Molecular vibrational analysis and MAS-NMR spectroscopy study of epilepsy drugs encapsulated in TiO2-sol–gel reservoirs

Intranasal immunization with inactivated chlamydial elementary bodies formulated in VCG-chitosan nanoparticles induces robust immunity against intranasal Chlamydia psittaci challenge

Vaccines based on live attenuated Chlamydia elementary bodies (EBs) can cause disease in vaccinated animals and the comparably safer inactivated whole EBs are only marginally protective. Recent studies show that a vaccine formulation comprising UV-inactivated EBs (EB) and appropriate mucosal delivery systems and/or adjuvants induced significant protective immunity. We tested the hypothesis that intranasal delivery of UV-inactivated C. psittaci EB formulated in Vibrio cholerae ghosts (VCG)-chitosan nanoparticles will induce protective immunity against intranasal challenge in SPF chickens. We first compared the impact of VCG and CpG adjuvants on protective immunity following IN mucosal and IM systemic delivery of EB formulated in chitosan hydrogel/microspheres. Immunologic analysis revealed that IN immunization in the presence of VCG induced higher levels of IFN-γ response than IM delivery or the CpG adjuvanted groups. Also, vaccine efficacy evaluation showed enhanced pharyngeal bacterial clearance and protection against lung lesions with the VCG adjuvanted vaccine formulation, thereby establishing the superior adjuvanticity of VCG over CpG. We next evaluated the impact of different concentrations of VCG on protective immunity following IN mucosal immunization. Interestingly, the adjuvanticity of VCG was concentration-dependent, since protective immunity induced following IN mucosal immunization showed dose-dependent immune responses and protection. These studies reveal that formulation of inactivated chlamydial antigens with adjuvants, such as VCG and chitosan increases their ability to induce protective immune responses against challenge.

Fluorination of an antiepileptic drug: A self supporting transporter by oxygen enrichment mechanism

Drug therapy of seizures involves producing high levels of antiepileptic drugs in the blood. Drug must enter the brain by crossing from the blood into the brain tissue, called a transvascular route (TVR). Even before the drug can reach the brain tissue, factors such as systemic toxicity, macrophage phagocytises and reduction in oxygen content limit the success of this TVR. Encapsulating the drug within a nano scale delivering system, synthesising drugs with low molecular weight are the best mechanisms to deliver the drug to the brain. But through this article, we have explored a possibility of attaching a molecule 4-(trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid (TFMBA), that possess more number of fluorine atom, to benzodiazepine (BDZ) resulting in an ionic salt (S)-(+)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine5,11(10H,11aH)-dione with 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid. By this way, reducing the toxicity of BDZ than the conventional anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), increasing the solubility, reducing the melting point, enriching the TVR with excess oxygen content with the support of fluorine. With all these important prerequisites fulfilled, the drug along with the attached molecule is expected to travel more comfortably through the TVR without any external support than any other conventional AEDs. FTIR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, HRMS spectroscopy, HRTEM and In vitro cytotoxicity analysis supports this study.

Pulmonary inflammation after intraperitoneal administration of ultrafine titanium dioxide (TiO2) at rest or in lungs primed with lipopolysaccharide

Nanoparticles are widely used in nanomedicines, including for targeted delivery of pharmacological, therapeutic, and diagnostic agents. Since nanoparticles might translocate across cellular barriers from the circulation into targeted organs, it is important to obtain information concerning the pathophysiologic effects of these particles through systemic migration. In the present study, acute pulmonary responses were examined after intraperitoneal (ip) administration of ultrafine titanium dioxide (TiO(2), 40 mg/kg) in mice at rest or in lungs primed with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, ip, 5 mg/kg). Ultrafine TiO(2) exposure increased neutrophil influx, protein levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity of BAL cells 4 h after exposure. Concomitantly, the levels of proinflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 in BAL fluid and mRNA expression of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in lung tissue were elevated post ultrafine TiO(2) exposure. Ultrafine TiO(2) exposure resulted in significant activation of inflammatory signaling molecules, such as c-Src and p38 MAP kinase, in lung tissue and alveolar macrophages, and the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB pathway in pulmonary tissue. Furthermore, ultrafine TiO(2) additively enhanced these inflammatory parameters and this signaling pathway in lungs primed with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Contrary to this trend, a synergistic effect was found for TNF-alpha at the level of protein and mRNA expression. These results suggest that ultrafine TiO(2) (P25) induces acute lung inflammation after ip administration, and exhibits additive or synergistic effects with LPS, at least partly, via activation of oxidant-dependent inflammatory signaling and the NF-kappaB pathway, leading to increased production of proinflammatory mediators.