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Asenjo S, Nuñez O, Segú-Tell J, Pardo Romaguera E, Cañete Nieto A, Martín-Méndez I, Bel-Lan A, García-Pérez J, Cárceles-Álvarez A, Ortega-García JA, Ramis R. Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) topsoil levels and incidence of childhood leukemias. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:2341-2354. [PMID: 34286388 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01030-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There are few well-established risk factors for childhood leukemias. While the frequency of childhood leukemias might be partially attributable to some diseases (accounting for a small fraction of cases) or ionizing radiation, the role of heavy metals has not been assessed. The objective of our study was to assess the potential association between levels of cadmium (Cd) and lead (PB) in soil and childhood leukemias incidence. We conducted a population-based case-control study of childhood leukaemia in Spain, covering 2897 incident cases gathered from the Spanish Registry of Childhood Tumours and including 14 Spanish Regions with a total population of 5,307,433 children (period 1996-2015). Cd and Pb bioavailable levels at every children's home address were estimated using data from the Geochemical Atlas of Spain. We used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs); we included as covariates: sex, rurality, employment rate and socioeconomic status. Metal levels were analysed according to two definitions: as continuous variable assuming linearity and as categorical variables to explore a potentially nonlinear association (quantiles). Increases in both Cd and Pb topsoil levels were associated with increased probability of childhood leukemias incidence. The results for the models with the continuous variables showed that a unit increase on the topsoil level was associated with an OR of 1.11 for Cd (95%CI 1.00-1.24) and an OR of 1.10 for Pb (95%CI 0.99-1.21). Our study may point towards a possible link between residential Cd and Pb topsoil levels and the probability of childhood leukemias incidence. Residing in a location with the highest concentrations of these heavy metals compared to those locations with the lowest could increase the risk around a 20%, for both Cd and Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier Nuñez
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, National Centre of Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Segú-Tell
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, National Centre of Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Pardo Romaguera
- Spanish Registry of Childhood Tumours (RETI-SEHOP), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Adela Cañete Nieto
- Spanish Registry of Childhood Tumours (RETI-SEHOP), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- H. Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Javier García-Pérez
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, National Centre of Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Cárceles-Álvarez
- Paediatric Environmental Health Speciality Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Research, IMIB-Arrixaca, Clinical University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- European and Latin American Environment, Survival and Childhood Cancer Network (ENSUCHICA), Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Ortega-García
- Paediatric Environmental Health Speciality Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Biomedical Research, IMIB-Arrixaca, Clinical University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- European and Latin American Environment, Survival and Childhood Cancer Network (ENSUCHICA), Murcia, Spain
| | - Rebeca Ramis
- Cancer and Environmental Epidemiology Unit, National Centre of Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
- Centre for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública - CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
- European and Latin American Environment, Survival and Childhood Cancer Network (ENSUCHICA), Murcia, Spain.
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Chrysochou E, Koukoulakis K, Kanellopoulos PG, Sakellari A, Karavoltsos S, Dassenakis M, Minaidis M, Maropoulos G, Bakeas E. Human serum elements' levels and leukemia: A first pilot study from an adult Greek cohort. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 68:126833. [PMID: 34371329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study focuses on the evaluation of potential relationships between trace elements and acute and chronic types of leukemia, via the determination of their levels in human blood serum. METHODS A total of 199 serum samples from a Greek cohort were examined, including both leukemia cases and controls. Elements' analysis was carried out using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and demographic features such as age, gender, smoking habits and area of residence were recorded and statistically treated applying Shapiro-Wilk, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann Whitney and Kruskal Wallis tests (p < 0.05). Spearman correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) were also performed to investigate possible associations. RESULTS The results demonstrated significantly higher (p < 0.05) trace elements concentrations in cases' serum compared to that of controls excluding Ba, with Cu (median concentration 1295 μg L-1) being the most abundant in cases. Additionally, concentration of toxic Pb and Cd were found at seven and four fold higher concentrations in cases, respectively. Among the trace elements examined, only Rb (164 μg L-1) was detected in higher concentrations in controls. Ba, Cd and Co presented the lowest concentrations (lower than 1 μg L-1). PCA was performed for overall and classified data, indicating a stronger relation among the toxic As, Cd, Ni and Pb in cases than controls, particularly referring to smokers and industrial sites' residents. Hematological parameters and factors such as age and gender did not present any significant outcome or correlation. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this pilot study suggest a potential relationship between metals and leukemia, especially concerning the toxic ones. Results from the employed source apportionment tools imply that smoking and atmospheric degradation may be positively related with higher metal serum levels in leukemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Chrysochou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografos, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15784, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Koukoulakis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografos, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15784, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Georgios Kanellopoulos
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografos, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15784, Greece.
| | - Aikaterini Sakellari
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografos, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15784, Greece.
| | - Sotirios Karavoltsos
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografos, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15784, Greece.
| | - Manos Dassenakis
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografos, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15784, Greece.
| | | | | | - Evangelos Bakeas
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografos, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, 15784, Greece.
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Ohanian M, Telouk P, Kornblau S, Albarede F, Ruvolo P, Tidwell RSS, Plesa A, Kanagal-Shamanna R, Matera EL, Cortes J, Carson A, Dumontet C. A heavy metal baseline score predicts outcome in acute myeloid leukemia. Am J Hematol 2020; 95:422-434. [PMID: 31944361 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite abundant epidemiological data linking metals to leukemia and other cancers, baseline values of toxic and essential metals in patients with leukemia and the clinical impact of these metals remain unknown. Thus, we sought to quantify metal values in untreated patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and controls and determine the impact of metal values on AML patients' survival. Serum samples from patients with untreated AML and controls at Hospices Civils de Lyon were analyzed and compared for trace metals and copper isotopic abundance ratios with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Survival analysis was performed as a function of metal values, and a multi-metal score was developed for patients with AML. Serum samples were collected from 67 patients with untreated AML and 94 controls. Most patients had intermediate-risk cytogenetics (63.1%) without FLT3 internal tandem duplication mutations (75.6%) or NPM1 mutations (68.1%). Most metal values differed significantly between AML and control groups. Patients with lower magnesium and higher cadmium values had the worst survival rates, with only 36% surviving at 6 months (P = .001). The adverse prognostic effect of this combination was maintained on multivariate analysis. Based on this, we developed a novel metal score, which accounts for multiple relative abnormalities in the values of five toxic and five essential metals. Patients with a higher metal score had significantly worse survival, which was maintained on multivariate analysis (P = .03). This baseline metal scoring system was also prognostic when we applied it to a separate population of front-line AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maro Ohanian
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Philippe Telouk
- Department of Géosciences, École Normal Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Steven Kornblau
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Francis Albarede
- Department of Géosciences, École Normal Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Peter Ruvolo
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rebecca S S Tidwell
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Adriana Plesa
- CRCL, INSERM 1052/CNRS 5286, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Rashmi Kanagal-Shamanna
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Eva-Laure Matera
- CRCL, INSERM 1052/CNRS 5286, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Arch Carson
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas
| | - Charles Dumontet
- CRCL, INSERM 1052/CNRS 5286, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Blakley BR, Gagnon JM, Rousseaux CG. The effect of a commercial 2,4-D formulation on chemical- and viral-induced tumor production in mice. J Appl Toxicol 1992; 12:245-9. [PMID: 1430774 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2550120406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Male CD-1 mice were exposed to a commercial formulation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), the amine derivative, in the drinking water at concentrations ranging from 0 to 0.163% of the formulated product, equivalent to approximately 0-50 mg kg-1 day-1 2,4-D content. The effect of 2,4-D on urethan-induced pulmonary adenoma formation was evaluated following a 105-day exposure. Urethan-induced sleeping times observed following an i.p. injection of urethan (1.5 mg g-1) after 3 weeks of 2,4-D exposure were not altered by 2,4-D, indicating that 2,4-D did not influence urethan elimination. Pulmonary adenoma production, which was evaluated 84 days after urethan injection, was enhanced by 2,4-D exposure but had no effect on tumor size. The effect of 2,4-D on the incidence of spontaneous murine lymphocytic leukemia was evaluated during the 365-day treatment period. Mortality associated with the leukemia virus was not altered by 2,4-D treatment. Exposure to this commercial 2,4-D product at moderately high levels of exposure may modify the development or expression of certain tumors in CD-1 mice. The mechanism of the co-carcinogenic or tumor-promoting activity associated with 2,4-D exposure remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Blakley
- Department of Veterinary Physiological Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Cohen AJ, Roe FJ. Review of lead toxicology relevant to the safety assessment of lead acetate as a hair colouring. Food Chem Toxicol 1991; 29:485-507. [PMID: 1894216 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(91)90096-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The literature on lead toxicology has been critically reviewed to provide a safety assessment of lead acetate as a hair colouring. The main objectives were: (i) to determine the additional lead contribution from hair-colouring use to the total daily environmental lead intake; and (ii) to assess the toxicological significance of this additional contribution. The review also focuses attention on newer issues of concern over the effects of environmental lead on human health. Data available in animals and humans (including occupational exposure), mainly on lead acetate and other inorganic lead salts, have been presented and evaluated in respect of the following: absorption, distribution and excretion following ingestion; percutaneous absorption; carcinogenicity; genotoxicity; reproductive toxicity; neurological/behavioural status with particular reference to neuropsychological effects in children; and effects on other systems (e.g. cardiovascular). It is concluded that the absorption of lead from hair-colouring use represents about 0.5% of the lead absorption from the current average daily environmental lead intake. No convincing evidence could be found of any deleterious effect of current environmental lead levels on human health and thus the tiny contribution of lead acetate exposure from hair-colouring use can be regarded unequivocally as being toxicologically insignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Cohen
- Toxicology Advisory Services, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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