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Green AC, Rudolph-Stringer V, Chantry AD, Wu JY, Purton LE. Mesenchymal lineage cells and their importance in B lymphocyte niches. Bone 2019; 119:42-56. [PMID: 29183783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Early B lymphopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow and is reliant on interactions with numerous cell types in the bone marrow microenvironment, particularly those of the mesenchymal lineage. Each cellular niche that supports the distinct stages of B lymphopoiesis is unique. Different cell types and signaling molecules are important for the progressive stages of B lymphocyte differentiation. Cells expressing CXCL12 and IL-7 have long been recognized as having essential roles in facilitating progression through stages of B lymphopoiesis. Recently, a number of other factors that extrinsically mediate B lymphopoiesis (positively or negatively) have been identified. In addition, the use of transgenic mouse models to delete specific genes in mesenchymal lineage cells has further contributed to our understanding of how B lymphopoiesis is regulated in the bone marrow. This review will cover the current understanding of B lymphocyte niches in the bone marrow and key extrinsic molecules and signaling pathways involved in these niches, with a focus on how mesenchymal lineage cells regulate B lymphopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna C Green
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Victoria Rudolph-Stringer
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew D Chantry
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Sheffield, UK
| | - Joy Y Wu
- Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Louise E Purton
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
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Joseph C, Green AC, Kwang D, Purton LE. Extrinsic Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Lymphocytes by Vitamin A. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40778-018-0142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Efficiency of Human Epiphyseal Chondrocytes with Differential Replication Numbers for Cellular Therapy Products. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:6437658. [PMID: 27999805 PMCID: PMC5143694 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6437658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The cell-based therapy for cartilage or bone requires a large number of cells; serial passages of chondrocytes are, therefore, needed. However, fates of expanded chondrocytes from extra fingers remain unclarified. The chondrocytes from human epiphyses morphologically changed from small polygonal cells to bipolar elongated spindle cells and to large polygonal cells with degeneration at early passages. Gene of type II collagen was expressed in the cells only at a primary culture (Passage 0) and Passage 1 (P1) cells. The nodules by implantation of P0 to P8 cells were composed of cartilage and perichondrium. The cartilage consisted of chondrocytes with round nuclei and type II collagen-positive matrix, and the perichondrium consisted of spindle cells with type I collage-positive matrix. The cartilage and perichondrium developed to bone with marrow cavity through enchondral ossification. Chondrogenesis and osteogenesis by epiphyseal chondrocytes depended on replication number in culture. It is noteworthy to take population doubling level in correlation with pharmaceutical efficacy into consideration when we use chondrocytes for cell-based therapies.
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Correia V, Panadero JA, Ribeiro C, Sencadas V, Rocha JG, Gomez Ribelles JL, Lanceros-Méndez S. Design and validation of a biomechanical bioreactor for cartilage tissue culture. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2015; 15:471-8. [PMID: 26153426 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-015-0698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Specific tissues, such as cartilage, undergo mechanical solicitation under their normal performance in human body. In this sense, it seems necessary that proper tissue engineering strategies of these tissues should incorporate mechanical solicitations during cell culture, in order to properly evaluate the influence of the mechanical stimulus. This work reports on a user-friendly bioreactor suitable for applying controlled mechanical stimulation--amplitude and frequency--to three-dimensional scaffolds. Its design and main components are described, as well as its operation characteristics. The modular design allows easy cleaning and operating under laminar hood. Different protocols for the sterilization of the hermetic enclosure are tested and ensure lack of observable contaminations, complying with the requirements to be used for cell culture. The cell viability study was performed with KUM5 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Correia
- Centro/Departamento de Física da Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,Algoritmi Research Centre, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - J A Panadero
- Centro/Departamento de Física da Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - C Ribeiro
- Centro/Departamento de Física da Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
| | - V Sencadas
- Centro/Departamento de Física da Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - J G Rocha
- Algoritmi Research Centre, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - J L Gomez Ribelles
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.,Ciber en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Valencia, Spain
| | - S Lanceros-Méndez
- Centro/Departamento de Física da Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
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Nasu M, Takayama S, Umezawa A. Endochondral ossification model system: designed cell fate of human epiphyseal chondrocytes during long-term implantation. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:1376-88. [PMID: 25640995 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to establish a recapitulation system of human endochondral ossification as a paradigm of developmental engineering. Chondrocytes were isolated from the epiphyseal cartilage of the supernumerary digits of infants with polydactyly. In vivo studies showed that implanted chondrocytes exhibited cartilaginous regeneration over a short period of time and subsequent endochondral ossification with a marrow cavity. Tracing studies revealed that cells of donor origin at the periphery of the cartilage migrated into the center of the cartilage and transformed into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and endothelial cells. Bone marrow was formed through anastomosis with the recipient endothelial system at 13 weeks, and from the migration of recipient hematopoietic cells at 50 weeks. This study provides a human endochondral ossification model system with transdifferentiation of the donor cells at the periphery of the cartilage. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 1376-1388, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Nasu
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Panadero JA, Sencadas V, Silva SCM, Ribeiro C, Correia V, Gama FM, Gomez Ribelles JL, Lanceros-Mendez S. Mechanical fatigue performance of PCL-chondroprogenitor constructs after cell culture under bioreactor mechanical stimulus. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 104:330-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Alberto Panadero
- Centro/Departamento de Física da Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar; 4710-057 Braga Portugal
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València; Camino de Vera s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
| | - Vitor Sencadas
- Centro/Departamento de Física da Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar; 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | - Sonia C. M. Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia Biólogica; da Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar; 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | - Clarisse Ribeiro
- Centro/Departamento de Física da Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar; 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | - Vitor Correia
- Centro/Departamento de Física da Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar; 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | - Francisco M. Gama
- Departamento de Engenharia Biólogica; da Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar; 4710-057 Braga Portugal
| | - José Luis Gomez Ribelles
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València; Camino de Vera s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
- Ciber en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN); Valencia Spain
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Mendez
- Centro/Departamento de Física da Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar; 4710-057 Braga Portugal
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Kitagawa F, Takei S, Imaizumi T, Tabata Y. Chondrogenic differentiation of immortalized human mesenchymal stem cells on zirconia microwell substrata. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2012; 19:438-48. [PMID: 23102167 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2012.0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) that can differentiate into chondrocytes are a potential autologous cell source for repair of damaged tissue. Current methods usually induce the formation of all three chondrocyte phenotypes, hyaline, fibrous, and elastic, without the ability to selectively induce only one of them. By controlling the size of hMSC cell clusters, it may be possible to direct differentiation more uniformly toward hyaline chondrocytes. We designed new cell culture platforms containing microwells of different diameters. The platforms and wells were composed of a zirconia ceramics substratum. hMSCs briefly adhered to the substratum before releasing and entering the microwells. The physical restraints imposed by the microwells enabled hMSC clusters to homogenously differentiate into hyaline chondrocyte-like cells. Chondrogenic aggregates in microwells expressed the hyaline chondrocyte-specific genes Col II, aggrecan (ACAN), and cartilage oligomeric protein (COMP). The cultures also produced hyaline chondrocyte-specific matrix proteins Col II and ACAN homogenously throughout the aggregates. In contrast, chondrogenesis in pellet cultures was heterogeneous with the expression of nonhyaline chondrocyte genes CD105, Col X, and Col I. In these pellet cultures, hyaline and nonhyaline chondrocyte-specific matrix proteins were distributed heterogeneously. Thus, this novel ceramic microwell substratum technology efficiently directed the differentiation of hyaline chondrocyte-like cells from hMSCs. These results indicate that there is a close relationship between hMSC cluster size regulation in the microwells and differentiation tendency. This microwell culture differentiation method will provide a valuable experimental system for both experimental and potential clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Kitagawa
- Technology Development Center, Covalent Materials Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan
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Effects of adipose-derived mesenchymal cells on ischemia-reperfusion injury in kidney. Clin Exp Nephrol 2012; 16:679-89. [PMID: 22398959 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-012-0614-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a critical condition for kidney and other remote organs, including the lung. However, available treatments for AKI are limited. In this study, we explored the effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal cells on a mouse model of AKI. METHODS Adipose-derived mesenchymal cells were isolated from mouse subcutaneous and peritoneal adipose tissue by digestion with collagenase type I. The left renal artery and vein of C57BL/6 mice were clamped for 45 min to induce ischemia and were injected with the adipose-derived mesenchymal cells [1 × 10(5) cells/0.2 ml phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)] or 0.2 ml PBS via the tail vein on days 0, 1, and 2. RESULTS The adipose-derived mesenchymal cells had stem-cell surface markers and multilineage differentiating potentials. Administered adipose-derived mesenchymal cells homed primarily into lung. Interestingly, repeated administration of adipose-derived mesenchymal cells reduced acute tubular necrosis and interstitial macrophage infiltration in the injured kidney, accompanied with reduced cytokine and chemokine expression. CONCLUSION Adipose-derived mesenchymal cells can be used as cell-based therapy for ischemic kidney injury.
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Tsai CL, Wu PC, Fini ME, Shi S. Identification of multipotent stem/progenitor cells in murine sclera. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:5481-7. [PMID: 21788434 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-7676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The sclera forms the fibrous outer coat of the eyeball and acts as a supportive framework. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the sclera contains mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells. METHOD Scleral tissue from C57BL6/J mice was separated from the retina and choroid and subsequently enzyme digested to release single cells. Proliferation capacity, self-renewal capacity, and ability for multipotent differentiation were analyzed by BrdU labeling, flow cytometry, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, immunocytochemistry, and in vivo transplantation. RESULTS The scleral stem/progenitor cells (SSPCs) possessed clonogenic and high doubling capacities. These cells were positive for the mesenchymal markers Sca-1, CD90.2, CD44, CD105, and CD73 and negative for the hematopoietic markers CD45, CD11b, Flk1, CD34, and CD117. In addition to expressing stem cell genes ABCG2, Six2, Notch1, and Pax6, SSPCs were able to differentiate to adipogenic, chondrogenic, and neurogenic lineages. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that the sclera contains multipotent mesenchymal stem cells. Further study of SSPCs may help elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanism of scleral diseases such as scleritis and myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ling Tsai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, the Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, Keck School of Medicine; University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Toyoda M, Yamazaki-Inoue M, Itakura Y, Kuno A, Ogawa T, Yamada M, Akutsu H, Takahashi Y, Kanzaki S, Narimatsu H, Hirabayashi J, Umezawa A. Lectin microarray analysis of pluripotent and multipotent stem cells. Genes Cells 2010; 16:1-11. [PMID: 21155951 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2010.01459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells have a capability to self-renew and differentiate into multiple types of cells; specific markers are available to identify particular stem cells for developmental biology research. In this study, we aimed to define the status of somatic stem cells and the pluripotency of human embryonic stem (hES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells using a novel molecular methodology, lectin microarray analysis. Our lectin microarray analysis successfully categorized murine somatic stem cells into the appropriate groups of differentiation potency. We then classified hES and iPS cells by the same approach. Undifferentiated hES cells were clearly distinguished from differentiated hES cells after embryoid formation. The pair-wise comparison means based on 'false discovery rate' revealed that three lectins -Euonymus europaeus lectin (EEL), Maackia amurensis lectin (MAL) and Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin [PHA(L)]- generated maximal values to define undifferentiated and differentiated hES cells. Furthermore, to define a pluripotent stem cell state, we generated a discriminant for the undifferentiated state with pluripotency. The discriminant function based on lectin reactivities was highly accurate for judgment of stem cell pluripotency. These results suggest that glycomic analysis of stem cells leads to a novel comprehensive approach for quality control in cell-based therapy and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Toyoda
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
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Bertrand J, Cromme C, Umlauf D, Frank S, Pap T. Molecular mechanisms of cartilage remodelling in osteoarthritis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 42:1594-601. [PMID: 20603225 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that is characterized primarily by progressive breakdown of articular cartilage. The loss of proteoglycans, the mineralization of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the hypertrophic differentiation of the chondrocytes constitute hallmarks of the disease. The pathogenesis of OA includes several pathways, which in single are very well investigated and partly understood, but in their complex interplay remain mainly unclear. This review summarises recent data on the underlying mechanisms, specifically with respect to cell-matrix interactions and cartilage mineralization. It points out why these findings are of importance for future OA research and for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to treat OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bertrand
- Institute of Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine IEMM, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Characterization of OP9 as authentic mesenchymal stem cell line. J Genet Genomics 2010; 37:475-82. [DOI: 10.1016/s1673-8527(09)60067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 05/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Yamashita A, Nishikawa S, Rancourt DE. Identification of five developmental processes during chondrogenic differentiation of embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10998. [PMID: 20539759 PMCID: PMC2881868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chondrogenesis is the complex process that leads to the establishment of cartilage and bone formation. Due to their ability to differentiate in vitro and mimic development, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) show great potential for investigating developmental processes. In this study, we used chondrogenic differentiation of ESCs as a model to analyze morphogenetic events during chondrogenesis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS ESCs were differentiated into the chondrocyte lineage, forming small cartilaginous aggregates in suspension. Differentiated ESCs showed that chondrogenesis was typically characterized by five overlapping stages. During the first stage, cell condensation and aggregate formation was observed. The second stage was characterized by differentiation into chondrocytes and fibril scaffold formation within spherical aggregates. Deposition of cartilaginous extracellular matrix and cartilage formation were hallmarks of the third stage. Apoptosis of chondrocytes, hypertrophy and/or degradation of cartilage occurred during the fourth stage. Finally, during the fifth stage, bone replacement with membranous calcified tissues took place. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We demonstrate that ESCs show the chondrogenic differentiation pathway from the pluripotent stem cell to terminal skeletogenesis through these five stages in vitro. During each stage, morphological changes acquired in preceding stages played an important role in further development as a scaffold or template in subsequent stages. The study of chondrogenesis via ESC differentiation may be informative to our further understanding of skeletal growth and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Derrick E. Rancourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Seko Y, Azuma N, Takahashi Y, Makino H, Morito T, Muneta T, Matsumoto K, Saito H, Sekiya I, Umezawa A. Human sclera maintains common characteristics with cartilage throughout evolution. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3709. [PMID: 19002264 PMCID: PMC2579486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sclera maintains and protects the eye ball, which receives visual inputs. Although the sclera does not contribute significantly to visual perception, scleral diseases such as refractory scleritis, scleral perforation and pathological myopia are considered incurable or difficult to cure. The aim of this study is to identify characteristics of the human sclera as one of the connective tissues derived from the neural crest and mesoderm. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We have demonstrated microarray data of cultured human infant scleral cells. Hierarchical clustering was performed to group scleral cells and other mesenchymal cells into subcategories. Hierarchical clustering analysis showed similarity between scleral cells and auricular cartilage-derived cells. Cultured micromasses of scleral cells exposed to TGF-betas and BMP2 produced an abundant matrix. The expression of cartilage-associated genes, such as Indian hedge hog, type X collagen, and MMP13, was up-regulated within 3 weeks in vitro. These results suggest that human 'sclera'-derived cells can be considered chondrocytes when cultured ex vivo. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our present study shows a chondrogenic potential of human sclera. Interestingly, the sclera of certain vertebrates, such as birds and fish, is composed of hyaline cartilage. Although the human sclera is not a cartilaginous tissue, the human sclera maintains chondrogenic potential throughout evolution. In addition, our findings directly explain an enigma that the sclera and the joint cartilage are common targets of inflammatory cells in rheumatic arthritis. The present global gene expression database will contribute to the clarification of the pathogenesis of developmental diseases such as high myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Seko
- Department of Reproductive Biology and Pathology, National Institute for Child and Health Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Azuma
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoriko Takahashi
- Department of Reproductive Biology and Pathology, National Institute for Child and Health Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hatsune Makino
- Department of Reproductive Biology and Pathology, National Institute for Child and Health Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Morito
- Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Muneta
- Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Institute for Child and Health Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Saito
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Institute for Child and Health Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sekiya
- Section of Cartilage Regeneration, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology and Pathology, National Institute for Child and Health Development, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Loss of discordant cells during micro-mass differentiation of embryonic stem cells into the chondrocyte lineage. Cell Death Differ 2008; 16:278-86. [DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Abstract
Background The critical event in heart formation is commitment of mesodermal cells to a cardiomyogenic fate, and cardiac fate determination is regulated by a series of cytokines. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and fibroblast growth factors have been shown to be involved in this process, however additional factors needs to be identified for the fate determination, especially at the early stage of cardiomyogenic development. Methodology/Principal Findings Global gene expression analysis using a series of human cells with a cardiomyogenic potential suggested Gremlin (Grem1) is a candidate gene responsible for in vitro cardiomyogenic differentiation. Grem1, a known BMP antagonist, enhanced DMSO-induced cardiomyogenesis of P19CL6 embryonal carcinoma cells (CL6 cells) 10–35 fold in an area of beating differentiated cardiomyocytes. The Grem1 action was most effective at the early differentiation stage when CL6 cells were destined to cardiomyogenesis, and was mediated through inhibition of BMP2. Furthermore, BMP2 inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling that promoted CL6 cardiomyogenesis. Conclusions/Significance Grem1 enhances the determined path to cardiomyogenesis in a stage-specific manner, and inhibition of the BMP signaling pathway is involved in initial determination of Grem1-promoted cardiomyogenesis. Our results shed new light on renewal of the cardiovascular system using Grem1 in human.
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Shiraki N, Yoshida T, Araki K, Umezawa A, Higuchi Y, Goto H, Kume K, Kume S. Guided differentiation of embryonic stem cells into Pdx1-expressing regional-specific definitive endoderm. Stem Cells 2008; 26:874-85. [PMID: 18238854 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The generation of specific lineages of the definitive endoderm from embryonic stem (ES) cells is an important issue in developmental biology, as well as in regenerative medicine. This study demonstrates that ES cells are induced sequentially into regional-specific gut endoderm lineages, such as pancreatic, hepatic, and other cell lineages, when they are cultured directly on a monolayer of mesoderm-derived supporting cells. A detailed chronological analysis revealed that Activin, fibroblast growth factor, or bone morphogenetic protein signals are critical at various steps and that additional short-range signals are required for differentiation into Pdx1-expressing cells. Under selective culture conditions, definitive endoderm (47%) or Pdx1-positive pancreatic progenitors (30%) are yielded at a high efficiency. When transplanted under the kidney capsule, the Pdx1-positive cells further differentiated into all three pancreatic lineages, namely endocrine, exocrine, and duct cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Shiraki
- Division of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Honjo 2-2-1, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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Umezawa A, Toyoda M. Two MSCs: Marrow stromal cells and mesenchymal stem cells. Inflamm Regen 2007. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.27.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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