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Elsholtzia bodinieri Vaniot Ameliorated Acute Lung Injury by NQO1, BCL2 and PTGS2 In Silico and In Vitro Analyses

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a clinical respiratory disease caused by various factors, which lacks effective pharmacotherapy to reduce the mortality rate. Elsholtzia bodinieri Vaniot is an annual herbaceous plant used as a traditional herbal tea and folk medicine. Here we used bioinformatic databases and software to explore and analyze the potential key genes in ALI regulated by E. bodinieri Vaniot, including B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (Ptgs2) and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1 (Nqo1). In an inflammatory cells model, we verified bioinformatics results, and further mechanistic analysis showed that methanol extract of E. bodinieri Vaniot (EBE) could alleviate oxidative stress by upregulating the expression of NQO1, suppress pyroptosis by upregulating the expression of BCL2, and attenuate inflammation by downregulating the expression of PTGS2. In sum, our results demonstrated that EBE treatment could alleviate oxidative stress, suppress pyroptosis and attenuate inflammation by regulating NQO1, BCL2 and PTGS2 in a cells model, and E. bodinieri Vaniot might be a promising source for functional food or as a therapeutic agent.

Bodiniosides S-Y, Seven New Triterpenoid Saponins from Elsholtzia bodinieri and Their Anti-Influenza Activities

Investigation of the n-BuOH extract of the aerial parts of Elsholtzia bodinieri led to the isolation of seven new triterpenoid saponins, Bodiniosides S–Y (1–7, resp.). Their strictures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic techniques, including HSQC, HSBC, and HSQC–TOCSY experiments, together with acid hydrolysis and GC analysis. The anti-influenza activities of compounds 1–7 were evaluated against A/WSN/33/2009 (H1N1) virus in MDCK cells. The results showed that compounds 2 and 5 exhibited moderate anti-influenza activities against A/WSN/33/2009 (H1N1), with inhibition rates of 35.33% and 24.08%, respectively.

Chemical Constituents with GNMT-Promoter-Enhancing and NRF2-Reduction Activities from Taiwan Agarwood Excoecaria formosana

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is considered to be a silent killer, and was the fourth leading global cause of cancer deaths in 2018. For now, sorafenib is the only approved drug for advanced HCC treatment. The introduction of additional chemopreventive agents and/or adjuvant therapies may be helpful for the treatment of HCC. After screening 3000 methanolic extracts from the Formosan plant extract bank, Excoecaria formosana showed glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT)-promoter-enhancing and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-suppressing activities. Further, the investigation of the whole plant of E. formosana led to the isolation of a new steroid, 7α-hydroperoxysitosterol-3-O-β-d-(6-O-palmitoyl)glucopyranoside (1); two new coumarinolignans, excoecoumarin A (2) and excoecoumarin B (3); a new diterpene, excoeterpenol A (4); and 40 known compounds (5-44). Among them, Compounds 38 and 40-44 at a 100 μM concentration showed a 2.97 ± 0.27-, 3.17 ± 1.03-, 2.73 ± 0.23-, 2.63 ± 0.14-, 6.57 ± 0.13-, and 2.62 ± 0.05-fold increase in GNMT promoter activity, respectively. In addition, Compounds 40 and 43 could reduce NRF2 activity, a transcription factor associated with drug resistance, in Huh7 cells with relative activity of 33.1 ± 0.2% and 45.2 ± 2.5%. These results provided the basis for the utilization of Taiwan agarwood for the development of anti-HCC agents.

Two new oleanane triterpenoid saponins from Elsholtzia bodinieri

Two new oleanane triterpenoid saponins, bodiniosides Q (1) and R (2), along with five known saponins, niga-ichigoside F1 (3), 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl]-28-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl -(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl] arjunolic acid (4), asiaticoside E (5), sericoside (6), and bodinioside E (7), were isolated from the aerial parts of Elsholtzia bodinieri. The structures of 1 and 2 were characterized by spectroscopic techniques and chemical evidence as 3-O-β-D- xylopyranosyl-2α, 23-dihydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl- (1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-2α, 23-dihydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl -(1→2)]-β-D-glucopyranoside (2). Compounds 1, 3, and 5 exhibited weak anti-influenza activity against strain A/WSN/33/2009 (H1N1), with inhibition rate of 11.63%, 17.01%, and 16.98%, respectively.

Bioassay-guided isolation and evaluation of antimicrobial compounds from Ixora megalophylla against some oral pathogens

Context Ixora megalophylla Chamch. (Rubiaceae) is a new plant species recently found in southern Thailand. Ethyl acetate extracts of its leaves and stems showed antimicrobial activities. Objectives To isolate and identify the antimicrobial compounds from I. megalophylla leaves and stems. Materials and methods The dried leaves (1.7 kg) and stems (3.5 kg) were consecutively extracted with petroleum ether (5 L × 4), ethyl acetate (5 L × 3) and ethanol (5 L × 4) under reflux conditions. The ethyl acetate extract was subjected to an antimicrobial assay guided isolation with Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. Compounds 1-10 were identified by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and EI-MS. Minimal lethal concentration (MLC) against C. albicans and Streptococcus spp. was determined using a broth microdilution method for 48 and 24 h, respectively. Results and discussion On the basis of the antimicrobial assay guided isolation, 10 known compounds, including vanillic acid (1), syringic acid (2), 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde (3), scopoletin (4), loliolide (5), syringaldehyde (6), sinapaldehyde (7), coniferaldehyde (8), syringaresinol (9) and 2,2'-dithiodipyridine (10), were identified. Compounds 1-5 were purified from the ethyl acetate extract of the leaves, while 6-9 and 10 were from the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of the stems, respectively. Among these isolates, 10 showed the strongest antibacterial activities against S. mutans and Streptococcus mitis, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 2-4 μg/mL, and MLC of 4 μg/mL, as well as having a weak antifungal activity against C. albicans (MIC of 125 μg/mL). This is the first report of the antimicrobial activities of 10.

Two new ursane-type triterpenoid saponins from Elsholtzia bodinieri

Two new ursane-type triterpenoid saponins, bodiniosides M (1) and N (2), along with three known saponins, oblonganosides I (3), pseudobuxussaponin B (4) and bodinioside A (5), were isolated from the aerial parts of Elsholtzia bodinieri. The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were characterized by spectroscopic data as well as acid hydrolysis and GC analysis as 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-19α-hydroxy-23-acetoxy-urs-12(13)-en-28-oic acid 28-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-2)-β-D-glucopyranoside and 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-2α,19α-dihydroxy-urs-12(13)-en-28,20β-lactone. Compounds 1 and 5 exhibited potent anti-HCV activities in vitro with a selective index of 6.53 and 4.41, respectively.

Elsholtzia: phytochemistry and biological activities

Plants of the genus Elsholtzia (Lamiaceae) have a long history of medicinal use in folk. The phytochemical investigations revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, terpenoids, and other compounds. Abundant volatile components are also identified. Pure compounds, volatile constituents and crude extracts from the genus exhibited a wide spectrum of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activities. The aims of this review hopefully provide comprehensive information on the distribution, phytochemistry, volatile components, and pharmacological research of Elsholtzia for exploring the potential and advance researches.

Chemical constituents from Lobelia chinensis and their anti-virus and anti-inflammatory bioactivities

In total, forty six compounds, including the novel compound lobechine (1), were characterized from the methanol extracts of Lobelia chinensis. The chemical structures of known metabolites were identified by comparing their spectroscopic and physical data with compounds reported in the literature. The structure of lobechine (1) was comprehensively established with the aid of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses. In addition, selected isolates were screened for their inhibition of HSV-1 replication, superoxide anion generation, and elastase release. Among the tested compounds, scoparone (10) exhibited significant inhibition of superoxide anion generation with IC(50) of 6.14 ± 1.97 μM and lobechine (1) exhibited moderate inhibition of elastase release with IC(50) of 25.01 ± 6.95 μM, respectively.