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Assunção J, Guedes AC, Malcata FX. Biotechnological and Pharmacological Applications of Biotoxins and Other Bioactive Molecules from Dinoflagellates. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E393. [PMID: 29261163 PMCID: PMC5742853 DOI: 10.3390/md15120393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-lasting interest in bioactive molecules (namely toxins) produced by (microalga) dinoflagellates has risen in recent years. Exhibiting wide diversity and complexity, said compounds are well-recognized for their biological features, with great potential for use as pharmaceutical therapies and biological research probes. Unfortunately, provision of those compounds is still far from sufficient, especially in view of an increasing demand for preclinical testing. Despite the difficulties to establish dinoflagellate cultures and obtain reasonable productivities of such compounds, intensive research has permitted a number of advances in the field. This paper accordingly reviews the characteristics of some of the most important biotoxins (and other bioactive substances) produced by dinoflagellates. It also presents and discusses (to some length) the main advances pertaining to dinoflagellate production, from bench to large scale-with an emphasis on material published since the latest review available on the subject. Such advances encompass improvements in nutrient formulation and light supply as major operational conditions; they have permitted adaptation of classical designs, and aided the development of novel configurations for dinoflagellate growth-even though shearing-related issues remain a major challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Assunção
- LEPABE-Laboratory of Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, P-4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - A Catarina Guedes
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, P-4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - F Xavier Malcata
- LEPABE-Laboratory of Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, P-4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, P-4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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Ciguatoxins Evoke Potent CGRP Release by Activation of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Subtypes Na V1.9, Na V1.7 and Na V1.1. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15090269. [PMID: 28867800 PMCID: PMC5618408 DOI: 10.3390/md15090269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatoxins (CTXs) are marine toxins that cause ciguatera fish poisoning, a debilitating disease dominated by sensory and neurological disturbances that include cold allodynia and various painful symptoms as well as long-lasting pruritus. Although CTXs are known as the most potent mammalian sodium channel activator toxins, the etiology of many of its neurosensory symptoms remains unresolved. We recently described that local application of 1 nM Pacific Ciguatoxin-1 (P-CTX-1) into the skin of human subjects induces a long-lasting, painful axon reflex flare and that CTXs are particularly effective in releasing calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP) from nerve terminals. In this study, we used mouse and rat skin preparations and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) to study the molecular mechanism by which P-CTX-1 induces CGRP release. We show that P-CTX-1 induces CGRP release more effectively in mouse as compared to rat skin, exhibiting EC50 concentrations in the low nanomolar range. P-CTX-1-induced CGRP release from skin is dependent on extracellular calcium and sodium, but independent from the activation of various thermosensory transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels. In contrast, lidocaine and tetrodotoxin (TTX) reduce CGRP release by 53–75%, with the remaining fraction involving L-type and T-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC). Using transgenic mice, we revealed that the TTX-resistant voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) NaV1.9, but not NaV1.8 or NaV1.7 alone and the combined activation of the TTX-sensitive VGSC subtypes NaV1.7 and NaV1.1 carry the largest part of the P-CTX-1-caused CGRP release of 42% and 34%, respectively. Given the contribution of CGRP to nociceptive and itch sensing pathways, our findings contribute to a better understanding of sensory symptoms of acute and chronic ciguatera that may help in the identification of potential therapeutics.
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Cao Z, Cui Y, Busse E, Mehrotra S, Rainier JD, Murray TF. Gambierol inhibition of voltage-gated potassium channels augments spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations in cerebrocortical neurons. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 350:615-23. [PMID: 24957609 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.215319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Gambierol is a marine polycyclic ether toxin produced by the marine dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus and is a member of the ciguatoxin toxin family. Gambierol has been demonstrated to be either a low-efficacy partial agonist/antagonist of voltage-gated sodium channels or a potent blocker of voltage-gated potassium channels (Kvs). Here we examined the influence of gambierol on intact cerebrocortical neurons. We found that gambierol produced both a concentration-dependent augmentation of spontaneous Ca(2+) oscillations, and an inhibition of Kv channel function with similar potencies. In addition, an array of selective as well as universal Kv channel inhibitors mimicked gambierol in augmenting spontaneous Ca(2+) oscillations in cerebrocortical neurons. These data are consistent with a gambierol blockade of Kv channels underlying the observed increase in spontaneous Ca(2+) oscillation frequency. We also found that gambierol produced a robust stimulation of phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2). Gambierol-stimulated ERK1/2 activation was dependent on both inotropic [N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)] and type I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) inasmuch as MK-801 [NMDA receptor inhibitor; (5S,10R)-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate], S-(4)-CGP [S-(4)-carboxyphenylglycine], and MTEP [type I mGluR inhibitors; 3-((2-methyl-4-thiazolyl)ethynyl) pyridine] attenuated the response. In addition, 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane, an inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor inhibitor, and U73122 (1-[6-[[(17b)-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl]amino]hexyl]-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione), a phospholipase C inhibitor, both suppressed gambierol-induced ERK1/2 activation, further confirming the role of type I mGluR-mediated signaling in the observed ERK1/2 activation. Finally, we found that gambierol produced a concentration-dependent stimulation of neurite outgrowth that was mimicked by 4-aminopyridine, a universal potassium channel inhibitor. Considered together, these data demonstrate that gambierol alters both Ca(2+) signaling and neurite outgrowth in cerebrocortical neurons as a consequence of blockade of Kv channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Complex Prescription of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China (Z.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska (Z.C., Y.C., E.B., S.M., T.F.M.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (J.D.R.)
| | - Yanjun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Complex Prescription of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China (Z.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska (Z.C., Y.C., E.B., S.M., T.F.M.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (J.D.R.)
| | - Eric Busse
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Complex Prescription of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China (Z.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska (Z.C., Y.C., E.B., S.M., T.F.M.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (J.D.R.)
| | - Suneet Mehrotra
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Complex Prescription of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China (Z.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska (Z.C., Y.C., E.B., S.M., T.F.M.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (J.D.R.)
| | - Jon D Rainier
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Complex Prescription of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China (Z.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska (Z.C., Y.C., E.B., S.M., T.F.M.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (J.D.R.)
| | - Thomas F Murray
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Complex Prescription of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China (Z.C.); Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska (Z.C., Y.C., E.B., S.M., T.F.M.); and Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (J.D.R.)
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