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Elgreu T, Lee S, Wen S, Elghadafi R, Tangkham T, Ma Y, Liu B, Dibart S, Tang X. The pathogenic mechanism of oral bacteria and treatment with inhibitors. Clin Exp Dent Res 2021; 8:439-448. [PMID: 34626163 PMCID: PMC8874083 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to introduce the evidence obtained through extensive research that periodontitis increases risk of many systemic diseases. METHOD Analysis of some oral bacteria (P. gingivalis, T. denticola, T. forsythia, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and F. nucleatum) and its related treatments and mediators by the specific methods (western blot, ELISA, etc). RESULTS This article reviews in detail the evidence obtained through extensive research that periodontitis increases risk of many systemic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease. These diseases are known to be associated with some certain specific gram-negative bacteria as periodontal pathogens, which induce inflammation and related diseases through TLR receptors, kinases, transcriptional factors and other cytokines. We also reviewed the latest research for inhibitors against inflammation and related diseases that have potential to be further applied clinically. In addition, based on a large amount of research evidence, we draw two tables about the mechanism of disease caused by periodontal bacteria, so that readers can easily search and analyze these research results. DISCUSSION This review details how the periodontal bacteria and their virulence factors can trigger host immune defense and induce many systemic diseases via inflammation and invasion. This Review also addressed the latest research around inhibitors against inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuraya Elgreu
- Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Department of Periodontology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sean Lee
- Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Department of Periodontology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sabrina Wen
- Department of Corporate Finance and Accounting, Bentley University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Radwa Elghadafi
- Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Department of Periodontology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thanarut Tangkham
- Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Department of Periodontology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yun Ma
- Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Department of Periodontology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bing Liu
- Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Department of General Dentistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Serge Dibart
- Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Department of Periodontology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaoren Tang
- Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Department of Periodontology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Biological Activity, Hepatotoxicity, and Structure-Activity Relationship of Kavalactones and Flavokavins, the Two Main Bioactive Components in Kava ( Piper methysticum). EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6851798. [PMID: 34471418 PMCID: PMC8405297 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6851798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Kava (Piper methysticum Forst) is a popular and favorable edible medicinal herb which was traditionally used to prepare a nonfermented beverage with relaxant beneficial for both social and recreational purposes. Numerous studies conducted on kava have confirmed the presence of kavalactones and flavokawains, two major groups of bioactive ingredients, in this miraculous natural plant. Expectedly, both kavalactone and flavokawain components exhibited potent antianxiety and anticancer activities, and their structure-activity relationships were also revealed. However, dozens of clinical data revealed the hepatotoxicity effect which is indirectly or directly associated with kava consumption, and most of the evidence currently seems to point the compounds of flavokawains in kava were responsible. Therefore, our aim is to conduct a systematic review of kavalactones and flavokawains in kava including their biological activities, structure-activity relationships, and toxicities, and as a result of our systematic investigations, suggestions on kava and its compounds are supplied for future research.
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