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Biomaterials for human space exploration: A review of their untapped potential. Acta Biomater 2021; 128:77-99. [PMID: 33962071 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As biomaterial advances make headway into lightweight radiation protection, wound healing dressings, and microbe resistant surfaces, a relevance to human space exploration manifests itself. To address the needs of the human in space, a knowledge of the space environment becomes necessary. Both an understanding of the environment itself and an understanding of the physiological adaptations to that environment must inform design parameters. The space environment permits the fabrication of novel biomaterials that cannot be produced on Earth, but benefit Earth. Similarly, designing a biomaterial to address a space-based challenge may lead to novel biomaterials that will ultimately benefit Earth. This review describes several persistent challenges to human space exploration, a variety of biomaterials that might mitigate those challenges, and considers a special category of space biomaterial. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This work is a review of the major human and environmental challenges facing human spaceflight, and where biomaterials may mitigate some of those challenges. The work is significant because a broad range of biomaterials are applicable to the human space program, but the overlap is not widely known amongst biomaterials researchers who are unfamiliar with the challenges to human spaceflight. Additionaly, there are adaptations to microgravity that mimic the pathology of certain disease states ("terrestrial analogs") where treatments that help the overwhelmingly healthy astronauts can be applied to help those with the desease. Advances in space technology have furthered the technology in that field on Earth. By outlining ways that biomaterials can promote human space exploration, space-driven advances in biomaterials will further biomaterials technology.
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Wenger KH, Heringer D, Lloyd T, Johnson MS, DesJardins JD, Stanley SE, Remeniuk B, Szivek JA. Repair and remodeling of partial-weightbearing, uninstrumented long bone fracture model in mice treated with low intensity vibration therapy. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2021; 81:105244. [PMID: 33341522 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2020.105244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While vibration therapy has shown encouraging results across many fields of medicine in the last decade, its role as originally envisioned for bone health remains uncertain. Especially regarding its efficacy in promoting fracture healing, mixed and incomplete outcomes suggest a need to clarify its potential. In particular, the definitive effect of vibration, when isolated from the confounding mechanical inputs of gait and stabilizing instrumentation, remains largely unknown. METHODS Four cohorts of C57BL/6 male mice underwent single-leg, open fibula fracture. Vibration was applied at 0.3 g to two groups for 20 min/d. At 3 and 6 weeks, fibulae were harvested for microcomputed tomography and 3-point bending to failure. FINDINGS In bone volume and tissue volume, the groups at each healing time point were statistically not different. At 3 weeks, however, the ratio of bone-to-tissue volume was lower for the vibrated group than control. Likewise, while bone mineral density did not differ, tissue volume density was lowest with vibration. At 6 weeks, mean differences were nominal. Biomechanically, vibration consistently trended ahead of control in strength and stiffness, but did not achieve statistical significance. INTERPRETATION At this stage of therapeutic development, vibration therapy in isolation does not demonstrate a clear efficacy for bone healing, although further treatment permutations and translational uses remain open for investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl H Wenger
- Regencor LLC, Augusta, GA 30904, USA; Department of Clinical Investigation, Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center, Fort Gordon, GA 30905, USA.
| | - Diana Heringer
- College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | | | - Maria S Johnson
- Small Animal Phenotyping Core Facility, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA.
| | - John D DesJardins
- Department of Bioengineering, 301 Rhodes Building, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - Scott E Stanley
- Department of Bioengineering, 301 Rhodes Building, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - Bethany Remeniuk
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - John A Szivek
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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Esposito A, Wang L, Li T, Miranda M, Spagnoli A. Role of Prx1-expressing skeletal cells and Prx1-expression in fracture repair. Bone 2020; 139:115521. [PMID: 32629173 PMCID: PMC7484205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The healing capacity of bones after fracture implies the existence of adult regenerative cells. However, information on identification and functional role of fracture-induced progenitors is still lacking. Paired-related homeobox 1 (Prx1) is expressed during skeletogenesis. We hypothesize that fracture recapitulates Prx1's expression, and Prx1 expressing cells are critical to induce repair. To address our hypothesis, we used a combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches, short and long-term cell tracking analyses of progenies and actively expressing cells, cell ablation studies, and rodent animal models for normal and defective fracture healing. We found that fracture elicits a periosteal and endosteal response of perivascular Prx1+ cells that participate in fracture healing and showed that Prx1-expressing cells have a functional role in the repair process. While Prx1-derived cells contribute to the callus, Prx1's expression decreases concurrently with differentiation into cartilaginous and bone cells, similarly to when Prx1+ cells are cultured in differentiating conditions. We determined that bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2), through C-X-C motif-ligand-12 (CXCL12) signaling, modulates the downregulation of Prx1. We demonstrated that fracture elicits an early increase in BMP2 expression, followed by a decrease in CXCL12 that in turn down-regulates Prx1, allowing cells to commit to osteochondrogenesis. In vivo and in vitro treatment with CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 restored Prx1 expression by modulating the BMP2-CXCL12 axis. Our studies represent a shift in the current research that has primarily focused on the identification of markers for postnatal skeletal progenitors, and instead we characterized the function of a specific population (Prx1+ cells) and their expression marker (Prx1) as a crossroad in fracture repair. The identification of fracture-induced perivascular Prx1+ cells and regulation of Prx1's expression by BMP2 and in turn by CXCL12 in the orchestration of fracture repair, highlights a pathway in which to investigate defective mechanisms and therapeutic targets for fracture non-union.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Esposito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Section of Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lai Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tieshi Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Children's Hospital & Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mariana Miranda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Section of Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anna Spagnoli
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Section of Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Effect of BMP-2 Adherent to Resorbable Sutures on Cartilage Repair: A Rat Model of Xyphoid Process. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13173764. [PMID: 32858861 PMCID: PMC7503754 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Meniscal tears are often seen in orthopedic practice. The current strategy for meniscal repair has only had limited success with a relatively high incidence of re-operative rate. This study evaluates the therapeutic effects of Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) soaked sutures for cartilage repair, using a rat model of xyphoid healing. Vicryl-resorbable sutures were presoaked in BMP-2 solutions prior to animal experimentation. Rat xyphoid process (an avascular hyaline cartilage structure) was surgically ruptured followed by repair procedures with regular suture or with sutures that were pre-soaked in BMP-2 solutions. In vitro assessment indicated that presoaking the Vicryl-resorbable sutures with 10 µg/mL BMP-2 resulted in a sustained amount of the growth factor release up to 7 days. Histological analysis suggested that application of this BMP-2 soaked suture on the rat xyphoid process model significantly improved the avascular cartilage healing compared to non-soaked control sutures. In conclusion, data here confirm that the rat xyphoid process repair is a reproducible and inexpensive animal model for meniscus and other cartilage repair. More importantly, coating of BMP-2 on sutures appears a potential avenue to improve cartilage repair and regeneration. Further study is warranted to explore the molecular mechanisms of this strategy.
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The effect of two locally administered anti-resorptive agents on bone regeneration in a rat fibula model: Alendronate and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2019; 47:1758-1766. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Han SH, Jung SH, Lee JH. Preparation of beta-tricalcium phosphate microsphere-hyaluronic acid-based powder gel composite as a carrier for rhBMP-2 injection and evaluation using long bone segmental defect model. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2019; 30:679-693. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2019.1601871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Huan Han
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, YanBian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Su Hyun Jung
- Research & Development Center, CG Bio Co. Ltd. Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Jae Hyup Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
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Dickerson A, Davis EL, Sonnet C, Davis AR, Olmsted-Davis EA. Cell-Based Gene Therapy System for Delivering BMPs. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1891:19-28. [PMID: 30414123 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8904-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of an adenoviral vector to transduce cells allows for certain secreted proteins or growth factors to be generated in vivo in eukaryotic cells with accurate posttranslational processing. The use of transduced cells eliminates viral toxicity, allows for targeted expression of the secreted factor at a specific site, and ensures that the therapy will be turned off when the cells are cleared by the organism. Here we describe the delivery system which utilizes cells transduced with a non-replicating adenovirus containing bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) in the E1 region of the cassette. With this method of delivery, small amounts of the protein can incite de novo bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Dickerson
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eleanor L Davis
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Corinne Sonnet
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alan R Davis
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Olmsted-Davis
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Schindeler A, Mills RJ, Bobyn JD, Little DG. Preclinical models for orthopedic research and bone tissue engineering. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:832-840. [PMID: 29205478 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we broadly define and discuss the preclinical rodent models that are used for orthopedics and bone tissue engineering. These range from implantation models typically used for biocompatibility testing and high-throughput drug screening, through to fracture and critical defect models used to model bone healing and severe orthopedic injuries. As well as highlighting the key methods papers describing these techniques, we provide additional commentary based on our substantive practical experience with animal surgery and in vivo experimental design. This review also briefly touches upon the descriptive and functional outcome measures and power calculations that are necessary for an informative study. Obtaining informative and relevant research outcomes can be very dependent on the model used, and we hope this evaluation of common models will serve as a primer for new researchers looking to undertake preclinical bone studies. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:832-840, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Schindeler
- Orthopedic Research and Biotechnology Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.,Discipline of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Mills
- Orthopedic Research and Biotechnology Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, 2145, Australia
| | - Justin D Bobyn
- Orthopedic Research and Biotechnology Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.,Discipline of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David G Little
- Orthopedic Research and Biotechnology Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.,Discipline of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Olmsted-Davis EA, Salisbury EA, Hoang D, Davis EL, Lazard Z, Sonnet C, Davis TA, Forsberg JA, Davis AR. Progenitors in Peripheral Nerves Launch Heterotopic Ossification. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:1109-1119. [PMID: 28198109 PMCID: PMC5442844 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.16-0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies presented here, using a murine model of bone morphogenetic protein type 2 (BMP2)-induced heterotopic ossification (HO) show that the protein initiates HO by signaling through progenitors in the endoneurium of peripheral nerves. In the mouse, these cells were identified in the endoneurium one day after BMP2 induction using antibody against phosphoSMAD (PS) 1, 5, and 8. Studies conducted in a tracking mouse that contains a tamoxifen-regulated Wnt1-Cre recombinase crossed with a td Tomato red (TR) reporter (Wnt1CreErt :Ai9Tm) confirmed their neural origin. In this model both BMP2 induction and tamoxifen are absolutely required to induce TR. SP7+ (osterix+ )TR+ cells were found in the endoneurium on day 1 and associated with bone on day 7. Quantification of TR+ and TR- cells isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting showed that all SP7+ cells were found in the TR+ population, whereas only about 80% of the TR+ cells expressed SP7. Pre-chondrocytes (Sox 9+ ) and transient brown fat (tBAT, UCP1+ ) also coexpressed TR, suggesting that the progenitor in nerves is multi-potential. The endoneurium of human nerves near the site of HO contained many PS+ cells, and SP7+ cells were found in nerves and on bone in tissue from patients with HO. Control tissues and nerves did not contain these PS+ and SP7+ cells. Some osteoblasts on bone from patients with HO were positive for PS, suggesting the continued presence of BMP during bone formation. The data suggests that the progenitors for HO are derived from the endoneurium in both the mouse model of HO and in humans with HO. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:1109-1119.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Olmsted-Davis
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy.,Departments of Pediatrics and Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas A Davis
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences & the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Regenerative Medicine Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan A Forsberg
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences & the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Regenerative Medicine Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan R Davis
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy.,Departments of Pediatrics and Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Camci-Unal G, Laromaine A, Hong E, Derda R, Whitesides GM. Biomineralization Guided by Paper Templates. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27693. [PMID: 27277575 PMCID: PMC4899756 DOI: 10.1038/srep27693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work demonstrates the fabrication of partially mineralized scaffolds fabricated in 3D shapes using paper by folding, and by supporting deposition of calcium phosphate by osteoblasts cultured in these scaffolds. This process generates centimeter-scale free-standing structures composed of paper supporting regions of calcium phosphate deposited by osteoblasts. This work is the first demonstration that paper can be used as a scaffold to induce template-guided mineralization by osteoblasts. Because paper has a porous structure, it allows transport of O2 and nutrients across its entire thickness. Paper supports a uniform distribution of cells upon seeding in hydrogel matrices, and allows growth, remodelling, and proliferation of cells. Scaffolds made of paper make it possible to construct 3D tissue models easily by tuning material properties such as thickness, porosity, and density of chemical functional groups. Paper offers a new approach to study mechanisms of biomineralization, and perhaps ultimately new techniques to guide or accelerate the repair of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulden Camci-Unal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Anna Laromaine
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Catalunya, E-08193 Spain
| | - Estrella Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ratmir Derda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - George M Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Heggeness MH. Gene therapy for spinal fusion using an insect vector. Spine J 2015; 15:2410-1. [PMID: 26526651 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Fu T-S, Chang Y-H, Wong C-B, Wang I-C, Tsai T-T, Lai P-L, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells expressingbaculovirus-engineered BMP-2 and VEGF enhance posterolateral spine fusion in a rabbit model. Spine J 2015;15(9):2036-44.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Heggeness
- University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, Robert Dole Veterans Administration Hospital, Wichita, KS, USA.
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Lee JH, Baek HR, Lee KM, Zheng GB, Shin SJ, Shim HJ. Effects of Ovariectomy and Corticosteroid-Induced Osteoporosis on the Osteoinductivity of rhBMP-2 in a Segmental Long-Bone Defect Model. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:2262-71. [PMID: 25996180 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study used the segmental long-bone defect model to assess the effects of osteoporosis on the formation of new bones and the osteoinductivity of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2). Seventy-two female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: an osteoporosis group with ovariectomies and dexamathasone intramuscular injections and a sham group. When they reached 22 weeks in age, each group was further divided into two groups and a 5-mm defect was made in both fibular mid-shafts of each rat. One fibula in each rat was picked randomly and was injected with 0.05 mL of hydrogel carrier; the opposite fibula was injected with the same carrier mixed with rhBMP-2 (10 μg). After rearing for a further 5 and 9 weeks, the ratios of the lengths of the newly formed bones in the fibular defects were determined using micro-CT and undecalcified histology. The sham rhBMP-2-injected group-in all of the 5- and 9-week-kept groups-showed a significantly higher bridging bone formation ratio than the other three groups. The osteoporosis rhBMP-2-injected group showed a significantly higher ratio than both the non-rhBMP-2-injected sham hydrogel and the osteoporosis hydrogel groups. The comparison of the micro-CT parameters of the newly formed bones showed that the sham rhBMP-2 group at both 5 and 9 weeks compared with the osteoporosis rhBMP-2 group had significantly higher percentage bone volumes, trabecular thicknesses, and trabecular numbers, in addition to significantly lower specific surfaces, trabecular pattern factors, and structural model indices. The histology results showed that the sham-rhBMP-2 group began forming bridging bones in the defect areas at 5 weeks, and at 9 weeks, trabeculae and marrow spaces were observed. However, the osteoporosis rhBMP-2 group exhibited a relatively minor level of new bone and trabecula formation. Consequently, the rhBMP-2 group showed significantly increased bone formation in the osteoporosis rat fibular defect model compared with the hydrogel group, whereas the new bone quantities, qualities, and remodeling in the osteoporosis rhBMP-2 group were less effective than those in the sham-rhBMP-2 group, signaling that ovariectomy and corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis significantly undermines rhBMP-2 osteoinductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyup Lee
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University , College of Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,2 Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University Medical Research Center , Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae-Ri Baek
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University , College of Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,2 Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University Medical Research Center , Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Mee Lee
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University , College of Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Guang Bin Zheng
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University , College of Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Joon Shin
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University , College of Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Jong Shim
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University , College of Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Bigham-Sadegh A, Oryan A. Selection of animal models for pre-clinical strategies in evaluating the fracture healing, bone graft substitutes and bone tissue regeneration and engineering. Connect Tissue Res 2015; 56:175-94. [PMID: 25803622 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2015.1027341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In vitro assays can be useful in determining biological mechanism and optimizing scaffold parameters, however translation of the in vitro results to clinics is generally hard. Animal experimentation is a better approximation than in vitro tests, and usage of animal models is often essential in extrapolating the experimental results and translating the information in a human clinical setting. In addition, usage of animal models to study fracture healing is useful to answer questions related to the most effective method to treat humans. There are several factors that should be considered when selecting an animal model. These include availability of the animal, cost, ease of handling and care, size of the animal, acceptability to society, resistance to surgery, infection and disease, biological properties analogous to humans, bone structure and composition, as well as bone modeling and remodeling characteristics. Animal experiments on bone healing have been conducted on small and large animals, including mice, rats, rabbits, dogs, pigs, goats and sheep. This review also describes the molecular events during various steps of fracture healing and explains different means of fracture healing evaluation including biomechanical, histopathological and radiological assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Bigham-Sadegh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Shahrekord University , Shahrekord , Iran and
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14
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Genêt F, Ruet A, Almangour W, Gatin L, Denormandie P, Schnitzler A. Beliefs relating to recurrence of heterotopic ossification following excision in patients with spinal cord injury: a review. Spinal Cord 2015; 53:340-4. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2015.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Pomini KT, Andreo JC, Rodrigues ADC, de O Gonçalves JB, Daré LR, German IJS, Rosa GM, Buchaim RL. Effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on bone regeneration: biochemical and radiologic analyses. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2014; 33:713-717. [PMID: 24658953 DOI: 10.7863/ultra.33.4.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound at 1.0 MHz on the healing process of fractures with bone loss in the rat fibula by alkaline phosphate level measurement and radiologic analyses. METHODS Thirty 70-day-old male Wistar rats underwent a bone resection of 2.5 to 3.0 mm between the proximal and middle third of the right fibular diaphysis. The animals were randomly divided into 3 experimental groups: reference (uninjured), control (injured only), and treated (injured and treated with 5 applications of ultrasound, interspersed by 2 days of rest, beginning 24 hours after the osteotomy). Euthanasia was performed at experimental periods of 7 and 14 days. The right hind limb was removed for radiologic analysis. The blood was collected via cardiac puncture to determine the serum alkaline phosphatase activity. RESULTS The bone fractures had not been completely consolidated in the treated and control group when analysis of the bone took place. At day 7, the serum alkaline phosphatase activity was higher in the treated group (mean ± SD, 72.17 ± 7.02 U/L) compared to the control (65.26 ± 8.41 U/L) and reference (67.21 ± 7.86 U/L) groups. At day 14, higher alkaline phosphatase activity was seen in the control group (68.96 ± 8.12 U/L) compared to the treated (66.09 ± 8.46 U/L) and reference (67.14 ± 7.96 U/L) groups. CONCLUSIONS The biochemical and radiologic results suggest that low-intensity pulsed ultrasound can be used as an auxiliary method to consolidate fractures and probably reduces the bone healing time, offering clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina T Pomini
- MSc, Discipline of Anatomy, Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Alameda Dr Octávio Pinheiro Brisola 9-75, Vila Nova Cidade Universitária, 17012-901 Bauru-SP, Brazil.
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Mashimo T, Saito T, Shiratsuchi H, Iwata J, Uryu T, Tamagawa T, Namaki S, Matsumoto K, Kawashima S, Mori Y, Arai Y, Honda K, Yonehara Y. Assessment of the Bone Regenerative Process from Fibular Periosteum by in vivo Micro Computed Tomography. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2013. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.22.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gill BJ, Gibbons DL, Roudsari LC, Saik JE, Rizvi ZH, Roybal JD, Kurie JM, West JL. A synthetic matrix with independently tunable biochemistry and mechanical properties to study epithelial morphogenesis and EMT in a lung adenocarcinoma model. Cancer Res 2012; 72:6013-23. [PMID: 22952217 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Better understanding of the biophysical and biochemical cues of the tumor extracellular matrix environment that influence metastasis may have important implications for new cancer therapeutics. Initial exploration into this question has used naturally derived protein matrices that suffer from variability, poor control over matrix biochemistry, and inability to modify the matrix biochemistry and mechanics. Here, we report the use of a synthetic polymer-based scaffold composed primarily of poly(ethylene glycol), or PEG, modified with bioactive peptides to study murine models of lung adenocarcinoma. In this study, we focus on matrix-derived influences on epithelial morphogenesis of a metastatic cell line (344SQ) that harbors mutations in Kras and p53 (trp53) and is prone to a microRNA-200 (miR-200)-dependent epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis. The modified PEG hydrogels feature biospecific cell adhesion and cell-mediated proteolytic degradation with independently adjustable matrix stiffness. 344SQ encapsulated in bioactive peptide-modified, matrix metalloproteinase-degradable PEG hydrogels formed lumenized epithelial spheres comparable to that seen with three-dimensional culture in Matrigel. Altering both matrix stiffness and the concentration of cell-adhesive ligand significantly influenced epithelial morphogenesis as manifest by differences in the extent of lumenization, in patterns of intrasphere apoptosis and proliferation, and in expression of epithelial polarity markers. Regardless of matrix composition, exposure to TGF-β induced a loss of epithelial morphologic features, shift in expression of EMT marker genes, and decrease in mir-200 levels consistent with EMT. Our findings help illuminate matrix-derived cues that influence epithelial morphogenesis and highlight the potential utility that this synthetic matrix-mimetic tool has for cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartley J Gill
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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