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Xu R, Fang Y, Zhang Z, Cao Y, Yan Y, Gan L, Xu J, Zhou G. Recent Advances in Biodegradable and Biocompatible Synthetic Polymers Used in Skin Wound Healing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5459. [PMID: 37570163 PMCID: PMC10419642 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of skin wounds caused by trauma and pathophysiological disorders has been a growing healthcare challenge, posing a great economic burden worldwide. The use of appropriate wound dressings can help to facilitate the repair and healing rate of defective skin. Natural polymer biomaterials such as collagen and hyaluronic acid with excellent biocompatibility have been shown to promote wound healing and the restoration of skin. However, the low mechanical properties and fast degradation rate have limited their applications. Skin wound dressings based on biodegradable and biocompatible synthetic polymers can not only overcome the shortcomings of natural polymer biomaterials but also possess favorable properties for applications in the treatment of skin wounds. Herein, we listed several biodegradable and biocompatible synthetic polymers used as wound dressing materials, such as PVA, PCL, PLA, PLGA, PU, and PEO/PEG, focusing on their composition, fabrication techniques, and functions promoting wound healing. Additionally, the future development prospects of synthetic biodegradable polymer-based wound dressings are put forward. Our review aims to provide new insights for the further development of wound dressings using synthetic biodegradable polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruojiao Xu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (R.X.); (Y.F.); (Z.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (L.G.)
| | - Yifeng Fang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (R.X.); (Y.F.); (Z.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (L.G.)
| | - Zhao Zhang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (R.X.); (Y.F.); (Z.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (L.G.)
| | - Yajie Cao
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (R.X.); (Y.F.); (Z.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (L.G.)
| | - Yujia Yan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (R.X.); (Y.F.); (Z.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (L.G.)
| | - Li Gan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (R.X.); (Y.F.); (Z.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (L.G.)
| | - Jinbao Xu
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Guoying Zhou
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (R.X.); (Y.F.); (Z.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.Y.); (L.G.)
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Nishimura S, Murakami Y. Facile preparation of porous polymeric sheets with different sizes of pores on both sides using spontaneous emulsification. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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3
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Improved Mechanical and Sound Absorption Properties of Open Cell Silicone Rubber Foam with NaCl as the Pore-Forming Agent. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14010195. [PMID: 33401620 PMCID: PMC7795880 DOI: 10.3390/ma14010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Porous materials hold great potential in the field of sound absorption, but the most abundantly used materials, such as Polyurethane (PU) foam and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) foam, would inevitably bring environmental harms during fabrication. In this study, the nontoxic addition-molded room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber is chosen as the matrix, and NaCl particles are chosen as the pore forming agent to prepare open cell foams via the dissolve-separating foaming method. The effect of different amounts of NaCl (0–100 phr) on the cell structure, mechanical and sound absorption properties is investigated and analyzed. The results indicate that the cell structure could be tailored via changing the addition amount of NaCl, and open cell silicon rubber foams could be achieved with more than 20 phr NaCl addition. Open cell silicon foams show the most effective sound absorption for sound waves in middle frequency (1000–2000 Hz), which should be attributed to the improved impedance matching caused by the open cell structures. Additionally, the mechanical properties, including hardness, tensile strength and corresponding elastic properties, gradually decay to a steady value with the increasing addition amount of NaCl. Therefore, open cell silicone rubber foams are capable of sound absorption in middle frequency.
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Minor AJ, Coulombe KLK. Engineering a collagen matrix for cell-instructive regenerative angiogenesis. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 108:2407-2416. [PMID: 31984665 PMCID: PMC7334070 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Engineering an angiogenic material for regenerative medicine requires knowledge of native extracellular matrix remodeling by cellular processes in angiogenesis. Vascularization remains a key challenge in the field of tissue engineering, one that can be mitigated by developing platforms conducive to guiding dynamic cell-matrix interactions required for new vessel formation. In this review, we highlight nuanced processes of angiogenesis and demonstrate how materials engineering is being used to interface with dynamic type I collagen remodeling, Notch and VEGF signaling, cell migration, and tissue morphogenesis. Because α1(I)-collagen is secreted by endothelial tip cells during sprouting angiogenesis and required for migration, collagen is a very useful natural biomaterial and its angiogenic modifications are described. The balance between collagen types I and IV via secretion and degradation is tightly controlled by proteinases and other cell types that are capable of internalizing collagen to maintain tissue integrity. Thus, we provide examples in skin and cardiac tissue engineering of collagen tailoring in diverse cellular microenvironments for tissue regeneration. As our understanding of how to drive collagen remodeling and cellular phenotype through angiogenic pathways grows, our capabilities to model and manipulate material systems must continue to expand to develop novel applications for wound healing, angiogenic therapy, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia J Minor
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Kareen L K Coulombe
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
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Papadimitriou L, Manganas P, Ranella A, Stratakis E. Biofabrication for neural tissue engineering applications. Mater Today Bio 2020; 6:100043. [PMID: 32190832 PMCID: PMC7068131 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2020.100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike other tissue types, the nervous tissue extends to a wide and complex environment that provides a plurality of different biochemical and topological stimuli, which in turn defines the advanced functions of that tissue. As a consequence of such complexity, the traditional transplantation therapeutic methods are quite ineffective; therefore, the restoration of peripheral and central nervous system injuries has been a continuous scientific challenge. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in the nervous system have provided new alternative medical approaches. These methods use external biomaterial supports, known as scaffolds, to create platforms for the cells to migrate to the injury site and repair the tissue. The challenge in neural tissue engineering (NTE) remains the fabrication of scaffolds with precisely controlled, tunable topography, biochemical cues, and surface energy, capable of directing and controlling the function of neuronal cells toward the recovery from neurological disorders and injuries. At the same time, it has been shown that NTE provides the potential to model neurological diseases in vitro, mainly via lab-on-a-chip systems, especially in cases for which it is difficult to obtain suitable animal models. As a consequence of the intense research activity in the field, a variety of synthetic approaches and 3D fabrication methods have been developed for the fabrication of NTE scaffolds, including soft lithography and self-assembly, as well as subtractive (top-down) and additive (bottom-up) manufacturing. This article aims at reviewing the existing research effort in the rapidly growing field related to the development of biomaterial scaffolds and lab-on-a-chip systems for NTE applications. Besides presenting recent advances achieved by NTE strategies, this work also delineates existing limitations and highlights emerging possibilities and future prospects in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Papadimitriou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - P. Manganas
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - A. Ranella
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - E. Stratakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), Heraklion, 71003, Greece
- Physics Department, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Crete, Greece
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Culenova M, Bakos D, Ziaran S, Bodnarova S, Varga I, Danisovic L. Bioengineered Scaffolds as Substitutes for Grafts for Urethra Reconstruction. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12203449. [PMID: 31652498 PMCID: PMC6829564 DOI: 10.3390/ma12203449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Urethral defects originating from congenital malformations, trauma, inflammation or carcinoma still pose a great challenge to modern urology. Recent therapies have failed many times and have not provided the expected results. This negatively affects patients' quality of life. By combining cells, bioactive molecules, and biomaterials, tissue engineering can provide promising treatment options. This review focused on scaffold systems for urethra reconstruction. We also discussed different technologies, such as electrospinning and 3D bioprinting which provide great possibility for the preparation of a hollow structure with well-defined architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Culenova
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Dusan Bakos
- International Centre for Applied Research and Sustainable Technology, Jamnickeho 19, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Stanislav Ziaran
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Limbova 5, 833 05 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Simona Bodnarova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Measurement, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, Letna 9, 042 00 Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Ivan Varga
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Lubos Danisovic
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia.
- Regenmed Ltd., Medena 29, 811 01 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Chinnasami H, Gimble J, Devireddy RV. Structure–property relation of porous poly (l-lactic acid) scaffolds fabricated using organic solvent mixtures and controlled cooling rates and its bio-compatibility with human adipose stem cells. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911518758354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Thermally induced phase separation method was used to make porous three-dimensional poly (l-lactic acid) scaffolds. The effect of imposed thermal profile during freezing of the poly (l-lactic acid) in dioxane solution on the scaffold was characterized by their micro-structure, porosity (%), pore sizes’ distribution, and mechanical strength. The porosity (%) decreased considerably with increasing concentrations of poly (l-lactic acid) in the solution, while a decreasing trend was observed with increasing cooling rates. The mechanical strength increases with increase in poly (l-lactic acid) concentration and also with increase in the cooling rate for both types of solvents. Therefore, mechanical strength was increased by higher cooling rates while the porosity (%) remained relatively consistent. Scaffolds made using higher concentrations of poly (l-lactic acid; 7% and 10% w/v) in solvent showed better mechanical strength which improved relatively with increasing cooling rates (1°C–40°C/min). This phenomenon of enhanced structural integrity with increasing cooling rates was more prominent in scaffolds made from higher initial poly (l-lactic acid) concentrations. Human adipose–derived stem cells were cultured on these scaffold (7% and 10% w/v) prepared by thermally induced phase separation at all cooling rates to measure the cell proliferation efficiency as a function of their micro-structural properties. Mean pore sizes played a crucial role in cell proliferation than percent porosity since all scaffolds were >88% porous. The viability percent of human adipose tissue–derived adult stem cells increased consistently with longer periods of culture. Thus, poly (l-lactic acid) scaffolds prepared by thermally controlled thermally induced phase separation method could be a prime candidate for making ex vivo tissue-engineered grafts for surgical implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Chinnasami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jeff Gimble
- LaCell, LLC and Tulane Center for Stem Cell Research & Regenerative Medicine and Departments of Medicine, Structural & Cellular Biology and Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ram V Devireddy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Naghizadeh F, Solouk A, Khoulenjani SB. Osteochondral scaffolds based on electrospinning method: General review on new and emerging approaches. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2017.1393682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Naghizadeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Solouk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shadab Bagheri Khoulenjani
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
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Lui H, Vaquette C, Bindra R. Tissue Engineering in Hand Surgery: A Technology Update. J Hand Surg Am 2017; 42:727-735. [PMID: 28751113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The field of hand surgery is constantly evolving to meet the challenges of repairing intricate anatomical structures with limited availability of donor tissue. The past 10 years have seen an exponential growth in tissue engineering, which has broadened the perspectives of tackling these age-old problems. Various fabrication techniques such as melt electrospinning and fused deposition modelling have been employed to synthesize 3-dimensional bioscaffolds that can be used to replace lost tissue. These bioscaffolds with strategic biomimicry have been shown to allow for integrative and functional repair of tissue injuries. This review article summarizes the most current advances in tissue engineering and its applications in the field of hand surgery. It outlines the current tissue engineering techniques commonly used for tackling musculoskeletal problems and highlights the most promising approaches according to clinical evidence. In particular, the paper explores regenerative medicine concepts applied to specific tissues including nerve, bone, cartilage, tendon, ligament, and vessels. In the face of innovative and pioneering research, tissue engineering will undoubtedly play a key role in reconstructive hand surgery in the not too distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayman Lui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Gold Coast University Hospital & Griffith University School of Medicine, Southport, Australia.
| | - Cedryck Vaquette
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Randip Bindra
- Department of Orthopaedics, Gold Coast University Hospital & Griffith University School of Medicine, Southport, Australia
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Gentamicin Released from Porous Scaffolds Fabricated by Stereolithography. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2017; 2017:9547896. [PMID: 29065670 PMCID: PMC5585561 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9547896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Porous oligolactide-hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds were obtained by stereolithographic fabrication. Gentamicin was then coated on the scaffolds afterwards, to achieve antimicrobial delivery ability to treat bone infection. The scaffolds examined by stereomicroscope, SEM, and μCT-scan showed a well-ordered pore structure with uniform pore distribution and pore interconnectivity. The physical and mechanical properties of the scaffolds were investigated. It was shown that not only porosity but also scaffold structure played a critical role in governing the strength of scaffolds. A good scaffold design could create proper orientation of pores in a way to strengthen the scaffold structure. The drug delivery profile of the porous scaffolds was also analyzed using microbiological assay. The release rates of gentamicin from the scaffolds showed prolonged drug release at the levels higher than the minimum inhibitory concentrations for S. aureus and E. coli over a 2-week period. It indicated a potential of the scaffolds to serve as local antibiotic delivery to prevent bacterial infection.
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Heiden M, Nauman E, Stanciu L. Bioresorbable Fe-Mn and Fe-Mn-HA Materials for Orthopedic Implantation: Enhancing Degradation through Porosity Control. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28449254 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Resorbable, porous iron-manganese-hydroxyapatite biocomposites with suitable degradation rates for orthopedic applications are prepared using salt-leaching for the first time. These transient biomaterials have the potential to replace inert, permanent implants that can suffer from long-term complications, or have to be surgically removed, leaving an unfavorable void. Fe30Mn-10HA materials are newly developed to address inadequate resorption rates of degradable materials proposed for orthopedic environments in the past. In this study, controllable porosities with 300 µm diameter pores are introduced into Fe30Mn alloys and Fe30Mn-10HA composites, which enhance tissue ingrowth. For the composites, a Ca2 Mn7 O14 phase generated within the Fe30Mn matrix during the sintering process greatly increases degradability. The combination of this second phase and added porosity is found to contribute to increased bone-like apatite layer formation, mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell attachment, and reduction of detrimental oxide layer flaking. Remarkably, after thirty days in vitro, there is a significant increase in degradation up to 0.82 ± 0.04 mm per year for 30 wt% porous Fe30Mn-10HA biocomposites, compared to 0.02 ± 0.00 mm per year for traditional nonporous Fe30Mn, thereby increasing the viability of these materials for future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Heiden
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Purdue University 47907 West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Eric Nauman
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering Purdue University 47907 West Lafayette IN USA
- School of Mechanical Engineering Purdue University 47907 West Lafayette IN USA
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences Purdue University 47907 West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Lia Stanciu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Purdue University 47907 West Lafayette IN USA
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Cork J, Whittaker AK, Cooper-White JJ, Grøndahl L. Electrospinning and mechanical properties of P(TMC-co-LLA) elastomers. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:2263-2272. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00137a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
P(TMC-co-LLA) elastomers have shown great potential for various biomaterial and tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorja Cork
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
- The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
| | - Andrew K. Whittaker
- The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology
| | - Justin J. Cooper-White
- The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering
| | - Lisbeth Grøndahl
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
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Narayanan G, Vernekar VN, Kuyinu EL, Laurencin CT. Poly (lactic acid)-based biomaterials for orthopaedic regenerative engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 107:247-276. [PMID: 27125191 PMCID: PMC5482531 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative engineering converges tissue engineering, advanced materials science, stem cell science, and developmental biology to regenerate complex tissues such as whole limbs. Regenerative engineering scaffolds provide mechanical support and nanoscale control over architecture, topography, and biochemical cues to influence cellular outcome. In this regard, poly (lactic acid) (PLA)-based biomaterials may be considered as a gold standard for many orthopaedic regenerative engineering applications because of their versatility in fabrication, biodegradability, and compatibility with biomolecules and cells. Here we discuss recent developments in PLA-based biomaterials with respect to processability and current applications in the clinical and research settings for bone, ligament, meniscus, and cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Narayanan
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Varadraj N Vernekar
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Emmanuel L Kuyinu
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Cato T Laurencin
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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15
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Xin X, Liu QQ, Chen CX, Guan YX, Yao SJ. Fabrication of bimodal porous PLGA scaffolds by supercritical CO2foaming/particle leaching technique. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xin
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Qian-Qian Liu
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Chuan-Xin Chen
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Yi-Xin Guan
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Shan-Jing Yao
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
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16
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Leferink AM, van Blitterswijk CA, Moroni L. Methods of Monitoring Cell Fate and Tissue Growth in Three-Dimensional Scaffold-Based Strategies for In Vitro Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 22:265-83. [PMID: 26825610 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the field of tissue engineering, there is a need for methods that allow assessing the performance of tissue-engineered constructs noninvasively in vitro and in vivo. To date, histological analysis is the golden standard to retrieve information on tissue growth, cellular distribution, and cell fate on tissue-engineered constructs after in vitro cell culture or on explanted specimens after in vivo applications. Yet, many advances have been made to optimize imaging techniques for monitoring tissue-engineered constructs with a sub-mm or μm resolution. Many imaging modalities have first been developed for clinical applications, in which a high penetration depth has been often more important than lateral resolution. In this study, we have reviewed the current state of the art in several imaging approaches that have shown to be promising in monitoring cell fate and tissue growth upon in vitro culture. Depending on the aimed tissue type and scaffold properties, some imaging methods are more applicable than others. Optical methods are mostly suited for transparent materials such as hydrogels, whereas magnetic resonance-based methods are mostly applied to obtain contrast between hard and soft tissues regardless of their transparency. Overall, this review shows that the field of imaging in scaffold-based tissue engineering is developing at a fast pace and has the potential to overcome the limitations of destructive endpoint analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Leferink
- 1 Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute, University of Twente , Enschede, The Netherlands .,2 Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, Maastricht University , Maastricht, The Netherlands .,3 BIOS/Lab-on-a-chip Group, MIRA Institute, University of Twente , Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens A van Blitterswijk
- 1 Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute, University of Twente , Enschede, The Netherlands .,2 Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, Maastricht University , Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- 1 Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute, University of Twente , Enschede, The Netherlands .,2 Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, Maastricht University , Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Loth R, Loth T, Schwabe K, Bernhardt R, Schulz-Siegmund M, Hacker MC. Highly adjustable biomaterial networks from three-armed biodegradable macromers. Acta Biomater 2015; 26:82-96. [PMID: 26277378 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Biocompatible material platforms with adjustable properties and option for chemical modification are warranted for site-specific biomedical applications. To this end, three-armed biodegradable macromers of well-defined chemical characteristics were prepared from trivalent alcohols with different degrees of ethoxylation and different lengths of oligoester domains. A platform of 15 different macromers was established. The macromers were designed to exhibit different hydrophilicities and molecular weights and contained various types of oligoesters such as d,l-lactide, l-lactide and ε-caprolactone. Macromers chemical composition was determined and molecular weights ranged from 900 to 3000 Da. Thermally induced cross-linking of methacrylated macromers was monitored by oscillation rheology. A novel variant of the solid lipid templating technique was established to fabricate macroporous tissue engineering scaffolds from these macromers. Scaffold properties were thoroughly investigated regarding mechanical properties, compositional analysis including methacrylic double bond conversion, microstructure and porosity. Material properties could be controlled by macromer chemistry. By variation of the fabrication procedure and processing parameters scaffold porosity was increased up to 88%. Basic cytocompatibility was assessed including indirect and direct contact methods. The established macromers hold promise for various biomedical purposes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Specific biomedical applications require tailored biomaterials with defined properties. We established a macromer platform for preparation of tissue engineering scaffolds with adjustable chemical and mechanical characteristics. Macromers were composed of trivalent core alcohols with different degrees of ethoxylation to which biodegradable domains - lactide or ε-caprolactone - were oligomerized before final methacrylation. The solid lipid templating technique was adapted to fabricate macroporous scaffolds with controlled pore structure and porosity from the developed macromers, which can also be processed by solid freeform fabrication techniques. The material platform relies on clinically established chemistries of the biodegradable domains and the macromer concept enables the fabrication of networks in which cross-polymerization kinetics, mechanical properties and surface hydrophobicity is predefined by macromer chemistry. Cytocompatibility was confirmed by indirect and direct cell contact experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi Loth
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Str. 15a, D-04317 Leipzig, Germany; Collaborative Research Center (SFB/Transregio 67), Matrixengineering, Leipzig and Dresden, Germany
| | - Tina Loth
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Str. 15a, D-04317 Leipzig, Germany; Collaborative Research Center (SFB/Transregio 67), Matrixengineering, Leipzig and Dresden, Germany
| | - Katharina Schwabe
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Str. 15a, D-04317 Leipzig, Germany; Collaborative Research Center (SFB/Transregio 67), Matrixengineering, Leipzig and Dresden, Germany
| | - Ricardo Bernhardt
- Max-Bergmann-Center of Biomaterials, Dresden, University of Technology, Budapester Str. 27, D-01062 Dresden, Germany; Collaborative Research Center (SFB/Transregio 67), Matrixengineering, Leipzig and Dresden, Germany
| | - Michaela Schulz-Siegmund
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Str. 15a, D-04317 Leipzig, Germany; Collaborative Research Center (SFB/Transregio 67), Matrixengineering, Leipzig and Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael C Hacker
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Leipzig University, Eilenburger Str. 15a, D-04317 Leipzig, Germany; Collaborative Research Center (SFB/Transregio 67), Matrixengineering, Leipzig and Dresden, Germany.
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Jamuna-Thevi K, Saarani NN, Abdul Kadir MR, Hermawan H. Triple-layered PLGA/nanoapatite/lauric acid graded composite membrane for periodontal guided bone regeneration. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 43:253-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Costa PF, Vaquette C, Baldwin J, Chhaya M, Gomes ME, Reis RL, Theodoropoulos C, Hutmacher DW. Biofabrication of customized bone grafts by combination of additive manufacturing and bioreactor knowhow. Biofabrication 2014; 6:035006. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/6/3/035006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Pore size effect of collagen scaffolds on cartilage regeneration. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:2005-13. [PMID: 24384122 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Scaffold pore size is an important factor affecting tissue regeneration efficiency. The effect of pore size on cartilage tissue regeneration was compared by using four types of collagen porous scaffolds with different pore sizes. The collagen porous scaffolds were prepared by using pre-prepared ice particulates that had diameters of 150-250, 250-355, 355-425 and 425-500μm. All the scaffolds had spherical large pores with good interconnectivity and high porosity that facilitated cell seeding and spatial cell distribution. Chondrocytes adhered to the walls of the spherical pores and showed a homogeneous distribution throughout the scaffolds. The in vivo implantation results indicated that the pore size did not exhibit any obvious effect on cell proliferation but exhibited different effects on cartilage regeneration. The collagen porous scaffolds prepared with ice particulates 150-250μm in size best promoted the expression and production of type II collagen and aggrecan, increasing the formation and the mechanical properties of the cartilage.
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21
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Mi HY, Jing X, Turng LS. Fabrication of porous synthetic polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering. J CELL PLAST 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x14531002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering provides a novel and promising approach to replace damaged tissue with an artificial substitute. Porous synthetic biodegradable polymers are the preferred materials for this substitution due to their microstructure, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low cost. As a crucial element in tissue engineering, a scaffold acts as an artificial extracellular matrix (ECM) and provides support for cell migration, differentiation, and reproduction. The fabrication of viable scaffolds, however, has been a challenge in both clinical and academic settings. Methods such as solvent casting/particle leaching, thermally induced phase separation (TIPS), electrospinning, gas foaming, and rapid prototyping (additive manufacturing) have been developed or introduced for scaffold fabrication. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. In this review, the commonly used synthetic polymer scaffold fabrication methods will be introduced and discussed in detail, and recent progress regarding scaffold fabrication—such as combining different scaffold fabrication methods, combining various materials, and improving current scaffold fabrication methods—will be reviewed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yang Mi
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI , USA
| | - Xin Jing
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI , USA
| | - Lih-Sheng Turng
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI , USA
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22
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Elsner JJ, Kraitzer A, Grinberg O, Zilberman M. Highly porous drug-eluting structures: from wound dressings to stents and scaffolds for tissue regeneration. BIOMATTER 2014; 2:239-70. [PMID: 23507890 PMCID: PMC3568110 DOI: 10.4161/biom.22838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
For many biomedical applications, there is need for porous implant materials. The current article focuses on a method for preparation of drug-eluting porous structures for various biomedical applications, based on freeze drying of inverted emulsions. This fabrication process enables the incorporation of any drug, to obtain an "active implant" that releases drugs to the surrounding tissue in a controlled desired manner. Examples for porous implants based on this technique are antibiotic-eluting mesh/matrix structures used for wound healing applications, antiproliferative drug-eluting composite fibers for stent applications and local cancer treatment, and protein-eluting films for tissue regeneration applications. In the current review we focus on these systems. We show that the release profiles of both types of drugs, water-soluble and water-insoluble, are affected by the emulsion's formulation parameters. The former's release profile is affected mainly through the emulsion stability and the resulting porous microstructure, whereas the latter's release mechanism occurs via water uptake and degradation of the host polymer. Hence, appropriate selection of the formulation parameters enables to obtain desired controllable release profile of any bioactive agent, water-soluble or water-insoluble, and also fit its physical properties to the application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Elsner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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23
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Permeability of Porous Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Barriers of Single and Bilayer Type for Implant Applications. INT J POLYM SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/958975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) is a polyester which shows excellent biocompatibility and a PHB material is therefore considered suitable for many biomedical applications. A highly porous PHB material may be designed to facilitate the transport of small molecules and body fluids or serve as a biocompatible temporary barrier. In this study, PHB films with varying degree of porosity and pore interconnectivity were made by solvent casting using water-in-oil emulsion templates of varying composition. The morphology was characterized by SEM and the water permeability of the films was determined. The results show that an increased water content of the template emulsion resulted in a film with increased porosity. A fine tuning of the film morphology of the casted films was achieved by varying the salt content of the water phase of the template emulsion. The porosity of these films was roughly the same but the water permeability varied between23·10-13and1486·10-13 m2/s. It was concluded that the major determinant of the water permeability through these films is the pore interconnectivity. Furthermore, we report on the formation and water permeability of bilayer PHB films consisting of a porous layer combined with a dense backing layer.
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Zhang Q, Lu H, Kawazoe N, Chen G. Preparation of collagen scaffolds with controlled pore structures and improved mechanical property for cartilage tissue engineering. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911513494620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate pore structures and mechanical properties are required for scaffolds that are used for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this study, pre-prepared ice particulates were used as a porogen material to prepare collagen porous scaffolds with well-controlled pore structures and improved mechanical properties. Porogen ice particulates initiated the formation of interconnected large spherical pores surrounded by small pores. The large spherical pores were well compacted and increased the elastic modulus of the scaffolds. The unique pore structures facilitated cell penetration, resulting in a homogeneous cell distribution throughout the scaffolds. The excellent mechanical properties protected the scaffolds from deformation during cell culturing and implantation. The collagen porous scaffolds facilitated cartilage regeneration when bovine articular chondrocytes were cultured in these scaffolds. The use of pre-prepared ice particulates as a porogen material proved to be a useful method to control the pore structure and improve the mechanical properties of collagen-based porous scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- Tissue Regeneration Materials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hongxu Lu
- Tissue Regeneration Materials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoki Kawazoe
- Tissue Regeneration Materials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Guoping Chen
- Tissue Regeneration Materials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Vaquette C, Ivanovski S, Hamlet SM, Hutmacher DW. Effect of culture conditions and calcium phosphate coating on ectopic bone formation. Biomaterials 2013; 34:5538-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Teng PT, Chern MJ, Shen YK, Chiang YC. Development of novel porous nasal scaffold using injection molding. POLYM ENG SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Castro NJ, Hacking SA, Zhang LG. Recent Progress in Interfacial Tissue Engineering Approaches for Osteochondral Defects. Ann Biomed Eng 2012; 40:1628-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-012-0605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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28
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Tang G, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Li X, Yuan X. Preparation of PLGA scaffolds with graded pores by using a gelatin-microsphere template as porogen. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 23:2241-57. [PMID: 22137329 DOI: 10.1163/156856211x614185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Porous scaffolds with graded pores are crucial to osteochondral regeneration. In this study, a technique combining solution casting with gelatin-microsphere template leaching has been developed to produce poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) scaffolds with graded pores. The traditional emulsification and solvent extraction method was improved by using the gradient ethanol/water solutions to extract water to prepare gelatin microspheres with a smooth surface without the use of any surfactant. Gelatin microspheres with different diameters were in sequence put into a custom-made cylindrical Teflon mold and bonded together to obtain gelatin-microsphere templates. By using the gelatin-microsphere templates as porogen, PLGA scaffolds with graded pore size across the cylindrical axis were prepared. The porosity of the scaffold was as high as 95%. The pore size effect on osteoblasts was studied. The results showed that the graded scaffolds possessed good biocompatibility for osteoblast growth. During the 14 days culture, the cell proliferation of all the three pore layers displayed the trend of increasing. The proliferation rate of the large pore layer was lower than the other two layers. However, the difference of alkaline phosphatase activity on the three pore layers was not statistically significant. We assumed that it was probably because of the hydrophobicity and the short culture time. It was demonstrated that gradient ethanol/water solutions provided a simple way to prepared gelatin microspheres. The graded scaffolds would provide potential application for osteochondral regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongwen Tang
- a School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University , Tianjin , 300072 , P. R. China
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Bergstrand A, Andersson H, Cramby J, Sott K, Larsson A. Preparation of Porous Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) Films by Water-Droplet Templating. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/jbnb.2012.34043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Li J, Chen Y, Mak AF, Tuan RS, Li L, Li Y. A one-step method to fabricate PLLA scaffolds with deposition of bioactive hydroxyapatite and collagen using ice-based microporogens. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:2013-9. [PMID: 20004261 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 09/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Porous poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) scaffolds with bioactive coatings were prepared by a novel one-step method. In this process, ice-based microporogens containing bioactive molecules, such as hydroxyapatite (HA) and collagen, served as both porogens to form the porous structure and vehicles to transfer the bioactive molecules to the inside of PLLA scaffolds in a single step. Based on scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, the bioactive components were found to be transferred successfully from the porogens to PLLA scaffolds evenly. Osteoblast cells were used to evaluate the cellular behaviors of the composite scaffolds. After culturing for 8days, MTT assay and alkaline phosphatase activity results suggested that HA/collagen could improve the interactions between osteoblast cells and the polymeric scaffold.
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31
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Wang X, Nyman J, Dong X, Leng H, Reyes M. Fundamental Biomechanics in Bone Tissue Engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2200/s00246ed1v01y200912tis004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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32
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Chao G, Xiaobo S, Chenglin C, Yinsheng D, Yuepu P, Pinghua L. A cellular automaton simulation of the degradation of porous polylactide scaffold: I. Effect of porosity. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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