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Liu S, Yan Z, Huang Z, Yang H, Li J. Smart Nanocarriers for the Treatment of Retinal Diseases. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:2070-2085. [PMID: 38489843 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinoblastoma, stand as the leading causes of irreversible vision impairment and blindness worldwide. Effectively administering drugs for retinal diseases poses a formidable challenge due to the presence of complex ocular barriers and elimination mechanisms. Over time, various approaches have been developed to fabricate drug delivery systems for improving retinal therapy including virus vectors, lipid nanoparticles, and polymers. However, conventional nanocarriers encounter issues related to the controllability, efficiency, and safety in the retina. Therefore, the development of smart nanocarriers for effective or more invasive long-term treatment remains a desirable goal. Recently, approaches have surfaced for the intelligent design of nanocarriers, leveraging specific responses to external or internal triggers and enabling multiple functions for retinal therapy such as topical administration, prolonged drug release, and site-specific drug delivery. This Review provides an overview of prevalent retinal pathologies and related pharmacotherapies to enhance the understanding of retinal diseases. It also surveys recent developments and strategies employed in the intelligent design of nanocarriers for retinal disease. Finally, the challenges of smart nanocarriers in potential clinical retinal therapeutic applications are discussed to inspire the next generation of smart nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Zhike Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Zixiang Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Huanghao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Jingying Li
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
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Chaudhuri M, Hassan Y, Bakka Vemana PPS, Bellary Pattanashetty MS, Abdin ZU, Siddiqui HF. Age-Related Macular Degeneration: An Exponentially Emerging Imminent Threat of Visual Impairment and Irreversible Blindness. Cureus 2023; 15:e39624. [PMID: 37388610 PMCID: PMC10300666 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.39624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a significant cause of blindness globally. With the exponential rise in the aging population, AMD is the third leading cause of visual impairment worldwide. Neovascular AMD (nAMD; Wet AMD) and geographical atrophy (GA, late-stage dry AMD) are the advanced AMD accountable for substantial cases of visual deterioration among the elderly. Our review of the literature depicted that notable risk factors include cigarette smoking, nutritional elements, cardiovascular disorders, and genetic markers, including genes regulating complement, lipid, and angiogenic pathways. Some studies have suggested a relative decline in the proportion of AMD cases in the last two decades attributable to novel diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Accurate diagnosis is the result of a combination of clinical examination and imaging techniques, including retinal photography, angiography, and optical coherence tomography. The incorporation of dietary antioxidant supplements, explicitly lutein, slows the progression of the disease in advanced stages. The induction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors in the treatment of neovascular AMD, often combined with other modalities, has shown an immensely favorable prognosis. Research to integrate gene therapy and regenerative techniques using stem cells is underway to further mitigate AMD-associated morbidity. It is imperative to establish screening and therapeutic guidelines for AMD to curtail the future social and financial burden and improve the diminishing quality of life among the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhurima Chaudhuri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, IND
- Ophthalmology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Yusra Hassan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Hospital Lahore, Lahore, PAK
| | | | | | - Zain U Abdin
- Department of Medicine, District Head Quarter Hospital, Faisalabad, PAK
| | - Humza F Siddiqui
- Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, PAK
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Harris G, Rickard JJS, Butt G, Kelleher L, Blanch RJ, Cooper J, Oppenheimer PG. Review: Emerging Eye-Based Diagnostic Technologies for Traumatic Brain Injury. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2023; 16:530-559. [PMID: 35320105 PMCID: PMC9888755 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2022.3161352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The study of ocular manifestations of neurodegenerative disorders, Oculomics, is a growing field of investigation for early diagnostics, enabling structural and chemical biomarkers to be monitored overtime to predict prognosis. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers a cascade of events harmful to the brain, which can lead to neurodegeneration. TBI, termed the "silent epidemic" is becoming a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. There is currently no effective diagnostic tool for TBI, and yet, early-intervention is known to considerably shorten hospital stays, improve outcomes, fasten neurological recovery and lower mortality rates, highlighting the unmet need for techniques capable of rapid and accurate point-of-care diagnostics, implemented in the earliest stages. This review focuses on the latest advances in the main neuropathophysiological responses and the achievements and shortfalls of TBI diagnostic methods. Validated and emerging TBI-indicative biomarkers are outlined and linked to ocular neuro-disorders. Methods detecting structural and chemical ocular responses to TBI are categorised along with prospective chemical and physical sensing techniques. Particular attention is drawn to the potential of Raman spectroscopy as a non-invasive sensing of neurological molecular signatures in the ocular projections of the brain, laying the platform for the first tangible path towards alternative point-of-care diagnostic technologies for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Harris
- School of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, College of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of BirminghamB15 2TTBirminghamU.K.
| | - Jonathan James Stanley Rickard
- School of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, College of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of BirminghamB15 2TTBirminghamU.K.
- Department of Physics, Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCB3 0HECambridgeU.K.
| | - Gibran Butt
- Ophthalmology DepartmentUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustB15 2THBirminghamU.K.
| | - Liam Kelleher
- School of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, College of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of BirminghamB15 2TTBirminghamU.K.
| | - Richard James Blanch
- Department of Military Surgery and TraumaRoyal Centre for Defence MedicineB15 2THBirminghamU.K.
- Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustcBirminghamU.K.
| | - Jonathan Cooper
- School of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of GlasgowG12 8LTGlasgowU.K.
| | - Pola Goldberg Oppenheimer
- School of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, College of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of BirminghamB15 2TTBirminghamU.K.
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Institute of Translational MedicineB15 2THBirminghamU.K.
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Roszkowska AM, Fogagnolo P, Neri P. Editorial: Eye in systemic diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1171238. [PMID: 37035311 PMCID: PMC10080045 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1171238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Roszkowska
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Ophthalmology Clinic, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Kraków University, Kraków, Poland
- *Correspondence: Anna M. Roszkowska
| | | | - Piergiorgio Neri
- The Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Lombardo M, Serrao S, Lombardo G. Challenges in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: From Risk Factors to Novel Diagnostics and Prevention Strategies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:887104. [PMID: 35733877 PMCID: PMC9207205 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.887104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic multifactorial eye disease representing the primary cause of vision loss in people aged 60 years and older. The etiopathogenesis of the disease remains uncertain, with several risk factors contributing to its onset and progression, such as genotype, aging, hypertension, smoking, overweight, and low dietary intake of carotenoids. Since the aging populations of the industrialized world are increasing rapidly, the impact of AMD in the socio-economical life-developed countries is expected to increase dramatically in the next years. In this context, the benefits of prevention and early disease detection for prompt and effective treatment can be enormous to reduce the social and economic burden of AMD. Nutritional and lifestyle changes, including dietary intake of xanthophyll pigments, such as lutein and zeaxanthin, no smoking, and regular exercise, are known to protect from risk of AMD progression from early to advanced disease stages. In this review, we present the clinical outcomes of a pilot study on trans-scleral iontophoresis delivery of lutein in patients with AMD. Topical delivery of lutein directly to the macula may provide a more efficient method for enriching the macular pigment and for achieving greater patient compliance to therapy than oral administration and thus enhancing prevention strategies. Modern diagnostic methodologies shall address the major problem of accurately detecting the risk of transition from intermediate AMD to advanced AMD stages. Adaptive optics retinal imaging and resonance Raman spectroscopy are two highly promising technologies for the objective assessment of patients with AMD. In this review, we present some of their clinical applications for collecting quantitative measurements of retinal cellular changes and macular content of xanthophyll pigments, respectively. In conclusion, there is great expectation that technological advancements in AMD management will deliver improved screening, therapeutic prevention, and diagnostic systems in the coming decade through a pro-active strategy of “treatment for prevention” that will aim to reduce the global burden of vision loss caused by AMD in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lombardo
- Studio Italiano di Oftalmologia, Rome, Italy
- Vision Engineering Italy srl, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Marco Lombardo
| | - Sebastiano Serrao
- Studio Italiano di Oftalmologia, Rome, Italy
- Vision Engineering Italy srl, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lombardo
- Vision Engineering Italy srl, Rome, Italy
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Messina, Italy
- Giuseppe Lombardo
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Shah S, Bhanderi B, Soniwala M, Chavda J. Lutein-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Ocular Delivery: Statistical Optimization and Ex Vivo Evaluation. J Pharm Innov 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-021-09537-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Stiebing C, Schie IW, Knorr F, Schmitt M, Keijzer N, Kleemann R, Jahn IJ, Jahn M, Kiliaan AJ, Ginner L, Lichtenegger A, Drexler W, Leitgeb RA, Popp J. Nonresonant Raman spectroscopy of isolated human retina samples complying with laser safety regulations for in vivo measurements. NEUROPHOTONICS 2019; 6:041106. [PMID: 31482104 PMCID: PMC6718815 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.6.4.041106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, are leading causes of vision impairment, increasing in incidence worldwide due to an aging society. If diagnosed early, most cases could be prevented. In contrast to standard ophthalmic diagnostic tools, Raman spectroscopy can provide a comprehensive overview of the biochemical composition of the retina in a label-free manner. A proof of concept study of the applicability of nonresonant Raman spectroscopy for retinal investigations is presented. Raman imaging provides valuable insights into the molecular composition of an isolated ex vivo human retina sample by probing the entire molecular fingerprint, i.e., the lipid, protein, carotenoid, and nucleic acid content. The results are compared to morphological information obtained by optical coherence tomography of the sample. The challenges of in vivo Raman studies due to laser safety limitations and predefined optical parameters given by the eye itself are explored. An in-house built setup simulating the optical pathway in the human eye was developed and used to demonstrate that even under laser safety regulations and the above-mentioned optical restrictions, Raman spectra of isolated ex vivo human retinas can be recorded. The results strongly support that in vivo studies using nonresonant Raman spectroscopy are feasible and that these studies provide comprehensive molecular information of the human retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Stiebing
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße, Jena, Germany
| | - Iwan W. Schie
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße, Jena, Germany
| | - Florian Knorr
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Helmholtzweg, Jena, Germany
| | - Nanda Keijzer
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Department of Metabolic Health Research, Zernikedreef, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Department of Metabolic Health Research, Zernikedreef, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Izabella J. Jahn
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Jahn
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße, Jena, Germany
| | - Amanda J. Kiliaan
- Radboud University Medical Center, Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Preclinical Imaging Center, Department of Anatomy Donders, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laurin Ginner
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonia Lichtenegger
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Drexler
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer A. Leitgeb
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße, Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Helmholtzweg, Jena, Germany
- Address all correspondence to Jürgen Popp, E-mail:
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Chittasupho C, Posritong P, Ariyawong P. Stability, Cytotoxicity, and Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell Binding of Hyaluronic Acid-Coated PLGA Nanoparticles Encapsulating Lutein. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 20:4. [PMID: 30560323 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1256-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of lutein was limited due to water insolubility and susceptible to heat and light degradation. In this study, hyaluronic acid (HA)-coated PLGA nanoparticles encapsulating lutein were fabricated by a solvent displacement method to improve the physicochemical properties and the stability of lutein. A biphasic release profile of lutein was observed, following zero-order release kinetics. The physical stability of lutein stored at 4°C, 30°C, and 40°C for 30 days was enhanced when lutein was encapsulated in the nanoparticles. The degradation of lutein in PLGA NPs coated with HA was fitted to a second-order kinetic model. The rate constant increased with increasing storage temperature. The activation energy of lutein-NPs was 63.26 kJ/mol. The half-lives of lutein in PLGA-NPs were about 49, 4, and 2 days at a storage temperature of 4°C, 30°C, and 40°C, respectively. The results suggested that lutein-NPs should be stored at 4°C to prevent physical and chemical degradation. The photodegradation of lutein in NPs followed a second-order kinetic model. The rate constant was 0.0155 mg-1 ml day-1. Cell viability study revealed that HA-coated PLGA nanoparticles encapsulating lutein did not show toxicity against retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19). The NPs bound ARPE-19 cells in a time- and a dose-dependent manner. The binding efficiency of lutein-NPs decreased at higher concentrations, suggesting that the NPs might reach binding saturation capacity. In conclusion, HA-coated PLGA nanoparticles could be used to deliver lutein and improved physicochemical property of lutein. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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