precursor, actively operates in many tumors and accounts for tumor resistance to NAMPT inhibitors. The PH pathway consists of three sequential enzymatic steps that are catalyzed by nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT), nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferases (NMNATs), and NAD+ synthetase (NADSYN1). Here, we focus on these enzymes as emerging targets in cancer drug discovery, summarizing their reported inhibitors and describing their current or potential exploitation as anticancer agents. Finally, we also focus on additional NAD+-producing enzymes acting in alternative NAD+-producing routes that could also be relevant in tumors and thus become viable targets for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa S. Ghanem
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (I.C.); (F.M.)
| | - Irene Caffa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (I.C.); (F.M.)
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Monacelli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (I.C.); (F.M.)
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessio Nencioni
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (I.C.); (F.M.)
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
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2
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Tarasiuk O, Molteni L, Malacrida A, Nicolini G. The Role of NMNAT2/SARM1 in Neuropathy Development. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:61. [PMID: 38275737 PMCID: PMC10813049 DOI: 10.3390/biology13010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) commonly arises as a side effect of diverse cancer chemotherapy treatments. This condition presents symptoms such as numbness, tingling, and altered sensation in patients, often accompanied by neuropathic pain. Pathologically, CIPN is characterized by an intensive "dying-back" axonopathy, starting at the intra-epidermal sensory innervations and advancing retrogradely. The lack of comprehensive understanding regarding its underlying mechanisms explains the absence of effective treatments for CIPN. Recent investigations into axon degeneration mechanisms have pinpointed nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (NMNAT2) and sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing 1 protein (SARM1) as pivotal mediators of injury-induced axonal degeneration. In this review, we aim to explore various studies shedding light on the interplay between NMNAT2 and SARM1 proteins and their roles in the progression of CIPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Tarasiuk
- Experimental Neurology Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (L.M.); (A.M.); (G.N.)
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Jeje O, Otun S, Aloke C, Achilonu I. Exploring NAD + metabolism and NNAT: Insights from structure, function, and computational modeling. Biochimie 2024; 220:84-98. [PMID: 38182101 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+), a coenzyme, is ubiquitously distributed and serves crucial functions in diverse biological processes, encompassing redox reactions, energy metabolism, and cellular signalling. This review article explores the intricate realm of NAD + metabolism, with a particular emphasis on the complex relationship between its structure, function, and the pivotal enzyme, Nicotinate Nucleotide Adenylyltransferase (NNAT), also known as nicotinate mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NaMNAT), in the process of its biosynthesis. Our findings indicate that NAD + biosynthesis in humans and bacteria occurs via the same de novo synthesis route and the pyridine ring salvage pathway. Maintaining NAD homeostasis in bacteria is imperative, as most bacterial species cannot get NAD+ from their surroundings. However, due to lower sequence identity and structurally distant relationship of bacteria, including E. faecium and K. pneumonia, to its human counterpart, inhibiting NNAT, an indispensable enzyme implicated in NAD + biosynthesis, is a viable alternative in curtailing infections orchestrated by E. faecium and K. pneumonia. By merging empirical and computational discoveries and connecting the intricate NAD + metabolism network with NNAT's crucial role, it becomes clear that the synergistic effect of these insights may lead to a more profound understanding of the coenzyme's function and its potential applications in the fields of therapeutics and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olamide Jeje
- Protein Structure-Function and Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Sarah Otun
- Protein Structure-Function and Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa.
| | - Chinyere Aloke
- Protein Structure-Function and Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Ikechukwu Achilonu
- Protein Structure-Function and Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
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Chini CCS, Cordeiro HS, Tran NLK, Chini EN. NAD metabolism: Role in senescence regulation and aging. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e13920. [PMID: 37424179 PMCID: PMC10776128 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The geroscience hypothesis proposes that addressing the biology of aging could directly prevent the onset or mitigate the severity of multiple chronic diseases. Understanding the interplay between key aspects of the biological hallmarks of aging is essential in delivering the promises of the geroscience hypothesis. Notably, the nucleotide nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) interfaces with several biological hallmarks of aging, including cellular senescence, and changes in NAD metabolism have been shown to be involved in the aging process. The relationship between NAD metabolism and cellular senescence appears to be complex. On the one hand, the accumulation of DNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by low NAD+ can promote the development of senescence. On the other hand, the low NAD+ state that occurs during aging may inhibit SASP development as this secretory phenotype and the development of cellular senescence are both highly metabolically demanding. However, to date, the impact of NAD+ metabolism on the progression of the cellular senescence phenotype has not been fully characterized. Therefore, to explore the implications of NAD metabolism and NAD replacement therapies, it is essential to consider their interactions with other hallmarks of aging, including cellular senescence. We propose that a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between NAD boosting strategies and senolytic agents is necessary to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Christiano Silva Chini
- Metabolism and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Center on Aging, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Metabolism and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Center on Aging, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Heidi Soares Cordeiro
- Metabolism and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Center on Aging, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Metabolism and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Center on Aging, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Ngan Le Kim Tran
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science and Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesMayo ClinicJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Eduardo Nunes Chini
- Metabolism and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Center on Aging, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Metabolism and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Center on Aging, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative MedicineMayo Clinic College of MedicineJacksonvilleFloridaUSA
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Chiarugi A. Glaucoma: neuroprotection with NAD-based therapeutic interventions. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:869-879. [PMID: 37880000 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Clinical evidence shows that intraocular hypertension is not the primary pathogenetic event of glaucoma, whereas early neurodegeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) represents a key therapeutic target. Unfortunately, failure of clinical trials with neuroprotective agents, in particular those testing the anti-excitotoxic drug memantine, generated widespread skepticism regarding the possibility of counteracting neurodegeneration during glaucoma. New avenues for neuroprotective approaches to counteract glaucoma evolution have been opened by the identification of a programmed axonal degeneration (PAD) program triggered by increased nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN)/NAD concentration ratio. Positive results of proof-of-concept clinical studies based on sustaining axonal NAD homeostasis facilitated the design of Phase 2/3 trials. Here, I share my opinion on how neurodegeneration in glaucoma should be put into context, together with an appraisal of the pharmacological rationale of NAD-supporting therapies for use during glaucoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Chiarugi
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Headache Center and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
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Alexandris AS, Koliatsos VE. NAD +, Axonal Maintenance, and Neurological Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 39:1167-1184. [PMID: 37503611 PMCID: PMC10715442 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Significance: The remarkable geometry of the axon exposes it to unique challenges for survival and maintenance. Axonal degeneration is a feature of peripheral neuropathies, glaucoma, and traumatic brain injury, and an early event in neurodegenerative diseases. Since the discovery of Wallerian degeneration (WD), a molecular program that hijacks nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolism for axonal self-destruction, the complex roles of NAD+ in axonal viability and disease have become research priority. Recent Advances: The discoveries of the protective Wallerian degeneration slow (WldS) and of sterile alpha and TIR motif containing 1 (SARM1) activation as the main instructive signal for WD have shed new light on the regulatory role of NAD+ in axonal degeneration in a growing number of neurological diseases. SARM1 has been characterized as a NAD+ hydrolase and sensor of NAD+ metabolism. The discovery of regulators of nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (NMNAT2) proteostasis in axons, the allosteric regulation of SARM1 by NAD+ and NMN, and the existence of clinically relevant windows of action of these signals has opened new opportunities for therapeutic interventions, including SARM1 inhibitors and modulators of NAD+ metabolism. Critical Issues: Events upstream and downstream of SARM1 remain unclear. Furthermore, manipulating NAD+ metabolism, an overdetermined process crucial in cell survival, for preventing the degeneration of the injured axon may be difficult and potentially toxic. Future Directions: There is a need for clarification of the distinct roles of NAD+ metabolism in axonal maintenance as contrasted to WD. There is also a need to better understand the role of NAD+ metabolism in axonal endangerment in neuropathies, diseases of the white matter, and the early stages of neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 39, 1167-1184.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vassilis E. Koliatsos
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Curran CS, Kopp JB. The complexity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), hypoxic, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor cell signaling in chronic kidney disease. J Transl Med 2023; 21:706. [PMID: 37814337 PMCID: PMC10563221 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04584-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-stage detection of chronic kidney diseases (CKD) is important to treatment that may slow and occasionally halt CKD progression. CKD of diverse etiologies share similar histologic patterns of glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis. Macro-vascular disease and micro-vascular disease promote tissue ischemia, contributing to injury. Tissue ischemia promotes hypoxia, and this in turn activates the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs). HIF-1α and HIF-2α, share a dimer partner, HIF-1β, with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and are each activated in CKD and associated with kidney cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) depletion. The Preiss-Handler, salvage, and de novo pathways regulate NAD biosynthesis and gap-junctions regulate NAD cellular retention. In the Preiss-Handler pathway, niacin forms NAD. Niacin also exhibits crosstalk with HIF and AHR cell signals in the regulation of insulin sensitivity, which is a complication in CKD. Dysregulated enzyme activity in the NAD de novo pathway increases the levels of circulating tryptophan metabolites that activate AHR, resulting in poly-ADP ribose polymerase activation, thrombosis, endothelial dysfunction, and immunosuppression. Therapeutically, metabolites from the NAD salvage pathway increase NAD production and subsequent sirtuin deacetylase activity, resulting in reduced activation of retinoic acid-inducible gene I, p53, NF-κB and SMAD2 but increased activation of FOXO1, PGC-1α, and DNA methyltransferase-1. These post-translational responses may also be initiated through non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which are additionally altered in CKD. Nanoparticles traverse biological systems and can penetrate almost all tissues as disease biomarkers and drug delivery carriers. Targeted delivery of non-coding RNAs or NAD metabolites with nanoparticles may enable the development of more effective diagnostics and therapies to treat CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen S Curran
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, BG 10 RM 2C135, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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Güldenpfennig A, Hopp AK, Muskalla L, Manetsch P, Raith F, Hellweg L, Dördelmann C, Leslie Pedrioli D, Johnsson K, Superti-Furga G, Hottiger M. Absence of mitochondrial SLC25A51 enhances PARP1-dependent DNA repair by increasing nuclear NAD+ levels. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:9248-9265. [PMID: 37587695 PMCID: PMC10516648 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Though the effect of the recently identified mitochondrial NAD+ transporter SLC25A51 on glucose metabolism has been described, its contribution to other NAD+-dependent processes throughout the cell such as ADP-ribosylation remains elusive. Here, we report that absence of SLC25A51 leads to increased NAD+ concentration not only in the cytoplasm and but also in the nucleus. The increase is not associated with upregulation of the salvage pathway, implying an accumulation of constitutively synthesized NAD+ in the cytoplasm and nucleus. This results in an increase of PARP1-mediated nuclear ADP-ribosylation, as well as faster repair of DNA lesions induced by different single-strand DNA damaging agents. Lastly, absence of SLC25A51 reduces both MMS/Olaparib induced PARP1 chromatin retention and the sensitivity of different breast cancer cells to PARP1 inhibition. Together these results provide evidence that SLC25A51 might be a novel target to improve PARP1 inhibitor based therapies by changing subcellular NAD+ redistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anka Güldenpfennig
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease (DMMD), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School, Molecular Life Science Ph.D. Program, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ann-Katrin Hopp
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease (DMMD), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Science, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Muskalla
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease (DMMD), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School, Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Manetsch
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease (DMMD), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School, Molecular Life Science Ph.D. Program, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Raith
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lars Hellweg
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cyril Dördelmann
- Life Science Zurich Graduate School, Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research (IMCR), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Deena M Leslie Pedrioli
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease (DMMD), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kai Johnsson
- Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Science, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael O Hottiger
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease (DMMD), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Sadr Z, Ghasemi A, Rohani M, Alavi A. NMNAT1 and hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP): expanding the phenotypic spectrum of NMNAT1 variants. Neuromuscul Disord 2023; 33:295-301. [PMID: 36871412 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
In the NAD biosynthetic network, the nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT) enzyme fuels NAD as a co-substrate for a group of enzymes. Mutations in the nuclear-specific isoform, NMNAT1, have been extensively reported as the cause of Leber congenital amaurosis-type 9 (LCA9). However, there are no reports of NMNAT1 mutations causing neurological disorders by disrupting the maintenance of physiological NAD homeostasis in other types of neurons. In this study, for the first time, the potential association between a NMNAT1 variant and hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is described. Whole-exome sequencing was performed for two affected siblings diagnosed with HSP. Runs of homozygosity (ROH) were detected. The shared variants of the siblings located in the homozygosity blocks were selected. The candidate variant was amplified and Sanger sequenced in the proband and other family members. Homozygous variant c.769G>A:p.(Glu257Lys) in NMNAT1, the most common variant of NMNAT1 in LCA9 patients, located in the ROH of chromosome 1, was detected as a probable disease-causing variant. After detection of the variant in NMNAT1, as a LCA9-causative gene, ophthalmological and neurological re-evaluations were performed. No ophthalmological abnormality was detected and the clinical manifestations of these patients were completely consistent with pure HSP. No NMNAT1 variant had ever been previously reported in HSP patients. However, NMNAT1 variants have been reported in a syndromic form of LCA which is associated with ataxia. In conclusion, our patients expand the clinical spectrum of NMNAT1 variants and represent the first evidence of the probable correlation between NMNAT1 variants and HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sadr
- Genetics research center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aida Ghasemi
- Genetics research center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rohani
- Department of Neurology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hazrat Rasool Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Afagh Alavi
- Genetics research center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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McGuinness HY, Gu W, Shi Y, Kobe B, Ve T. SARM1-Dependent Axon Degeneration: Nucleotide Signaling, Neurodegenerative Disorders, Toxicity, and Therapeutic Opportunities. Neuroscientist 2023:10738584231162508. [DOI: 10.1177/10738584231162508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Axons are an essential component of the nervous system, and axon degeneration is an early feature of many neurodegenerative disorders. The NAD+ metabolome plays an essential role in regulating axonal integrity. Axonal levels of NAD+ and its precursor NMN are controlled in large part by the NAD+ synthesizing survival factor NMNAT2 and the pro-neurodegenerative NADase SARM1, whose activation triggers axon destruction. SARM1 has emerged as a promising axon-specific target for therapeutic intervention, and its function, regulation, structure, and role in neurodegenerative diseases have been extensively characterized in recent years. In this review, we first introduce the key molecular players involved in the SARM1-dependent axon degeneration program. Next, we summarize recent major advances in our understanding of how SARM1 is kept inactive in healthy neurons and how it becomes activated in injured or diseased neurons, which has involved important insights from structural biology. Finally, we discuss the role of SARM1 in neurodegenerative disorders and environmental neurotoxicity and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Y. McGuinness
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Australia
| | - Weixi Gu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Australia
| | - Yun Shi
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Australia
| | - Thomas Ve
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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The Role of CD38 in the Pathogenesis of Cardiorenal Metabolic Disease and Aging, an Approach from Basic Research. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040595. [PMID: 36831262 PMCID: PMC9954496 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for the leading causes of mortality, and the incidence of age-related diseases including cardiovascular disease, kidney disease and metabolic disease increases with age. NAD+ is a classic coenzyme that exists in all species, and that plays a crucial role in oxidation-reduction reactions. It is also involved in the regulation of many cellular functions including inflammation, oxidative stress and differentiation. NAD+ declines with aging in various organs, and the reduction in NAD+ is possibly involved in the development of age-related cellular dysfunction in cardiorenal metabolic organs through the accumulation of inflammation and oxidative stress. Levels of NAD+ are regulated by the balance between its synthesis and degradation. CD38 is the main NAD+-degrading enzyme, and CD38 is activated in response to inflammation with aging, which is associated with the reduction in NAD+ levels. In this review, focusing on CD38, we discuss the role of CD38 in aging and the pathogenesis of age-related diseases, including cardiorenal metabolic disease.
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Jiang C, Zhou Y, Yan L, Zheng J, Wang X, Li J, Jiang X. A prognostic NAD+ metabolism-related gene signature for predicting response to immune checkpoint inhibitor in glioma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1051641. [PMID: 36845744 PMCID: PMC9945104 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1051641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolism is involved in a series of cancer pathogenesis processes, and is considered a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment. However, a comprehensive analysis of NAD+ metabolism events on immune regulation and cancer survival has not yet been conducted. Here, we constructed a prognostic NAD+ metabolism-related gene signature (NMRGS) associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) efficacy in glioma. Methods 40 NAD+ metabolism-related genes (NMRGs) were obtained from the Reactome database and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. Glioma cases with transcriptome data and clinical information were obtained from Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). NMRGS was constructed based on the calculated risk score using univariate analysis, Kaplan-Meier analysis, multivariate Cox regression, and nomogram. This NMRGS was verified in training (CGGA693) and validation (TCGA and CGGA325) cohorts. The immune characteristics, mutation profile, and response to ICI therapy were subsequently analyzed for different NMRGS subgroups. Results Six NAD+ metabolism-related genes, including CD38, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide kinase (NADK), nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT), nicotinamide/nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 3 (NMNAT3), poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase family member 6 (PARP6), and poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase family member 9 (PARP9), were ultimately used to construct a comprehensive risk model for glioma patients. Patients in the NMRGS-high group showed a poorer survival outcome than those in the NMRGS-low group. The area under curve (AUC) indicated that NMRGS has good potential in glioma prognostic prediction. A nomogram with improved accuracy was established based on independent prognostic factors (NMRGS score, 1p19q codeletion status, and WHO grade). Furthermore, patients in the NMRGS-high group showed a more immunosuppressive microenvironment, higher tumor mutation burden (TMB), higher human leucocyte antigen (HLA) expression and a more therapeutic response to ICI therapy. Conclusions This study constructed a prognostic NAD+ metabolism-related signature associated with the immune landscape in glioma, which can be used for guiding individualized ICI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yujie Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lizhao Yan
- Department of Hand Surgery, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianglin Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Junjun Li, ; Xiaobing Jiang,
| | - Xiaobing Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Junjun Li, ; Xiaobing Jiang,
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Li W, Gao M, Hu C, Chen X, Zhou Y. NMNAT2: An important metabolic enzyme affecting the disease progression. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114143. [PMID: 36528916 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (NMNAT2) is an evolutionarily conserved nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) synthase located in the cytoplasm and Golgi apparatus. NMNAT2 has an important role in neurodegenerative diseases, malignant tumors, and other diseases that seriously endanger human health. NMNAT2 exerts a neuroprotective function through its NAD synthase activity and chaperone function. Among them, the NMNAT2-NAD+-Sterile alpha and Toll/interleukin-1 receptor motif-containing 1 (SARM1) axis is closely related to Wallerian degeneration. Physical injury or pathological stimulation will cause a decrease in NMNAT2, which activates SARM1, leading to axonal degeneration and the occurrence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer's disease, peripheral neuropathy, and other neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, NMNAT2 exerts a cancer-promoting role in solid tumors, including colorectal cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, and glioma, and is closely related to tumor occurrence and development. This paper reviews the chromosomal and subcellular localization of NMNAT2 and its basic biological functions. We also summarize the NMNAT2-related signal transduction pathway and the role of NMNAT2 in diseases. We aimed to provide a new perspective to comprehensively understand the relationship between NMNAT2 and its associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Cancer Research Institute, Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Mengxiang Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Cancer Research Institute, Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Chunhui Hu
- Teaching and Research Section of Clinical Nursing, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xiuwen Chen
- Teaching and Research Section of Clinical Nursing, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Cancer Research Institute, Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.
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Jones A, Kraus WL. Multiomics analysis of the NAD +-PARP1 axis reveals a role for site-specific ADP-ribosylation in splicing in embryonic stem cells. Genes Dev 2022; 36:601-617. [PMID: 35654456 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349335.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into a lineage-committed state is a dynamic process involving changes in cellular metabolism, epigenetic modifications, post-translational modifications, gene expression, and RNA processing. Here we integrated data from metabolomic, proteomic, and transcriptomic assays to characterize how alterations in NAD+ metabolism during the differentiation of mouse ESCs lead to alteration of the PARP1-mediated ADP-ribosylated (ADPRylated) proteome and mRNA isoform specialization. Our metabolomic analyses indicate that mESCs use distinct NAD+ biosynthetic pathways in different cell states: the de novo pathway in the pluripotent state, and the salvage and Preiss-Handler pathways as differentiation progresses. We observed a dramatic induction of PARP1 catalytic activity driven by enhanced nuclear NAD+ biosynthesis during the early stages of mESC differentiation (e.g., within 12 h of LIF removal). PARP1-modified proteins in mESCs are enriched for biological processes related to stem cell maintenance, transcriptional regulation, and RNA processing. The PARP1 substrates include core spliceosome components, such as U2AF35 and U2AF65, whose splicing functions are modulated by PARP1-mediated site-specific ADP-ribosylation. Finally, we observed that splicing is dysregulated genome-wide in Parp1 knockout mESCs. Together, these results demonstrate a role for the NAD+-PARP1 axis in the maintenance of mESC state, specifically in the splicing program during differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarin Jones
- The Laboratory of Signaling and Gene Expression, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,The Division of Basic Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Program in Genetics, Development, and Disease, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - W Lee Kraus
- The Laboratory of Signaling and Gene Expression, Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,The Division of Basic Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Program in Genetics, Development, and Disease, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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