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Schranz M, Sacu S, Reiter GS, Baratsits M, Desissaire S, Pircher M, Mylonas G, Hitzenberger C, Schmidt-Erfurth U, Roberts PK. Structure-Function Correlation of Retinal Fibrosis in Eyes with Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1074. [PMID: 38398387 PMCID: PMC10889582 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13041074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To assess retinal function in areas of presumed fibrosis due to neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), using multimodal imaging and structure-function correlation. Design: Cross-sectional observational study. Methods: 30 eyes of 30 consecutive patients with nAMD with a minimum history of one year of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy were included. Each patient underwent microperimetry (MP), color fundus photography (CFP), standard spectral-domain-based OCT (SD-OCT), and polarization sensitive-OCT (PS-OCT) imaging. PS-OCT technology can depict retinal fibrosis based on its birefringence. CFP, SD-OCT, and PS-OCT were evaluated independently for the presence of fibrosis at the corresponding MP stimuli locations. MP results and morphologic findings in CFP, SD-OCT, and PS-OCT were co-registered and analyzed using mixed linear models. Results: In total, 1350 MP locations were evaluated to assess the functional impact of fibrosis according to a standardized protocol. The estimated means of retinal areas with signs of fibrosis were 12.60 db (95% confidence interval: 10.44-14.76) in CFP, 11.60 db (95% COI: 8.84-14.36) in OCT, and 11.02 db (95% COI 8.10-13.94) in PS-OCT. Areas evaluated as subretinal fibrosis in three (7.2 db) or two (10.1 db) modalities were significantly correlated with a lower retinal sensitivity than a subretinal fibrosis observed in only one (15.3 db) or none (23.3 db) modality (p < 0.001). Conclusions: CFP, SD-OCT and PS-OCT are all suited to detect areas of reduced retinal sensitivity related to fibrosis, however, a multimodal imaging approach provides higher accuracy in the identification of areas with low sensitivity in MP (i.e., impaired retinal function), and thereby improves the detection rate of subretinal fibrosis in nAMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schranz
- Vienna Clinical Trial Center (VTC), Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Sacu
- Vienna Clinical Trial Center (VTC), Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor S. Reiter
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Magdalena Baratsits
- Vienna Clinical Trial Center (VTC), Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.S.)
| | - Silvia Desissaire
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Pircher
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georgios Mylonas
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Hitzenberger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth
- Vienna Clinical Trial Center (VTC), Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Ken Roberts
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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2
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Afsharan H, Silva D, Joo C, Cense B. Non-Invasive Retinal Blood Vessel Wall Measurements with Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography for Diabetes Assessment: A Quantitative Study. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1230. [PMID: 37627295 PMCID: PMC10452597 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes affects the structure of the blood vessel walls. Since the blood vessel walls are made of birefringent organized tissue, any change or damage to this organization can be evaluated using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT). In this paper, we used PS-OCT along with the blood vessel wall birefringence index (BBI = thickness/birefringence2) to non-invasively assess the structural integrity of the human retinal blood vessel walls in patients with diabetes and compared the results to those of healthy subjects. PS-OCT measurements revealed that blood vessel walls of diabetic patients exhibit a much higher birefringence while having the same wall thickness and therefore lower BBI values. Applying BBI to diagnose diabetes demonstrated high accuracy (93%), sensitivity (93%) and specificity (93%). PS-OCT measurements can quantify small changes in the polarization properties of retinal vessel walls associated with diabetes, which provides researchers with a new imaging tool to determine the effects of exercise, medication, and alternative diets on the development of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Afsharan
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Dilusha Silva
- Microelectronics Research Group, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Chulmin Joo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
| | - Barry Cense
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea;
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Elsner AE. 2022 Prentice Award Lecture: Advancing Retinal Imaging and Visual Function in Patient Management and Disease Mechanisms. Optom Vis Sci 2023; 100:354-375. [PMID: 37212795 PMCID: PMC10317306 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000002029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Patient-based research plays a key role in probing basic visual mechanisms. Less-well recognized is the role of patient-based retinal imaging and visual function studies in elucidating disease mechanisms, which are accelerated by advances in imaging and function techniques and are most powerful when combined with the results from histology and animal models.A patient's visual complaints can be one key to patient management, but human data are also key to understanding disease mechanisms. Unfortunately, pathological changes can be difficult to detect. Before advanced retinal imaging, the measurement of visual function indicated the presence of pathological changes that were undetectable with existing clinical examination. Over the past few decades, advances in retinal imaging have increasingly revealed the unseen. This has led to great strides in the management of many diseases, particularly diabetic retinopathy and macular edema, and age-related macular degeneration. It is likely widely accepted that patient-based research, as in clinical trials, led to such positive outcomes. Both visual function measures and advanced retinal imaging have clearly demonstrated differences among retinal diseases. Contrary to initial thinking, sight-threatening damage in diabetes occurs to the outer retina and not only to the inner retina. This has been clearly indicated in patient results but has only gradually entered the clinical classifications and understanding of disease etiology. There is strikingly different pathophysiology for age-related macular degeneration compared with photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelial genetic defects, yet research models and even some treatments confuse these. It is important to recognize the role that patient-based research plays in probing basic visual mechanisms and elucidating disease mechanisms, combining these findings with the concepts from histology and animal models. Thus, this article combines sample instrumentation from my laboratory and progress in the fields of retinal imaging and visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E. Elsner
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
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4
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Parra-Escamilla GA, Cervantes-L J, Flores JL, Serrano-García DI. Total retardance measurements based on the complex Fourier coefficients for the rotating polarizer analyzer system. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16771. [PMID: 37484271 PMCID: PMC10360584 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose a demodulation algorithm based on the calculus of the complex Fourier coefficients; we used a dual rotating polarizer-analyzer polarimeter to show the feasibility of our proposal. Our demodulation algorithm considers the frequency response obtained by the system, and its possible to calculate the total retardation, fast axis orientation and ellipticity of a sample. Our proposal does not require recovering the full Mueller matrix from getting those parameters. In addition, as the proposal does not use retarders for the measurement, the system presents potential applications for multi-wavelength measurements on phase retardation samples. We show experimental results showing the capabilities of our proposal in characterizing a polarization retardance sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geliztle A. Parra-Escamilla
- Electro-Photonics Department, University Center of Exact Sciences and Engineering (CUCEI), University of Guadalajara, Av. Revolución No. 1500, CP. 44430 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
- Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Panamericana, Álvaro del Portillo 49, Zapopan, Jalisco, 45010, Mexico
| | - Joel Cervantes-L
- Electro-Photonics Department, University Center of Exact Sciences and Engineering (CUCEI), University of Guadalajara, Av. Revolución No. 1500, CP. 44430 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jorge L. Flores
- Electro-Photonics Department, University Center of Exact Sciences and Engineering (CUCEI), University of Guadalajara, Av. Revolución No. 1500, CP. 44430 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - David I. Serrano-García
- Electro-Photonics Department, University Center of Exact Sciences and Engineering (CUCEI), University of Guadalajara, Av. Revolución No. 1500, CP. 44430 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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Williams DR, Burns SA, Miller DT, Roorda A. Evolution of adaptive optics retinal imaging [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:1307-1338. [PMID: 36950228 PMCID: PMC10026580 DOI: 10.1364/boe.485371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the progress that has been achieved since adaptive optics (AO) was incorporated into the ophthalmoscope a quarter of a century ago, transforming our ability to image the retina at a cellular spatial scale inside the living eye. The review starts with a comprehensive tabulation of AO papers in the field and then describes the technological advances that have occurred, notably through combining AO with other imaging modalities including confocal, fluorescence, phase contrast, and optical coherence tomography. These advances have made possible many scientific discoveries from the first maps of the topography of the trichromatic cone mosaic to exquisitely sensitive measures of optical and structural changes in photoreceptors in response to light. The future evolution of this technology is poised to offer an increasing array of tools to measure and monitor in vivo retinal structure and function with improved resolution and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Williams
- The Institute of Optics and the Center for
Visual Science, University of Rochester,
Rochester NY, USA
| | - Stephen A. Burns
- School of Optometry, Indiana
University at Bloomington, Bloomington IN, USA
| | - Donald T. Miller
- School of Optometry, Indiana
University at Bloomington, Bloomington IN, USA
| | - Austin Roorda
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and
Vision Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley CA, USA
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Cense B, Maddipatla R, Cervantes Lozano FJ, Joo C. Two concepts for ultra-high-resolution polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography with a single camera. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2022; 39:1295-1308. [PMID: 36215616 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.458631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Two designs with a multiplexed superluminescent diode for ultra-high-resolution spectral-domain polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (UHR-PS-OCT) are introduced. In the first design, a Wollaston prism separates orthogonal polarization states next to each other on one linescan camera; the other design uses a beam displacer to separate orthogonal states onto two lines of a linescan camera with multiple rows of detectors. The coherence lengths measured with the two systems were 3.6 µm and 2.9 µm (n=1.38), respectively. Measurements were collected from the fovea of a healthy subject, a healthy subject with astigmatism, and a patient with central serous retinopathy (CSR). A single volumetric scan provides double pass retardance induced by the retinal nerve fiber layer birefringence (RNFL) and its birefringence, the cumulative double pass retardance induced by the Henle fiber layer, and the retardance that is induced by the retinal pigment epithelium-Bruch's membrane complex. The high axial resolution in UHR-PS-OCT is particularly helpful for the measurements of thin retinal tissue, such as the RNFL in the fovea, where birefringence values of around 1°/µm were found. Tilting of the retina due to a CSR or by off centering the imaging beam in the pupil causes an artificial increase in the double pass retardance induced by the RNFL and Henle fiber layer.
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Afsharan H, Hackmann MJ, Wang Q, Navaeipour F, Jayasree SVK, Zawadzki RJ, Silva D, Joo C, Cense B. Polarization properties of retinal blood vessel walls measured with polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:4340-4362. [PMID: 34457418 PMCID: PMC8367251 DOI: 10.1364/boe.426079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A new method based on polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) is introduced to determine the polarization properties of human retinal vessel walls, in vivo. Measurements were obtained near the optic nerve head of three healthy human subjects. The double pass phase retardation per unit depth (DPPR/UD), which is proportional to the birefringence, is higher in artery walls, presumably because of the presence of muscle tissue. Measurements in surrounding retinal nerve fiber layer tissue yielded lower DPPR/UD values, suggesting that the retinal vessel wall tissue near the optic nerve is not covered by retinal nerve fiber layer tissue (0.43°/µm vs. 0.77°/µm, respectively). Measurements were obtained from multiple artery-vein pairs, to quantify the different polarization properties. Measurements were taken along a section of the vessel wall, with changes in DPPR/UD up to 15%, while the vessel wall thickness remained relatively constant. A stationary scan pattern was applied to determine the influence of involuntary eye motion on the measurement, which was significant. Measurements were also analyzed by two examiners, with high inter-observer agreement. The measurement repeatability was determined with measurements that were acquired during multiple visits. An improvement in accuracy can be achieved with an ultra-broad-bandwidth PS-OCT system since it will provide more data points in-depth, which reduces the influence of discretization and helps to facilitate better fitting of the birefringence data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Afsharan
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth WA 6009, Australia
| | - Michael J. Hackmann
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth WA 6009, Australia
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, WA, Australia
| | - Qiang Wang
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth WA 6009, Australia
| | - Farzaneh Navaeipour
- Department of Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Stephy Vijaya Kumar Jayasree
- Department of Physics, School of Physics, Mathematics and Computing, The University of Western Australia, Perth WA 6009, Australia
| | - Robert J. Zawadzki
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Dilusha Silva
- Microelectronics Research Group, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth WA 6009, Australia
| | - Chulmin Joo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Barry Cense
- Optical+Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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8
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Fujita A, Amari T, Ueda K, Azuma K, Inoue T, Komatsu K, Yamamoto M, Aoki N, Yamanari M, Sugiyama S, Aihara M, Kato S, Obata R. Three-Dimensional Distribution Of Fundus Depolarization and Associating Factors Measured Using Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:30. [PMID: 34003915 PMCID: PMC7900852 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.2.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the three-dimensional distribution and associating demographic factors of depolarization, using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT), to evaluate melanin pigmentation in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and choroid in healthy eyes. Methods In total, 39 unaffected healthy eyes of 39 subjects were examined using a PS-OCT clinical prototype. The degree of depolarization, expressed as the polarimetric entropy, was assessed in the RPE, the superficial and the total choroid layer, especially in the center, the inner, or the outer areas centered at the fovea. The values and their association with the demographic data were analyzed. Near-infrared fundus autofluorescence (NIRAF) was also used, in the same manner, for the comparison. Twenty-eight of 39 eyes were measured twice to evaluate intrasession repeatability. Results Both the polarimetric entropy in the RPE and the gray level in NIRAF, decreased from the center to the periphery (P < 0.001). The polarimetric entropy in the RPE was significantly associated with age in each area (P ≤ 0.001). In the RPE and the superficial choroid, the polarimetric entropy was negatively associated with axial length in each area (P ≤ 0.002). The intraclass correlation coefficient of the polarimetric entropy in the same session was excellent in each area of the RPE, superficial choroid, or total choroid layer (0.94–0.98). Conclusions The distribution of fundus melanin pigment-related depolarization was evaluated using PS-OCT. The depolarization was associated with the subjects’ demographic data, such as age or axial length. Translational Relevance The presented information in healthy eyes provides an essential basis for the investigation into a variety of chorioretinal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asahi Fujita
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Amari
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Eguchi Eye Hospital, Hakodate, Japan
| | - Kohei Ueda
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Azuma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Inoue
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kayoko Komatsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Makoto Aihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kato
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Obata
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Ringel MJ, Tang EM, Tao YK. Advances in multimodal imaging in ophthalmology. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2021; 13:25158414211002400. [PMID: 35187398 PMCID: PMC8855415 DOI: 10.1177/25158414211002400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimodality ophthalmic imaging systems aim to enhance the contrast, resolution, and functionality of existing technologies to improve disease diagnostics and therapeutic guidance. These systems include advanced acquisition and post-processing methods using optical coherence tomography (OCT), combined scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and OCT systems, adaptive optics, surgical guidance, and photoacoustic technologies. Here, we provide an overview of these ophthalmic imaging systems and their clinical and basic science applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan J. Ringel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric M. Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yuankai K. Tao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
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Burns SA, Elsner AE, Sapoznik KA, Warner RL, Gast TJ. Adaptive optics imaging of the human retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 68:1-30. [PMID: 30165239 PMCID: PMC6347528 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive Optics (AO) retinal imaging has provided revolutionary tools to scientists and clinicians for studying retinal structure and function in the living eye. From animal models to clinical patients, AO imaging is changing the way scientists are approaching the study of the retina. By providing cellular and subcellular details without the need for histology, it is now possible to perform large scale studies as well as to understand how an individual retina changes over time. Because AO retinal imaging is non-invasive and when performed with near-IR wavelengths both safe and easily tolerated by patients, it holds promise for being incorporated into clinical trials providing cell specific approaches to monitoring diseases and therapeutic interventions. AO is being used to enhance the ability of OCT, fluorescence imaging, and reflectance imaging. By incorporating imaging that is sensitive to differences in the scattering properties of retinal tissue, it is especially sensitive to disease, which can drastically impact retinal tissue properties. This review examines human AO retinal imaging with a concentration on the use of the Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope (AOSLO). It first covers the background and the overall approaches to human AO retinal imaging, and the technology involved, and then concentrates on using AO retinal imaging to study the structure and function of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Burns
- 800E. Atwater S, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States.
| | - Ann E Elsner
- 800E. Atwater S, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Kaitlyn A Sapoznik
- 800E. Atwater S, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Raymond L Warner
- 800E. Atwater S, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Thomas J Gast
- 800E. Atwater S, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
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Papay JA, Elsner AE. Near-infrared polarimetric imaging and changes associated with normative aging. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2018; 35:1487-1495. [PMID: 30183002 PMCID: PMC6640646 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.35.001487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
With aging, the human retina undergoes cell death and additional structural changes that can increase scattered light. We quantified the effect of normative aging on multiply scattered light returning from the human fundus. As expected, there was an increase of multiply scattered light associated with aging, and this is consistent with the histological changes that occur in the fundus of individuals before developing age-related macular degeneration. This increase in scattered light with aging cannot be attributed to retinal reflectivity, anterior segment scatter, or pupil diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A. Papay
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Ann E. Elsner
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
- Corresponding author:
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