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Chen Y, Yang H, Chen S, Lu Z, Li B, Jiang T, Xuan M, Ye R, Liang H, Liu X, Liu Q, Tang H. SIRT1 regulated hexokinase-2 promoting glycolysis is involved in hydroquinone-enhanced malignant progression in human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113757. [PMID: 35714482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reprogramming of cellular metabolism is a vital event during tumorigenesis. The role of glycolysis in malignant progression promoted by hydroquinone (HQ), one of the metabolic products of benzene, remains to be understood. Recently, we reported the overexpression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in HQ-enhanced malignant progression of TK6 cells and hypothesized that SIRT1 might contribute to glycolysis and favor tumorigenesis. Our data showed that acute exposure of TK6 cells to HQ for 48 h inhibited glycolysis, as indicated by reduction in glucose consumption, lactate production, hexokinase activity, and the expression of SIRT1 and glycolytic enzymes, including HIF-1α, hexokinase-2 (HK-2), ENO-1, glucose transporter 1 (Glut-1), and lactic dehydrogenase A (LDHA). Knockdown of SIRT1 or inhibition of glycolysis using the glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) downregulated the levels of SIRT1 and glycolytic enzymes and significantly enhanced HQ-induced cell apoptosis, although knockdown of SIRT1 or 2-DG alone had little effect on apoptosis. Furthermore, immunofluorescence and Co-IP assays demonstrated that SIRT1 regulated the expression of HK-2, and HQ treatment caused a decrease in SIRT1 and HK-2 binding to mitochondria. Importantly, we found that glycolysis was promoted with increasing HQ treatment weeks. Long-term HQ exposure increased the expression of SIRT1 and several glycolytic enzymes and promoted malignant cell progression. Moreover, compared with the PBS group, glucose consumption and lactate production increased after 10 weeks of HQ exposure, and the protein levels of SIRT1 and HK-2 were increased after 15 weeks of HQ exposure, while those of Glut-1, ENO-1, and LDHA were elevated. In addition, SIRT1 knockdown HQ 19 cells exhibited decreased lactate production, glucose consumption, glycolytic enzymes expression, cell growth, and tumor formation in nude mice. Our findings identify the high expression of SIRT1 as a strong oncogenic driver that positively regulates HK-2 and promotes glycolysis in HQ-accelerated malignant progression of TK6 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Chen
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Shaoyun Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, Shenzhen Baoan Women's and Children's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518102, China
| | - Zhaohong Lu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Boxin Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Tikeng Jiang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Mei Xuan
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Ruifang Ye
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Hairong Liang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Xiaoshan Liu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Qizhan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China; Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huanwen Tang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong 523808, China.
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Effects of Sodium Pyruvate on Vanadyl Sulphate-Induced Reactive Species Generation and Mitochondrial Destabilisation in CHO-K1 Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050909. [PMID: 35624773 PMCID: PMC9137755 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Vanadium is ranked as one of the world’s critical metals considered important for economic growth with wide use in the steel industry. However, its production, applications, and emissions related to the combustion of vanadium-containing fuels are known to cause harm to the environment and human health. Pyruvate, i.e., a glucose metabolite, has been postulated as a compound with multiple cytoprotective properties, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of the present study was to examine the antioxidant potential of sodium pyruvate (4.5 mM) in vanadyl sulphate (VOSO4)-exposed CHO-K1 cells. Dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate and dihydrorhodamine 123 staining were performed to measure total and mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), respectively. Furthermore, mitochondrial damage was investigated using MitoTell orange and JC-10 staining assays. We demonstrated that VOSO4 alone induced a significant rise in ROS starting from 1 h to 3 h after the treatment. Additionally, after 24 and 48 h of exposure, VOSO4 elicited both extensive hyperpolarisation and depolarisation of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). The two-way ANOVA analysis of the results showed that, through antagonistic interaction, pyruvate prevented VOSO4-induced total ROS generation, which could be observed at the 3 h time point. In addition, through the independent action and antagonistic interaction with VOSO4, pyruvate provided a pronounced protective effect against VOSO4-mediated mitochondrial toxicity at 24-h exposure, i.e., prevention of VOSO4-induced hyperpolarisation and depolarisation of MMP. In conclusion, we found that pyruvate exerted cytoprotective effects against vanadium-induced toxicity at least in part by decreasing ROS generation and preserving mitochondrial functions
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Zhao Y, Kang X, Shang D, Ning J, Ding H, Zhai Y, Sheng X. Hyperaccumulation of cadmium by scallop Chlamys farreri revealed by comparative transcriptome analysis. Biometals 2020; 33:397-413. [PMID: 33011849 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-020-00257-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a hazardous environmental contaminant, which has a serious effect on the ecosystem, food safety and human health. Scallop could accumulate high concentration of Cd from the environment and has been regarded as a Cd hyper-accumulator. In this work, we investigated the antioxidative defense, detoxification and transport of Cd in the kidneys of scallops by transcriptome analysis. A total of 598 differentially expressed genes including 387 up-regulated and 211 down-regulated ones were obtained during Cd exposure, and 46 up-regulated and 260 down-regulated ones were obtained during depuration. Cadmium exposure could cause oxidative stress in the kidneys, which was particularly shown in the pathways involved in proteasome and oxidative phosphorylation. The mRNA expression of 5 metallothionein (MT) genes were overexpressed under Cd exposure and significantly decreased during Cd depuration, which played a vital role in Cd chelation and detoxification. The expression of divalent metal transporter (DMT) genes were down-regulated insignificantly during accumulation and depuration of Cd, which suggested that the DMT played little roles in Cd transport in scallops. A positive relationship in the expression of the zinc transporter (ZIP6 and ZIP1) genes with Cd exposure and depuration was observed, which confirmed its important role for Cd uptake in the kidneys of scallops. 26S proteasome activities and MT expression were Cd-dependent. This study supplied the important reference on the hyperaccumulation of Cd by scallops and identified some effective bioindicators for the environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Zhao
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.,Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xuming Kang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China. .,Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Derong Shang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.,Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jinsong Ning
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China. .,Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Haiyan Ding
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.,Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yuxiu Zhai
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.,Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiaofeng Sheng
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
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Mitigating effect of paxilline against injury produced by Cd 2+ in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 and ascites hepatoma AS-30D cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 196:110519. [PMID: 32244116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
On two rat cell lines, pheochromocytoma PC12 and ascites hepatoma AS-30D, and on rat liver mitochondria we studied action of paxilline (lipophilic mycotoxin from fungus Penicillium paxilli which is blocker of large-conductance potassium channels) against harmful effects of Cd(II) - one of the most dangerous toxic metals and environmental pollutants. We investigated an influence of paxilline on cell viability and mitochondrial function in the presence and in the absence of Cd2+. As found, paxilline protected partially from the Cd2+-induced cytotoxicity, namely taken in concentration of 1 μM it decreased the Cd2+-induced cell necrosis in average by 10-14 or 13-23% for AS-30D and PC12 cells, respectively. Nevertheless, paxilline did not affect the Cd2+-induced apoptosis of AS-30D cells. The alleviating concentration of paxilline reduced an intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in PC12 cells intoxicated by Cd2+ and enhanced the ROS production in control AS-30D cells; however, it weakly affected mitochondrial membrane potential of the cells in the absence and in the presence of Cd2+. The ameliorative concentration of paxilline decreased the maximal respiration rates of control cells of both types after short-term (3-5 h) treatment with it while the rates reached their control levels after long-term (24-48 h) incubation with the drug. Paxilline was not protective against the Cd2+-induced membrane permeability and respiration rate changes in isolated rat liver mitochondria. As result, the mitochondrial electron transport chain was concluded to contribute in the mitigating effect of paxilline against the Cd2+-produced cell injury.
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Marom A, Berkovitch Y, Toume S, Alvarez-Elizondo MB, Weihs D. Non-damaging stretching combined with sodium pyruvate supplement accelerate migration of fibroblasts and myoblasts during gap closure. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2019; 62:96-103. [PMID: 30711737 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sustained, low- and mid-level (3-6%), radial stretching combined with varying concentrations of sodium pyruvate (NaPy) supplement increase the migration rate during microscale gap closure following an in vitro injury; NaPy is a physiological supplement often used in cell-culture media. Recently we showed that low-level tensile strains accelerate in vitro kinematics during en masse cell migration; topically applied mechanical deformations also accelerate in vivo healing in larger wounds. The constituents and nutrients at injury sites change. Thus, we combine a supplement with stretching conditions to effectively accelerate wound healing. METHODS Monolayers of murine fibroblasts (NIH3T3) or myoblasts (C2C12) were cultured in 1 mM NaPy on stretchable, linear-elastic substrates. Monolayers were subjected to 0, 3, or 6% stretching using a custom three-dimensionally printed stretching apparatus, micro-damage was immediately induced, media was replaced with fresh media containing 0, 1, or 5 mM NaPy, and cell migration kinematics during gap-closure were quantitatively evaluated. FINDINGS In myoblasts, the smallest evaluated strain (3%, minimal risk of damage) combined with preinjury (1 mM) and post-injury exogenous NaPy supplements accelerated gap closure in a statistically significant manner; response was NaPy concentration dependent. In both fibroblasts and myoblasts, when cells were pre-exposed to NaPy, yet no supplement was provided post-injury, mid-level stretches (6%) compensated for post-injury deficiency in exogenous NaPy and accelerated gap-closure in a statistically significant manner. INTERPRETATION Small deformations combined with NaPy supplement prior-to and following cell-damage accelerate en masse cell migration and can be applied in wound healing, e.g. to preventatively accelerate closure of microscale gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Marom
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yulia Berkovitch
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Samer Toume
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | | | - Daphne Weihs
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
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Antagonistic effects of lycopene on cadmium-induced hippocampal dysfunctions in autophagy, calcium homeostatis and redox. Oncotarget 2018; 8:44720-44731. [PMID: 28615536 PMCID: PMC5546513 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), a widely existed environmental contaminant, was shown to trigger neurotoxicity by regulating autophagy, ion homeostasis and redox. Lycopene (LYC) is a natural substance with potent antioxidant capacity. Nevertheless, little is known about i) the relationship of Cd-induced neurotoxicity and autophagy, ion homeostasis as well as redox in the hippocampus; ii) the role of LYC in the regulation of hippocampal autophagy, ionic balance and antioxidant capacity during Cd exposure. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the Cd exposure-induced hippocampal dysfunctions for neurotoxicity, and the preventive potential of LYC on the hippocampus impairment by reversing the dysfunctions during the exposure. In vivo study with mice model demonstrated that Cd exposure increased gene expression of a wide spectrum of autophagy-related gene (ATG) and gene regulating autophagy in hippocampus. This suggests the activation of hippocampal autophagy mediated by Cd. Cd exposure also decreased Ca2+-ATPase activity, thus increasing intracellular Ca2+ concentration in hippocampus, indicating the possibility that Cd-induced autophagy requires the Ca2+ signaling. Moreover, Cd exposure triggered redox stress in hippocampus cells, as antioxidant enzyme activities were decreased while oxidative productions were promoted. Cd exposure led to severe cytotoxicity in hippocampus cells. Of important note, all the hippocampal dysfunctions upon Cd exposure were reversed by LYC treatment to normal situations, and exposure-induced neurotoxicity was abrogated. The in vivo findings were recapitulated relevantly in the mouse hippocampal neuronal cell line, TH22. In all, the above data imply that LYC could be a potent therapeutic agent in treating Cd-triggered hippocampal dysfunctions and subsequent cell damage.
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Zwolak I, Gołębiowska D. Protective activity of pyruvate against vanadium-dependent cytotoxicity in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells. Toxicol Ind Health 2018. [PMID: 29529943 DOI: 10.1177/0748233718754979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With increasing human exposure to vanadium-containing compounds and growing concern over their impact on human health, identification of safe methods for efficient treatment of vanadium poisoning may be of value. In this study, using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells, we show that the toxicity of vanadyl sulphate (VOSO4) is mitigated in the presence of sodium pyruvate. The exposure of CHO-K1 cells to 100 μM VOSO4 for 48 h induced significant cytotoxicity (measured with a resazurin assay) and elevation of the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), a lipid peroxidation product, in the examined cells. When added simultaneously with VOSO4 to the culture medium, pyruvate (4.5 mM) reduced VOSO4-mediated cytotoxicity by twofold and inhibited MDA formation. Phase-contrast microscopy confirmed that the general morphology of cell cultures treated with 100 μM VOSO4 and 4.5 mM pyruvate was improved compared to VOSO4-only treated cells. The two-way analysis of variance revealed that the reduction of the adverse effects of VOSO4 in the presence of pyruvate was due to the independent action of pyruvate as well as antagonistic interaction between VOSO4 and pyruvate. From these data, it can be concluded that the pyruvate treatment may play a beneficial role in reducing vanadium-triggered health hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Zwolak
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dorota Gołębiowska
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów, Lublin, Poland
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Chen J, Li X, Li X, Chen D. The environmental pollutant BDE-209 regulates NO/cGMP signaling through activation of NMDA receptors in neurons. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:3397-3407. [PMID: 29151189 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0651-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The common flame retardant decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) is a persistent organic pollutant. Epidemiological studies have revealed that prenatal or postnatal exposure to BDE-209 can result in delayed cognitive development, and BDE-209 has been shown to be toxic to cultured neurons with maturation interference effects. However, its neurotoxic mechanism remains unclear. Nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO/cGMP) signaling plays an important role in regulating neuronal maturation. We examined the influence of BDE-209 (100, 200, and 400 nM) on NO production and cGMP levels signaling in rodent neurons in vitro, with or without pretreatment N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonism. We found that nanomolar concentrations of BDE-209 affected levels of the second messengers NO and cGMP, and that these effects could be blocked by NMDA receptor antagonism. Moreover, BDE-209 activation of NMDA receptors inhibited the expression of phosphodiesterases (PDEs), which modulate intracellular cGMP levels, and increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, favoring apoptosis induction. Our studies implicate the NMDA-NO/cGMP pathway in the pathogenic mechanism through which BDE-209 induces neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsi Chen
- Department of Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Institute of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510150, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, 510150, China
- Key Laboratories for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Xiuying Li
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Institute of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Institute of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Dunjin Chen
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Institute of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
- Key Laboratories for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
- , No.63, Duobao Road, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
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Gefen A, Weihs D. Mechanical cytoprotection: A review of cytoskeleton-protection approaches for cells. J Biomech 2016; 49:1321-1329. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Sandbichler AM, Höckner M. Cadmium Protection Strategies--A Hidden Trade-Off? Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010139. [PMID: 26805823 PMCID: PMC4730378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential transition metal which is introduced into the biosphere by various anthropogenic activities. Environmental pollution with Cd poses a major health risk and Cd toxicity has been extensively researched over the past decades. This review aims at changing the perspective by discussing protection mechanisms available to counteract a Cd insult. Antioxidants, induction of antioxidant enzymes, and complexation of Cd to glutathione (GSH) and metallothionein (MT) are the most potent protective measures to cope with Cd-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, protection mechanisms include prevention of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, mitophagy and metabolic stress, as well as expression of chaperones. Pre-exposure to Cd itself, or co-exposure to other metals or trace elements can improve viability under Cd exposure and cells have means to reduce Cd uptake and improve Cd removal. Finally, environmental factors have negative or positive effects on Cd toxicity. Most protection mechanisms aim at preventing cellular damage. However, this might not be possible without trade-offs like an increased risk of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martina Höckner
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Zoology, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Baláž P, Baláž M, Dutková E, Zorkovská A, Kováč J, Hronec P, Kováč J, Čaplovičová M, Mojžiš J, Mojžišová G, Eliyas A, Kostova NG. CdS/ZnS nanocomposites: from mechanochemical synthesis to cytotoxicity issues. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 58:1016-23. [PMID: 26478399 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
CdS/ZnS nanocomposites have been prepared by a two-step solid-state mechanochemical synthesis. CdS has been prepared from cadmium acetate and sodium sulfide precursors in the first step. The obtained cubic CdS (hawleyite, JCPDS 00-010-0454) was then mixed in the second step with the cubic ZnS (sphalerite, JCPDS 00-005-0566) synthesized mechanochemically from the analogous precursors. The crystallite sizes of the new type CdS/ZnS nanocomposite, calculated based on the XRD data, were 3-4 nm for both phases. The synthesized nanoparticles have been further characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and micro-photoluminescence (μPL) spectroscopy. The PL emission peaks in the PL spectra are attributed to the recombination of holes/electrons in the nanocomposites occurring in depth associated with Cd, Zn vacancies and S interstitials. Their photocatalytic activity was also measured. In the photocatalytic activity tests to decolorize Methyl Orange dye aqueous solution, the process is faster and its effectivity is higher when using CdS/ZnS nanocomposite, compared to single phase CdS. Very low cytotoxic activity (high viability) of the cancer cell lines (selected as models of living cells) has been evidenced for CdS/ZnS in comparison with CdS alone. This fact is in a close relationship with Cd(II) ions dissolution tested in a physiological solution. The concentration of cadmium dissolved from CdS/ZnS nanocomposites with variable Cd:Zn ratio was 2.5-5.0 μg.mL(-1), whereas the concentration for pure CdS was much higher - 53 μg.ml(-1). The presence of ZnS in the nanocrystalline composite strongly reduced the release of cadmium into the physiological solution, which simulated the environment in the human body. The obtained CdS/ZnS quantum dots can serve as labeling media and co-agents in future anti-cancer drugs, because of their potential in theranostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Baláž
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Matej Baláž
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Erika Dutková
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 04001 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Anna Zorkovská
- Institute of Geotechnics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Kováč
- Institute of Electronics and Photonics, Slovak University of Technology and International Laser Centre, 81219 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Hronec
- Institute of Electronics and Photonics, Slovak University of Technology and International Laser Centre, 81219 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Kováč
- Institute of Electronics and Photonics, Slovak University of Technology and International Laser Centre, 81219 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mária Čaplovičová
- STU Centre for Nanodiagnostics, Slovak University of Technology, Vazovova 5, 812 43 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ján Mojžiš
- Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University, 04011 Košice, Slovakia
| | | | - Alexander Eliyas
- Institute of Catalysis, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nina G Kostova
- Institute of Catalysis, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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