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Assessing Drug-Induced Mitochondrial Toxicity in Cardiomyocytes: Implications for Preclinical Cardiac Safety Evaluation. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071313. [PMID: 35890211 PMCID: PMC9319223 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced cardiotoxicity not only leads to the attrition of drugs during development, but also contributes to the high morbidity and mortality rates of cardiovascular diseases. Comprehensive testing for proarrhythmic risks of drugs has been applied in preclinical cardiac safety assessment for over 15 years. However, other mechanisms of cardiac toxicity have not received such attention. Of them, mitochondrial impairment is a common form of cardiotoxicity and is known to account for over half of cardiovascular adverse-event-related black box warnings imposed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Although it has been studied in great depth, mitochondrial toxicity assessment has not yet been incorporated into routine safety tests for cardiotoxicity at the preclinical stage. This review discusses the main characteristics of mitochondria in cardiomyocytes, drug-induced mitochondrial toxicities, and high-throughput screening strategies for cardiomyocytes, as well as their proposed integration into preclinical safety pharmacology. We emphasize the advantages of using adult human primary cardiomyocytes for the evaluation of mitochondrial morphology and function, and the need for a novel cardiac safety testing platform integrating mitochondrial toxicity and proarrhythmic risk assessments in cardiac safety evaluation.
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Barreto GE, Gonzalez J, Reiner Ž, Jamialahmadi T, Echeverria V, Ashraf GM, Sahebkar A. In silico interactions of statins with cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor-like effector A (CIDEA). Chem Biol Interact 2021; 345:109528. [PMID: 34022192 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Statins are the low-density lipoproteins (LDL)-cholesterol-lowering drugs of first choice and are used to prevent the increased risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Although some of their effects are well known, little is known about their ability to regulate other lipid-related proteins which control apoptotic mechanisms. The aim of this study was to explore whether statins can bind to cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor-like effector A (CIDEA), which might be a possible pleiotropic mechanism of action of these drugs on the modulation of apoptosis and lipid metabolism. The structures of statins were subjected to molecular docking and dynamics with the human CIDEA protein to investigate the interaction pattern and identify which residues are important. The docking results indicated that atorvastatin and rosuvastatin showed the best interaction energy (-8.51 and -8.04 kcal/mol, respectively) followed by fluvastatin (-7.39), pitavastatin (-6.5), lovastatin (-6.23), pravastatin (-6.04) and simvastatin (-5.29). Atorvastatin and rosuvastatin were further subjected to molecular dynamics at 50 ns with CIDEA and the results suggested that rosuvastatin-CIDEA complex had lower root-mean square deviation and root-mean square fluctuation when compared with atorvastatin-CIDEA. Since two arginine residues -ARG19 and ARG22-were identified to be common for the interaction with CIDEA, a single-point mutation was induced in these residues to determine whether they are important for binding interaction. Mutation of these two residues seemed to affect mostly the interaction of atorvastatin with CIDEA, suggesting that they are important for the binding and therefore indicate another possible metabolic mechanism of the pleiotropic effects of this statin.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Janneth Gonzalez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran; Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Valentina Echeverria
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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