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Aliashrafi M, Nasehi M, Zarrindast MR, Joghataei MT, Zali H, Siadat SD. Intracerebroventricular Cutibacterium acnes Generates Manifestations of Alzheimer's Disease-like Pathology in the Rat Hippocampus. Neuroscience 2024; 540:103-116. [PMID: 38266907 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The infection hypothesis is a new causative explanation for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In recent decades, various species of bacterial pathogens have been distinguished in the autopsy of Alzheimer's patients; however, the mechanism of bacterial contribution to AD pathology is still unknown. To explore the hypothesis, Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) was selected, and effects of its intracerebroventricular (ICV) inoculation in rats was evaluated. The results revealed that C. acnes causes memory impairment, which might be a consequence of upregulated Amyloid β (Aβ) deposits in the hippocampus; Aβ aggregates are co-localized with C. acnes colonies. The key point of our hypothesis is that the activation of the innate immune system by C. acnes through the TLR2/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway, eventually leads to increased neuroinflammation, which might be resulted from microgliosis and astrogliosis. Neuroinflammation increases oxidative stress and cell apoptosis. Overall, the obtained results of this study support our hypothesis that brain exposure to C. acnes prompted neuroinflammation with similar AD-like pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Aliashrafi
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran; Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nasehi
- Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center, Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Taghi Joghataei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Neuroscience, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hakimeh Zali
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Téllez Corral MA, Herrera Daza E, Cuervo Jimenez HK, Bravo Becerra MDM, Villamil JC, Hidalgo Martinez P, Roa Molina NS, Otero L, Cortés ME, Parra Giraldo CM. Cryptic Oral Microbiota: What Is Its Role as Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Related Periodontal Pathogens? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1740. [PMID: 36767109 PMCID: PMC9913967 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis has been commonly linked to periodontopathogens categorized in Socransky's microbial complexes; however, there is a lack of knowledge regarding "other microorganisms" or "cryptic microorganisms", which are rarely thought of as significant oral pathogens and have been neither previously categorized nor connected to illnesses in the oral cavity. This study hypothesized that these cryptic microorganisms could contribute to the modulation of oral microbiota present in health or disease (periodontitis and/or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients). For this purpose, the presence and correlation among these cultivable cryptic oral microorganisms were identified, and their possible role in both conditions was determined. Data from oral samples of individuals with or without periodontitis and with or without OSA were obtained from a previous study. Demographic data, clinical oral characteristics, and genera and species of cultivable cryptic oral microorganisms identified by MALDI-TOF were recorded. The data from 75 participants were analyzed to determine the relative frequencies of cultivable cryptic microorganisms' genera and species, and microbial clusters and correlations tests were performed. According to periodontal condition, dental-biofilm-induced gingivitis in reduced periodontium and stage III periodontitis were found to have the highest diversity of cryptic microorganism species. Based on the experimental condition, these findings showed that there are genera related to disease conditions and others related to healthy conditions, with species that could be related to different chronic diseases being highlighted as periodontitis and OSA comorbidities. The cryptic microorganisms within the oral microbiota of patients with periodontitis and OSA are present as potential pathogens, promoting the development of dysbiotic microbiota and the occurrence of chronic diseases, which have been previously proposed to be common risk factors for periodontitis and OSA. Understanding the function of possible pathogens in the oral microbiota will require more research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra A. Téllez Corral
- Centro de Investigaciones Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia
- Unidad de Investigación en Proteómica y Micosis Humanas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia
- Faculty of Dentistry and Innovation Technology Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Eddy Herrera Daza
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia
| | - Hayde K. Cuervo Jimenez
- Unidad de Investigación en Proteómica y Micosis Humanas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia
| | - María del Mar Bravo Becerra
- Unidad de Investigación en Proteómica y Micosis Humanas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia
| | - Jean Carlos Villamil
- Centro de Investigaciones Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia
| | - Patricia Hidalgo Martinez
- Sleep Clinic, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio and Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia
| | - Nelly S. Roa Molina
- Centro de Investigaciones Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia
| | - Liliana Otero
- Centro de Investigaciones Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia
| | - María E. Cortés
- Faculty of Dentistry and Innovation Technology Graduate Program, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Claudia M. Parra Giraldo
- Unidad de Investigación en Proteómica y Micosis Humanas, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C. 110231, Colombia
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasilogía, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Chen L, Qing W, Yi Z, Lin G, Peng Q, Zhou F. NU9056, a KAT 5 Inhibitor, Treatment Alleviates Brain Dysfunction by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation, Affecting Gut Microbiota, and Derived Metabolites in LPS-Treated Mice. Front Nutr 2021; 8:701760. [PMID: 34327209 PMCID: PMC8313765 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.701760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The pathogenesis of sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is complicated, while the efficacy of current treatment technologies is poor. Therefore, the discovery of related targets and the development of new drugs are essential. Methods: A mouse model of SAE was constructed by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS treatment of microglia was used to build an in vitro model of inflammation. Nine-day survival rates, behavioral testing, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunohistochemical (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF), and ELISA were performed. The expression levels of Occludin, Claudin 5, NLRP3, caspase-1, and ASC genes and proteins were detected by RT-qPCR or Western blot. Caspase-1 P10 (Casp-1 P10) protein expression was detected. 16S rDNA sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) were used to analyze the gut microbiota and metabolism. Flow cytometric experiment and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay were performed. Results: NU9056 improved the survival rate of mice and alleviated LPS-induced cognitive impairment, anxiety, and depression in vivo. The tight junctions were thickened via NU9056 treatment. Further, the mRNAs and proteins expression levels of Occludin and Claudin 5 were up-regulated by NU9056. NU9056 increased the expression level of DCX. The expression levels of Iba-1, NLRP3, IL-1β, ASC, and Casp-1 P10 were down-regulated by NU9056. The composition of the gut microbiota changed. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes data predicted that the effects of NU9056 might be related to apoptosis and tight junction pathways. NU9056 up-regulated the concentration of acetate, propionate, and butyrate. NU9056 significantly reduced LPS-induced apoptosis of microglia, the average fluorescence intensity of ROS, and the release of IL-1β and IL-18, while improving cell viability in vitro. Conclusions: NU9056 might effectively alleviate LPS-induced cognitive impairment and emotional disorder in experimental mice by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome. The therapeutic effects may be related to gut microbiota and derived metabolites. NU9056 might be a potential drug of SAE prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenxiang Qing
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zexiong Yi
- Medical College of Xiangya, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guoxin Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianyi Peng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Jin T, Guan N, Du Y, Zhang X, Li J, Xia X. Cronobacter sakazakii ATCC 29544 Translocated Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells via Endocytosis, Apoptosis Induction, and Disruption of Tight Junction. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:675020. [PMID: 34163451 PMCID: PMC8215149 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.675020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii (C. sakazakii) is an emerging opportunistic foodborne pathogen that can cause neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, meningitis, sepsis in neonates and infants with a relatively high mortality rate. Bacterial transcytosis across the human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) is vital for C. sakazakii to induce neonatal meningitis. However, few studies focus on the mechanisms by which C. sakazakii translocates HBMEC. In this study, the translocation processes of C. sakazakii on HBMEC were explored. C. sakazakii strains could effectively adhere to, invade and intracellularly survive in HBMEC. The strain ATCC 29544 exhibited the highest translocation efficiency across HBMEC monolayer among four tested strains. Bacteria-contained intracellular endosomes were detected in C. sakazakii-infected HBMEC by a transmission electron microscope. Endocytosis-related proteins CD44, Rab5, Rab7, and LAMP2 were increased after infection, while the level of Cathepsin L did not change. C. sakazakii induced TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory signal pathway activation in HBMEC, with increased NO production and elevated mRNA levels of IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS, and COX-2. C. sakazakii infection also caused LDH release, caspase-3 activation, and HBMEC apoptosis. Meanwhile, increased Dextran-FITC permeability and decreased trans epithelial electric resistance indicated that C. sakazakii disrupted tight junction of HBMEC monolayers, which was confirmed by the decreased levels of tight junction-related proteins ZO-1 and Occludin. These findings suggest that C. sakazakii induced intracellular bacterial endocytosis, stimulated inflammation and apoptosis, disrupted monolayer tight junction in HBMEC, which all together contribute to bacterial translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Jin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Ning Guan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yuhang Du
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xinpeng Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiaodong Xia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
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Killingsworth J, Sawmiller D, Shytle RD. Propionate and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 12:580001. [PMID: 33505301 PMCID: PMC7831739 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.580001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Propionate, a short-chain fatty acid, serves important roles in the human body. However, our review of the current literature suggests that under certain conditions, excess levels of propionate may play a role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The cause of the excessive levels of propionate may be related to the Bacteroidetes phylum, which are the primary producers of propionate in the human gut. Studies have shown that the relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes phylum is significantly increased in older adults. Other studies have shown that levels of the Bacteroidetes phylum are increased in persons with AD. Studies on the diet, medication use, and propionate metabolism offer additional potential causes. There are many different mechanisms by which excess levels of propionate may lead to AD, such as hyperammonemia. These mechanisms offer potential points for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Killingsworth
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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