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Chen C, Wang Y, Jiang W, Zhu C, Yao S. Transdermal release behaviors of bioactive deep eutectic solvents as natural skin care and mechanism. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Murab S, Hawk T, Snyder A, Herold S, Totapally M, Whitlock PW. Tissue Engineering Strategies for Treating Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:200. [PMID: 34940353 PMCID: PMC8699035 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8120200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head commonly leads to symptomatic osteoarthritis of the hip. In older patients, hip replacement is a viable option that restores the hip biomechanics and improves pain but in pediatric, adolescent, and young adult patients hip replacements impose significant activity limitations and the need for multiple revision surgeries with increasing risk of complication. Early detection of AVN requires a high level of suspicion as diagnostic techniques such as X-rays are not sensitive in the early stages of the disease. There are multiple etiologies that can lead to this disease. In the pediatric and adolescent population, trauma is a commonly recognized cause of AVN. The understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease is limited, adding to the challenge of devising a clinically effective treatment strategy. Surgical techniques to prevent progression of the disease and avoid total hip replacement include core decompression, vascular grafts, and use of bone-marrow derived stem cells with or without adjuncts, such as bisphosphonates and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), all of which are partially effective only in the very early stages of the disease. Further, these strategies often only improve pain and range of motion in the short-term in some patients and do not predictably prevent progression of the disease. Tissue engineering strategies with the combined use of biomaterials, stem cells and growth factors offer a potential strategy to avoid metallic implants and surgery. Structural, bioactive biomaterial platforms could help in stabilizing the femoral head while inducing osteogenic differentiation to regenerate bone and provide angiogenic cues to concomitantly recover vasculature in the femoral head. Moreover, injectable systems that can be delivered using a minimal invasive procedure and provide mechanical support the collapsing femoral head could potentially alleviate the need for surgical interventions in the future. The present review describes the limitations of existing surgical methods and the recent advances in tissue engineering that are leading in the direction of a clinically effective, translational solution for AVN in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Murab
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (T.H.); (A.S.); (S.H.); (M.T.)
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Teresa Hawk
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (T.H.); (A.S.); (S.H.); (M.T.)
| | - Alexander Snyder
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (T.H.); (A.S.); (S.H.); (M.T.)
| | - Sydney Herold
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (T.H.); (A.S.); (S.H.); (M.T.)
| | - Meghana Totapally
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (T.H.); (A.S.); (S.H.); (M.T.)
| | - Patrick W. Whitlock
- Division of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (T.H.); (A.S.); (S.H.); (M.T.)
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
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Enhanced osteoinductive capacity of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid and biphasic ceramic scaffolds by embedding simvastatin. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 26:2693-2701. [PMID: 34694495 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the effect of embedding simvastatin (SIM) on the osteoinductive capacity of PLGA + HA/βTCP scaffolds in stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED). MATERIALS AND METHODS Scaffolds were produced by PLGA solvent dissolution, addition of HA/βTCP, solvent evaporation, and leaching of sucrose particles to impart porosity. Biphasic ceramic particles (70% HA/30% βTCP) were added to the PLGA in a 1:1 (w:w) ratio. Scaffolds with SIM received 1% (w:w) of this medication. Scaffolds were synthesized in a disc-shape and sterilized by ethylene oxide. The experimental groups were (G1) PLGA + HA/βTCP and (G2) PLGA + HA/βTCP + SIM in non-osteogenic culture medium, while (G3) SHED and (G4) MC3T3-E1 in osteogenic culture medium were the positive control groups. The release profile of SIM from scaffolds was evaluated. DNA quantification assay, alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin and osteonectin proteins, extracellular calcium detection, von Kossa staining, and X-ray microtomography were performed to assess the capacity of scaffolds to induce the osteogenic differentiation of SHED. RESULTS The release profile of SIM followed a non-liner sustained-release rate, reaching about 40% of drug release at day 28. Additionally, G2 promoted the highest osteogenic differentiation of SHED, even when compared to the positive control groups. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the osteoinductive capacity of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid and biphasic ceramic scaffolds was expressively enhanced by embedding simvastatin. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Bone regeneration is still a limiting factor in the success of several approaches to oral and maxillofacial surgeries, though tissue engineering using mesenchymal stem cells, scaffolds, and osteoinductive mediators might collaborate to this topic.
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Sordi MB, da Cruz ACC, Aragones Á, Cordeiro MMR, de Souza Magini R. PLGA+HA/βTCP Scaffold Incorporating Simvastatin: A Promising Biomaterial for Bone Tissue Engineering. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2021; 47:93-101. [PMID: 32699891 DOI: 10.1563/aaid-joi-d-19-00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to synthesize, characterize, and evaluate degradation and biocompatibility of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) + hydroxyapatite/β-tricalcium phosphate (PLGA+HA/βTCP) scaffolds incorporating simvastatin (SIM) to verify if this biomaterial might be promising for bone tissue engineering. Samples were obtained by the solvent evaporation technique. Biphasic ceramic particles (70% HA, 30% βTCP) were added to PLGA in a ratio of 1:1. Samples with SIM received 1% (m/m) of this medication. Scaffolds were synthesized in a cylindric shape and sterilized by ethylene oxide. For degradation analysis, samples were immersed in phosphate-buffered saline at 37°C under constant stirring for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Nondegraded samples were taken as reference. Mass variation, scanning electron microscopy, porosity analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetry were performed to evaluate physico-chemical properties. Wettability and cytotoxicity tests were conducted to evaluate the biocompatibility. Microscopic images revealed the presence of macro-, meso-, and micropores in the polymer structure with HA/βTCP particles homogeneously dispersed. Chemical and thermal analyses presented similar results for both PLGA+HA/βTCP and PLGA+HA/βTCP+SIM. The incorporation of simvastatin improved the hydrophilicity of scaffolds. Additionally, PLGA+HA/βTCP and PLGA+HA/βTCP+SIM scaffolds were biocompatible for osteoblasts and mesenchymal stem cells. In summary, PLGA+HA/βTCP scaffolds incorporating simvastatin presented adequate structural, chemical, thermal, and biological properties for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Beatriz Sordi
- Center for Research on Dental Implants, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Águedo Aragones
- Ceramic & Composite Materials Research Laboratories, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Jin H, Ji Y, Cui Y, Xu L, Liu H, Wang J. Simvastatin-Incorporated Drug Delivery Systems for Bone Regeneration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:2177-2191. [PMID: 33877804 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Local drug delivery systems composed of biomaterials and osteogenic substances provide promising strategies for the reconstruction of large bone defects. In recent years, simvastatin has been studied extensively for its pleiotropic effects other than lowering of cholesterol, including its ability to induce osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Accordingly, several studies of simvastatin incorporated drug delivery systems have been performed to demonstrate the feasibility of such systems in enhancing bone regeneration. Therefore, this review explores the molecular mechanisms by which simvastatin affects bone metabolism and angiogenesis. The simvastatin concentrations that promote osteogenic differentiation are analyzed. Furthermore, we summarize and discuss a variety of simvastatin-loaded drug delivery systems that use different loading methods and materials. Finally, current shortcomings of and future development directions for simvastatin-loaded drug delivery systems are summarized. This review provides various advanced design strategies for simvastatin-incorporated drug delivery systems that can enhance bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China.,Department of Pain, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
| | - Youbo Ji
- Department of Pain, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
| | - Yutao Cui
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Weihai Guanghua Hospital, Weihai 264200, P.R. China
| | - He Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, P.R. China
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Sordi MB, Cruz A, Fredel MC, Magini R, Sharpe PT. Three-dimensional bioactive hydrogel-based scaffolds for bone regeneration in implant dentistry. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 124:112055. [PMID: 33947549 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone tissue requires a range of complex mechanisms to allow the restoration of its structure and function. Bone healing is a signaling cascade process, involving cells secreting cytokines, growth factors, and pro-inflammatory factors in the defect site that will, subsequently, recruit surrounding stem cells to migrate, proliferate, and differentiate into bone-forming cells. Bioactive functional scaffolds could be applied to improve the bone healing processes where the organism is not able to fully regenerate the lost tissue. However, to be optimal, such scaffolds should act as osteoconductors - supporting bone-forming cells, providing nutrients, and sustaining the arrival of new blood vessels, and act as osteoinducers - slowly releasing signaling molecules that stimulate mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate and deposit mineralized bone matrix. Different compositions and shapes of scaffolds, cutting-edge technologies, application of signaling molecules to promote cell differentiation, and high-quality biomaterials are reaching favorable outcomes towards osteoblastic differentiation of stem cells in in vitro and in vivo researches for bone regeneration. Hydrogel-based biomaterials are being pointed as promising for bone tissue regeneration; however, despite all the research and high-impact scientific publications, there are still several challenges that prevent the use of hydrogel-based scaffolds for bone regeneration being feasible for their clinical application. Hence, the objective of this review is to consolidate and report, based on the current scientific literature, the approaches for bone tissue regeneration using bioactive hydrogel-based scaffolds, cell-based therapies, and three-dimensional bioprinting to define the key challenges preventing their use in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane B Sordi
- Research Center on Dental Implants, Department of Odontology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil; Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Ariadne Cruz
- Department of Odontology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Márcio C Fredel
- Ceramic and Composite Materials Research Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Magini
- Department of Odontology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Paul T Sharpe
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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Dang L, Zhu J, Song C. The effect of topical administration of simvastatin on entochondrostosis and intramembranous ossification: An animal experiment. J Orthop Translat 2021; 28:1-9. [PMID: 33575165 PMCID: PMC7844440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Simvastatin, a drug for lowering serum cholesterol, has been shown to enhance bone regeneration, but few studies have qualitatively and quantitatively tested its effect when used topically in different animal models. This study aims to investigate topical administration of simvastatin as a bone regeneration inducer by testing its effect on bone formation in both long tubular bone and flat bone defect, and the mechanism involved. Methods Two animal models were used for testing the effect of simvastatin on entochondrostosis and intramembranous ossification respectively. Simvastatin of different dosages combined with poly lactic acid were implanted in extreme radial defects of 12 adult male New Zealand rabbits. Bone formation was monitored using x-ray and CT-scan and measured using x-ray scales, pixel values and spiral CT-scan for 16 weeks before being subject to histological and immunohistochemistry examination. The result was compared with that of autograft and blank control groups. Simvastatin with thrombin and fibrin sealant were implanted in calvarial defects of three Rhesus monkeys and monitored for 18 weeks. Bone formation was compared between the simvastatin and the blank control group using spiral CT-scan and histological examination. Results Both visual and quantitative measurements by x-ray and spiral CT-scan indicated significant bone formation in radial defects in all simvastatin groups and the autograft group whereas no bone formation was found in control groups. There was no significant difference in bone formation quantity between 100 mg simvastatin and autograft. Histological and immunohistochemistry examination indicated entochondrostosis in association with positive expression of BMP-2 and HIF-1 alpha. Spiral CT-scan and histological examination of calvarial defects of monkeys showed intramembranous ossification after simvastatin implantation. No change was found in the control group. Conclusions Topical administration of simvastatin induces entochondrostosis and intramembranous ossification by enhancing expression of BMP-2 and HIF-1 alpha. The effect of simvastatin on bone regeneration is comparable to autograft. The translational potential of this article Topical administration of simvastatin can repair bone defect in both long tubular bones and flat bones of rabbits and monkeys as effectively as autograft. Given that it is cheap, safe and already in clinical use, simvastatin might be considered as a bone regeneration inducer with great potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University 3rd Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jinglin Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chunli Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University 3rd Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, Beijing, PR China
- Corresponding author. Department of Orthopedics, Peking University 3rd Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, 49 North Garden Rd., Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
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Klein C, Monet M, Barbier V, Vanlaeys A, Masquelet AC, Gouron R, Mentaverri R. The Masquelet technique: Current concepts, animal models, and perspectives. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 14:1349-1359. [PMID: 32621637 DOI: 10.1002/term.3097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bone reconstruction within a critical-sized defect remains a real challenge in orthopedic surgery. The Masquelet technique is an innovative, two-step therapeutic approach for bone reconstruction in which the placement of a poly (methylmethacrylate) spacer into the bone defect induces the neo-formation of a tissue called "induced membrane." This surgical technique has many advantages and is often preferred to a vascularized bone flap or Ilizarov's technique. Although the Masquelet technique has achieved high clinical success rates since its development by Alain-Charles Masquelet in the early 2000s, very little is known about how the process works, and few animal models of membrane induction have been developed. Our successful use of this technique in the clinic and our interest in the mechanisms of tissue regeneration (notably bone regeneration) prompted us to develop a surgical model of the Masquelet technique in rats. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on animal models of membrane induction, encompassing the defect site, the surgical procedure, and the histologic and osteogenic properties of the induced membrane. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of those models to facilitate efforts in characterizing the complex biological mechanisms that underlie membrane induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Klein
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Amiens University Medical Center, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France.,MP3CV-EA7517, CURS, miens University Medical Center, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Michael Monet
- MP3CV-EA7517, CURS, miens University Medical Center, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Vincent Barbier
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Amiens University Medical Center, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France.,MP3CV-EA7517, CURS, miens University Medical Center, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Alison Vanlaeys
- MP3CV-EA7517, CURS, miens University Medical Center, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Alain-Charles Masquelet
- Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique, Traumatologie et Chirurgie de la Main, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Richard Gouron
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Amiens University Medical Center, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France.,MP3CV-EA7517, CURS, miens University Medical Center, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Romuald Mentaverri
- MP3CV-EA7517, CURS, miens University Medical Center, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France.,Department of Biochemistry and Endocrine Biology, Amiens University Medical Center, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
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Faruq O, Sayed S, Kim B, Im S, Lee B. A biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic scaffold loaded with oxidized cellulose nanofiber–gelatin hydrogel with immobilized simvastatin drug for osteogenic differentiation. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 108:1229-1238. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Faruq
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of MedicineSoonchunhyang University Cheonan South Korea
| | - Shithima Sayed
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of MedicineSoonchunhyang University Cheonan South Korea
| | - Boram Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of MedicineSoonchunhyang University Cheonan South Korea
| | - Soo‐Bin Im
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of MedicineSoonchunhyang University, Bucheon Hospital Bucheon South Korea
| | - Byong‐Taek Lee
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of MedicineSoonchunhyang University Cheonan South Korea
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of MedicineSoonchunhyang University Cheonan South Korea
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Amiryaghoubi N, Fathi M, Pesyan NN, Samiei M, Barar J, Omidi Y. Bioactive polymeric scaffolds for osteogenic repair and bone regenerative medicine. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1833-1870. [PMID: 32301138 DOI: 10.1002/med.21672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The loss of bone tissue is a striking challenge in orthopedic surgery. Tissue engineering using various advanced biofunctional materials is considered a promising approach for the regeneration and substitution of impaired bone tissues. Recently, polymeric supportive scaffolds and biomaterials have been used to rationally promote the generation of new bone tissues. To restore the bone tissue in this context, biofunctional polymeric materials with significant mechanical robustness together with embedded materials can act as a supportive matrix for cellular proliferation, adhesion, and osteogenic differentiation. The osteogenic regeneration to replace defective tissues demands greater calcium deposits, high alkaline phosphatase activity, and profound upregulation of osteocalcin as a late osteogenic marker. Ideally, the bioactive polymeric scaffolds (BPSs) utilized for bone tissue engineering should impose no detrimental impacts and function as a carrier for the controlled delivery and release of the loaded molecules necessary for the bone tissue regeneration. In this review, we provide comprehensive insights into different synthetic and natural polymers used for the regeneration of bone tissue and discuss various technologies applied for the engineering of BPSs and their physicomechanical properties and biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Amiryaghoubi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.,Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Fathi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nader Noroozi Pesyan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad Samiei
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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