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Li J, Lu Y, Zhao X. Genetic perspectives on the influence of circulating cytokines on acne: A Mendelian randomization study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e36639. [PMID: 38115273 PMCID: PMC10727664 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that the occurrence and development of acne are closely associated with immune-inflammatory responses. Mendelian randomization was performed to further assess the causal correlation between 41 inflammatory cytokines and acne. Mendelian two-sample randomization utilized genetic variants for acne from a large open genome-wide association study (1299 cases and 211,139 controls of European ancestry) and inflammatory cytokines from a genome-wide association study abstract containing 8293 healthy participants. The causal relationship between exposure and outcome was explored primarily using an inverse variance weighting approach. In addition, multiple sensitivity analyses including MR-Egger, weighted median, simple model, weighted model, and MR-PRESSO were applied simultaneously to enhance the final results. The results suggest that il-10, MIP-1A, and SCGF-β are suggestive of the risk of acne in clinical practice (OR = 0.799, 95% CI = 0.641-0.995, P = .045; OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.388-0.787, P = .001; OR = 1. 152, 95% CI = 1.001-1.325, P = .048). Our study conclusively identified a causal relationship between il-10 and circulating levels of acne risk and a suggestive link between MIP-1A and SCGF-β and acne. Our study may provide greater insight into the pathogenesis of acne and develop effective management strategies for the clinic. We believe that IL-10, MIP-1A, and SCGF-β could be potential therapeutic targets for acne development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxuan Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Yining Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Xuelian Zhao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
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2
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Liang M, Wang Z, Li H, Liu B, Yang L. l-Arginine prevents 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal accumulation and depresses inflammation via inhibiting NF-κB activation. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23087. [PMID: 35470495 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is an inducer of inflammation. The aim of this study was to elicit the link between the inhibition of HNE accumulation and the depression of inflammation whether dependent onl-arginine availability in growing rats. Male Wistar rats were fed with different levels of l-arginine at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg body weight for 14 days. The control group was fed with commercial pellets. After 14 days of oral administration, l-arginine significantly reduced hepatic accumulation of HNE and depressed inflammation in rats as compared with the control group. Compared to the control group, the anti-inflammatory action of l-arginine is reflected by upregulation of hepatic interleukin-10 (IL-10) and the suppression of hepatic cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrotic factor α, IL-1β, and IL-6 expressions in growing rats. With l-arginine administration, the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) was efficaciously inhibited through the upregulation of inhibitory κBα, and the depression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that l-arginine could reduce hepatic HNE levels and depress inflammation in growing rats, revealing a link between the inhibition of HNE accumulation with the depression of inflammation, which was attributed to the availability of l-arginine. A significant finding of this study was that the anti-inflammatory mechanism exerted by l-arginine was to inhibit NF-κB activation via downregulating PI3K/Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingcai Liang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Zhengxuan Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Bingxiao Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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3
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Hassanpour M, Hajihassani F, Abdollahpourasl M, Cheraghi O, Aghamohamadzade N, Rahbargazi R, Nouri M, Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi Y, Zarghami N, Akbarzadeh A, Panahi Y, Sahebkar A. Pathophysiological Effects of Sulfur Mustard on Skin and its Current Treatments: Possible Application of Phytochemicals. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2020; 24:3-19. [PMID: 32679016 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666200717150414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulfur-(SM) and nitrogen (NM)-based mustards are the mutagenic incapacitating compounds which are widely used in vesicating the chemical warfare and cause toxicity in many organs, especially skin. SM, as a potent vesicating agent, contributes to the destruction of skin in dermis and epidermis layers. The progression of the lesion depends on the concentration of SM and the duration of exposure. Body responses start with pruritus, erythema, edema and xerosis, which lead to the accumulation of immune cells in the target sites and recruitment of mast cells and paracrine-mediated activity. Pro-inflammatory effectors are accumulated in the epidermis, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands resulting in the destruction of the basement membrane beneath the epidermis. There is still no satisfactory countermeasure against SM-induced lesions in clinical therapy, and the symptomatic or supportive treatments are routine management approaches. OBJECTIVE The current review highlights the recent progression of herbal medicines application in SM-induced injuries through the illustrative examples and also demonstrates their efficacies, properties and mechanism of actions as therapeutic agents. CONCLUSION Phytochemicals and herbal extracts with anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties have been recently shown to hold therapeutic promise against the SM-induced cutaneous complications. The present review discusses the possible application of herbal medicines in the healing of SM-induced injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Hassanpour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fateme Hajihassani
- Department of Health Management, School of Management and Medical informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Omid Cheraghi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasser Aghamohamadzade
- Endocrine and Metabolism Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbargazi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Younes Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yunes Panahi
- Pharmacotherapy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Mouret S, Wartelle J, Batal M, Emorine S, Bertoni M, Poyot T, Cléry-Barraud C, Bakdouri NE, Peinnequin A, Douki T, Boudry I. Time course of skin features and inflammatory biomarkers after liquid sulfur mustard exposure in SKH-1 hairless mice. Toxicol Lett 2014; 232:68-78. [PMID: 25275893 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is a strong bifunctional alkylating agent that produces severe tissue injuries characterized by erythema, edema, subepidermal blisters and a delayed inflammatory response after cutaneous exposure. However, despite its long history, SM remains a threat because of the lack of effective medical countermeasures as the molecular mechanisms of these events remain unclear. This limited number of therapeutic options results in part of an absence of appropriate animal models. We propose here to use SKH-1 hairless mouse as the appropriate model for the design of therapeutic strategies against SM-induced skin toxicity. In the present study particular emphasis was placed on histopathological changes associated with inflammatory responses after topical exposure of dorsal skin to three different doses of SM (0.6, 6 and 60mg/kg) corresponding to a superficial, a second-degree and a third-degree burn. Firstly, clinical evaluation of SM-induced skin lesions using non invasive bioengineering methods showed that erythema and impairment of skin barrier increased in a dose-dependent manner. Histological evaluation of skin sections exposed to SM revealed that the time to onset and the severity of symptoms including disorganization of epidermal basal cells, number of pyknotic nuclei, activation of mast cells and neutrophils dermal invasion were dose-dependent. These histopathological changes were associated with a dose- and time-dependent increase in expression of specific mRNA for inflammatory mediators such as interleukins (IL1β and IL6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2), macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIP-1α, MIP-2 and MIP-1αR) and keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC also called CXCL1) as well as adhesion molecules (L-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)) and growth factor (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (Csf3)). A dose-dependent increase was also noted after SM exposure for mRNA of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP9) and laminin-γ2 which are associated with SM-induced blisters formation. Taken together, our results show that SM-induced skin histopathological changes related to inflammation is similar in SKH-1 hairless mice and humans. SKH-1 mouse is thus a reliable animal model for investigating the SM-induced skin toxicity and to develop efficient treatment against SM-induced inflammatory skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Mouret
- Unité Brûlure Chimique, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France.
| | - Julien Wartelle
- Unité Brûlure Chimique, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Mohamed Batal
- Unité Brûlure Chimique, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France; UJF & CNRS, CEA, INAC, SCIB, LCIB (UMR_E 3CEA-UJF), Laboratoire Lésions des Acides Nucléiques, 17 Rue des Martyrs, Grenoble Cedex 9 F-38054, France
| | - Sandy Emorine
- Unité Brûlure Chimique, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Marine Bertoni
- Unité Brûlure Chimique, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Thomas Poyot
- Pôle de Génomique, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Cécile Cléry-Barraud
- Unité Brûlure Chimique, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Nacera El Bakdouri
- Unité Brûlure Chimique, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - André Peinnequin
- Pôle de Génomique, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Thierry Douki
- UJF & CNRS, CEA, INAC, SCIB, LCIB (UMR_E 3CEA-UJF), Laboratoire Lésions des Acides Nucléiques, 17 Rue des Martyrs, Grenoble Cedex 9 F-38054, France
| | - Isabelle Boudry
- Unité Brûlure Chimique, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, 24 avenue Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38700 La Tronche, France
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Khaheshi I, Keshavarz S, Imani Fooladi AA, Ebrahimi M, Yazdani S, Panahi Y, Shohrati M, Nourani MR. Loss of expression of TGF-βs and their receptors in chronic skin lesions induced by sulfur mustard as compared with chronic contact dermatitis patients. BMC DERMATOLOGY 2011; 11:2. [PMID: 21235789 PMCID: PMC3031210 DOI: 10.1186/1471-5945-11-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulfur mustard (SM) is a blister-forming agent that has been used as a chemical weapon. Sulfur mustard can cause damage in various organs, especially the skin, respiratory system, and eyes. Generally, the multiple complications of mustard gas result from its alkalizing potency; it reacts with cellular components like DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipid membranes.TGF-β is a multi-functional cytokine with multiple biological effects ranging from cell differentiation and growth inhibition to extracellular matrix stimulation, immunosuppression, and immunomodulation. TGF-β has 3 isoforms (TGF-β 1, 2, 3) and its signaling is mediated by its receptors: R1, R2 and intracellular Smads molecules.TGF-β has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects. TGF-βs and their receptors also have an important role in modulation of skin inflammation, proliferation of epidermal cells, and wound healing, and they have been implicated in different types of skin inflammatory disorders. METHODS Seventeen exposed SM individuals (48.47 ± 9.3 years), 17 chronic dermatitis patients (46.52 ± 14.6 years), and 5 normal controls (44.00 ± 14.6 years) were enrolled in this study.Evaluation of TGF-βs and their receptors expressions was performed by semiquantitative RT-PCR. Only TGF1 was analyzed immunohistochemically. RESULTS Our results showed significant decreases in the expression percentages of TGF-β 1, 2 and R1, R2 in chemical victims in comparison with chronic dermatitis and normal subjects and significant decreases in the intensity of R1 and R2 expressions in chemical victims in comparison with chronic dermatitis and normal controls. (P value < 0.05) CONCLUSIONS TGF-βs and their receptors appear to have a noticeable role in chronic inflammatory skin lesions caused by sulfur mustard.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Burns, Chemical/complications
- Burns, Chemical/etiology
- Burns, Chemical/genetics
- Burns, Chemical/metabolism
- Chemical Warfare
- Chemical Warfare Agents/adverse effects
- Chemical Warfare Agents/pharmacology
- Chronic Disease
- Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/complications
- Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/genetics
- Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/metabolism
- Epidermis/drug effects
- Epidermis/metabolism
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Humans
- Inflammation/genetics
- Iran
- Irritants/adverse effects
- Irritants/pharmacology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Military Personnel
- Mustard Gas/adverse effects
- Mustard Gas/pharmacology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/deficiency
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Pruritus/etiology
- Pruritus/genetics
- Pruritus/metabolism
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta2/deficiency
- Transforming Growth Factor beta2/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Isa Khaheshi
- Genomics Division, Chemical Injury Research Center (CIRC) Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran-Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran-Iran
| | - Saeed Keshavarz
- Genomics Division, Chemical Injury Research Center (CIRC) Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran-Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Research Center of Molecular Biology, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran-Iran
| | - Majid Ebrahimi
- Genomics Division, Chemical Injury Research Center (CIRC) Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran-Iran
| | - Samaneh Yazdani
- Genomics Division, Chemical Injury Research Center (CIRC) Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran-Iran
| | - Yunes Panahi
- Genomics Division, Chemical Injury Research Center (CIRC) Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran-Iran
| | - Majid Shohrati
- Genomics Division, Chemical Injury Research Center (CIRC) Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran-Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Nourani
- Genomics Division, Chemical Injury Research Center (CIRC) Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran-Iran
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Ruff AL, Dillman JF. Sulfur mustard induced cytokine production and cell death: Investigating the potential roles of the p38, p53, and NF-κB signaling pathways with RNA interference. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2010; 24:155-64. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Anand T, Vijayaraghavan R, Bansal I, Bhattacharya BK. Role of inflammatory cytokines and DNA damage repair proteins in sulfur mustard exposed mice liver. Toxicol Mech Methods 2009; 19:356-62. [PMID: 19778212 DOI: 10.1080/15376510902903766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide) is an alkylating agent, and produces blisters on skin and causes systemic toxicity and DNA strand breaks. The mechanism and role of inflammatory cytokines, receptors, and DNA damage signaling pathway specific genes were studied in sulfur mustard (SM) exposed mouse liver. Female mice were exposed percutaneously with 1.0 L.D50 of SM (8.1 mg/kg body weight). Inflammatory cytokine gene expression profiles were determined at 1 and 3 days post-exposure to SM and DNA damage signaling pathway specific, double strand break repair proteins gene expression profile at 1, 3, and 7 days were examined by DNA microarrays and semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Anti-inflammatory cytokines and receptors were down-regulated from day 1 to day 3. Pro-inflammatory genes TNF-alpha, TNF receptors were up-regulated from day 1 to day 3. Double strand DNA break repair proteins Rad23, Rad50, Rad51, Rad52, and Rad54l were down-regulated from day 1 to day 7. This result indicates sulfur mustard causes inflammatory response, activates the cascade of events in the signal transduction pathway, and promotes irreversible double strand DNA breaks in chromosomal DNA, which is leading to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Anand
- Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, India.
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Mishra NC, Rir-sima-ah J, March T, Weber W, Benson J, Jaramillo R, Seagrave JC, Schultz G, Grotendorst G, Sopori M. Sulfur mustard induces immune sensitization in hairless guinea pigs. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 10:193-9. [PMID: 19887117 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM, bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide) is a well known chemical warfare agent that may cause long-term debilitating injury. Because of the ease of production and storage, it has a strong potential for chemical terrorism; however, the mechanism by which SM causes chronic tissue damage is essentially unknown. SM is a potent protein alkylating agent, and we tested the possibility that SM modifies cellular antigens, leading to an immunological response to "altered self" and a potential long-term injury. To that end, in this communication, we show that dermal exposure of euthymic hairless guinea pigs induced infiltration of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells into the SM-exposed skin and strong upregulated expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-8) in distal tissues such as the lung and the lymph nodes. Moreover, we present evidence for the first time that SM induces a specific delayed-type hypersensitivity response that is associated with splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and proliferation of cells in these tissues. These results clearly suggest that dermal exposure to SM leads to immune activation, infiltration of T cells into the SM-exposed skin, delayed-type hypersensitivity response, and molecular imprints of inflammation in tissues distal from the site of SM exposure. These immunological responses may contribute to the long-term sequelae of SM toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neerad C Mishra
- Lovelace CounterACT Research Center of Excellence, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest Dr. SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
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Involvement of caspases and transmembrane metalloproteases in sulphur mustard-induced microvesication in adult human skin in organ culture: directions for therapy. Toxicology 2009; 258:39-46. [PMID: 19167455 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
While skin is a major target for sulphur mustard (HD), a therapy to limit HD-induced vesication is currently not available. Since it is supposed that apoptotic cell death and proteolytic digestion of extracellular matrix proteins by metalloproteases are initiating factors for blister formation, we have explored whether inhibition of these processes could prevent HD-induced epidermal-dermal separation using adult human skin in organ culture. Involvement of the caspase and the metalloprotease families was confirmed by the observation that their respective broad spectrum inhibitors, Z-VAD-fmk and GM6001, each suppressed HD-induced microvesication. The lowest effective concentrations were 10 and 100microM, respectively. Using specific inhibitors for caspase-8 (> or =10microM) and caspase-9 (> or =10microM) we learned that HD-induced apoptosis is initiated by the death receptor pathway as well as by the mitochondrial pathway. Remarkably, blocking caspase-8 activity resulted in morphologically better conserved cells than blocking caspase-9 activity. We zoomed in on the role of metalloproteases in HD-induced microvesication by testing the effects of two inhibitors: dec-RVKR-cmk and TAPI-2. Dec-RVKR-cmk is an inhibitor of furin, which activates transmembrane enzymes of the 'a disintegrin and metalloproteinase' (ADAM)-family as well as the membrane-type metalloproteases (MTx-MMP). TAPI-2 specifically inhibits TNFalpha-converting enzyme (TACE/ADAM17), which is involved in pericellular proteolysis. Both inhibitors prevented microvesication at concentrations of > or =500 and > or =20microM, respectively. This confirms that ADAMs and MT-MMPs play a role in HD-induced epidermal-dermal separation, with a particular role for TACE/ADAM17. Since TACE is involved not only in degradation of cell-matrix adhesion structures, but also in ectodomain shedding of ligands for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and in release of TNFalpha, these results imply TACE-mediated pathways as a new concept in HD toxicity. In conclusion, transmembrane metalloproteases probably form a main target for treatment of blisters in HD casualties. The observation that microvesication in the ex vivo human skin model still could be prevented when the metalloprotease inhibitor GM6001 was applied up to 8h after exposure to HD opens perspectives for non-urgent cure of HD casualties.
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Inhibition of sulfur mustard-induced cytotoxicity and inflammation by the macrolide antibiotic roxithromycin in human respiratory epithelial cells. BMC Cell Biol 2007; 8:17. [PMID: 17524151 PMCID: PMC1890552 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-8-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sulfur mustard (SM) is a potent chemical vesicant warfare agent that remains a significant military and civilian threat. Inhalation of SM gas causes airway inflammation and injury. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence of the effectiveness of macrolide antibiotics in treating chronic airway inflammatory diseases. In this study, the anti-cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects of a representative macrolide antibiotic, roxithromycin, were tested in vitro using SM-exposed normal human small airway epithelial (SAE) cells and bronchial/tracheal epithelial (BTE) cells. Cell viability, expression of proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were examined, since these proinflammatory cytokines/mediators are import indicators of tissue inflammatory responses. We suggest that the influence of roxithromycin on SM-induced inflammatory reaction could play an important therapeutic role in the cytotoxicity exerted by this toxicant. RESULTS MTS assay and Calcein AM/ethidium homodimer (EthD-1) fluorescence staining showed that roxithromycin decreased SM cytotoxicity in both SAE and BTE cells. Also, roxithromycin inhibited the SM-stimulated overproduction of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF at both the protein level and the mRNA level, as measured by either enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or real-time RT-PCR. In addition, roxithromycin inhibited the SM-induced overexpression of iNOS, as revealed by immunocytochemical analysis using quantum dots as the fluorophore. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that roxithromycin has inhibitory effects on the cytotoxicity and inflammation provoked by SM in human respiratory epithelial cells. The decreased cytotoxicity in roxithromycin-treated cells likely depends on the ability of the macrolide to down-regulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines and/or mediators. The results obtained in this study suggest that macrolide antibiotics may serve as potential vesicant respiratory therapeutics through mechanisms independent of their antibacterial activity.
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