Association Between Genetic Polymorphism of the MIF Gene and Colorectal Cancer in Taiwan

The clinical signature of genetic variants and serum levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in Egyptian breast cancer patients

PURPOSE

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an integral cytokine for the modulation of both innate and adaptive immunity and is involved in the pathogenesis of various cancers. However, conflicting findings on the relationship between MIF polymorphisms and breast cancer (BC) have been reported in earlier research. We investigated the clinical value of serum MIF levels and the association between MIF rs1049829 and rs755622 variants with their serum levels and propensity to develop BC.

METHODS

A total of 133 treatment-naïve Egyptian BC females and 126 apparently healthy controls were matriculated in this case-control study. The serum MIF protein levels were quantified by ELISA, whereas the genotyping was executed utilizing the TaqMan® allelic discrimination assay.

RESULTS

A significant increase in the serum MIF level in BC cases was observed in comparison to control subjects (P < 0.0001), with a diagnostic potential to discriminate BC with 92.5% sensitivity and 73.7% specificity at a cut-off value > 9.47 ng/mL. Besides, a significant difference in serum MIF level was observed in BC cases with progesterone receptor (PR) negativity compared to those with PR positivity (P = 0.046). Moreover, a significant association was depicted between the rs1049829 variant of MIF gene and the protective effect against BC meanwhile the rs755622 variant demonstrated no significant link with BC risk.

CONCLUSIONS

This study revealed that serum MIF levels may be regarded as a promising serum tumor marker for BC. Also, the rs1049829 variant of the MIF gene is considered a protective candidate against BC.

Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) and D-Dopachrome Tautomerase (DDT): Pathways to Tumorigenesis and Therapeutic Opportunities

Discovered as inflammatory cytokines, MIF and DDT exhibit widespread expression and have emerged as critical mediators in the response to infection, inflammation, and more recently, in cancer. In this comprehensive review, we provide details on their structures, binding partners, regulatory mechanisms, and roles in cancer. We also elaborate on their significant impact in driving tumorigenesis across various cancer types, supported by extensive in vitro, in vivo, bioinformatic, and clinical studies. To date, only a limited number of clinical trials have explored MIF as a therapeutic target in cancer patients, and DDT has not been evaluated. The ongoing pursuit of optimal strategies for targeting MIF and DDT highlights their potential as promising antitumor candidates. Dual inhibition of MIF and DDT may allow for the most effective suppression of canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways, warranting further investigations and clinical exploration.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor may contribute to the occurrence of multiple primary lung adenocarcinomas

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to identify the key genes involved in the development of multiple primary lung cancers.

METHODS

Differential expression analysis was performed, followed by comparing the infiltration levels of 22 immune cell types between multiple and single primary lung adenocarcinomas. Marker genes for epithelial cells with different proportions between the two types of lung adenocarcinomas were identified. The common genes between the marker genes and differentially expressed genes were identified. Finally, the effects of the key genes were tested on the in vitro proliferation, migration and morphology.

RESULTS

The infiltration levels of helper follicular T cells, resting NK cells, activated NK cells, M2 macrophages and resting mast cells were higher in the patients with multiple than in those with single primary lung adenocarcinomas. A total of 1553 differentially expressed genes and 4414 marker genes of epithelial cells were identified. Logistic regression analysis was performed on the 164 resulting genes. The macrophage migration inhibitory factor expression was positively associated with the occurrence of multiple primary lung adenocarcinomas. Moreover, its signalling pathway was the key pathway among the epithelial cells and multiple and single primary lung adenocarcinoma cells, and it was upregulated in lung adenocarcinoma cells. It also increased the expression of lung cancer markers, including NES and CA125, induced morphological changes in alveolar epithelial type II cells, and promoted their proliferation, migration and invasion.

CONCLUSIONS

Multiple and single primary lung adenocarcinomas have different tumour immune microenvironments, and migration inhibitory factor may be a key factor in the occurrence of multiple primary lung adenocarcinomas.

MIF promoter polymorphism increases peripheral blood expression levels, contributing to increased susceptibility and poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world. The etiology and pathogenesis of HCC remain unclear. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. The association between MIF polymorphisms and its expression level in HCC has rarely been demonstrated. In the present study, the peripheral blood of 202 patients with HCC (HCC group), 242 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB group), 215 patients with liver cirrhosis (LC group) and 227 healthy volunteers (normal group) were collected, DNA was extracted and the target fragment of MIF gene was amplified using PCR. The products were then sequenced, and the expression levels of MIF protein were tested using ELISA. The results showed that the MIF rs755622 polymorphism was associated with an increased susceptibility and metastasis of HCC, and that the genotypes GC and CC were associated with poor prognosis of HCC. Compared with the normal, CHB and LC groups, the expression of MIF in the peripheral blood of the HCC group was significantly increased, and the high expression was associated with to poor prognosis. In the HCC group, MIF protein levels for genotypes GC and CC were increased compared with those of genotype GG. The current study indicated that the MIF rs755622 polymorphism is associated with susceptibility and metastasis of HCC, and that the GC and CC genotypes may be indicators of poor prognosis, which may be ascribed to the MIF rs755622 polymorphism leading to elevated MIF protein expression in peripheral blood.

Role of MIF-173G/C and Mbl2 Codon 54A/B Variants in the Risk of Multiple Myeloma: An Association Study

BACKGROUND

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant disease manifested by the clonal proliferation of atypical plasma cells. Macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF) is one of the pleiotropic regulators in various biological and cellular processes. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a crucial protein involved in the lectin pathway of the immune system.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to assess whether variants of MIF and MBL2 genes are associated with MM among a Turkish population.

METHODS

We analyzed the MIF-173G/C (rs755622) and MBL2 codon 54A/B (rs1800450) variants in 200 patients with MM and 200 healthy control subjects using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by restriction endonuclease digestion. There was also an evaluation of the patients undergoing autologous stem-cell transplantation (ASCT) for these variants.

RESULTS

AA and BB genotypes of MBL2 codon 54A/B increased in the patients as compared to the controls (p=0.008, p=0.001, respectively). The subjects carrying AA and BB genotypes of MBL2 were at high risk of development of susceptibility to MM by 7.377 and 8.812 times, respectively. The distribution of MBL2 codon 54A/B alleles was similar between the groups (p&gt;0 .05). There was no statistical difference between the patients and controls in the genotype and allele frequencies of the MIF- 173G/C variant (p&gt;0 .05). The patients undergoing ASCT, MBL2 codon 54A/B AA and BB genotypes also showed association with increased risk for MM (p=0.004, p=0.001, respectively).

CONCLUSION

As far as we know, this is the first report of the study on an association between these variants and MM in our population. Our results indicate that the MBL2 codon 54A/B variant may be associated with susceptibility to MM.

Association of genetic polymorphisms in MIF with breast cancer risk in Chinese women

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been reported to associate with increased cancer risk in several cancers. However, the role of MIF in breast cancer (BC) susceptibility remains unknown. For the first time, we conducted a case-control study to assess the potential association of three common MIF gene variants (rs755622, rs1803976, rs11548059) with BC susceptibility in Chinese women. Total 560 breast cancer patients and 583 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals were recruited from Northwest China, and the DNA was genotyped by Sequenom MassARRAY. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were computed to estimate the associations. We found that C/G, C/C, and C/G-C/C genotype carriers in MIF rs755622 have a significantly increased risk of BC (C/G vs. G/G: OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.07-1.75, P = 0.014; C/C vs. GG: OR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.06-3.79, P = 0.029; C/G-C/C vs. G/G: OR = 1.42 95% CI = 1.11-1.80, P = 0.004). Further analyses indicate that the BC risk is associated with Ki-67 status, and the rs755622 polymorphism increases breast cancer risk among elder patients (≥49 years). There is no association between BC risk and other two polymorphisms (rs1803976 and rs11548059) by overall analysis and stratified analysis. In conclusion, MIF rs755622 polymorphism increases BC susceptibility in Chinese population, especially among elder patients.

The MIF -173G/C gene polymorphism increase gastrointestinal cancer and hematological malignancy risk: evidence from a meta-analysis and FPRP test

The macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) -173G/C gene polymorphism has been implicated in the susceptibility to cancer, but the results are not conclusive. So the aim of study to investigate the association between MIF -173G/C gene polymorphism and cancer risk by a comprehensive meta-analysis. We searched the PubMed, Embase, Wanfang and China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI) databases, with the last updated search being performed on May 24, 2015. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were used to assess the association. Statistical analysis was performed by STATA 11.0 software. Finally, 7,253 participants from 15 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The results of meta-analysis indicated the significant association between MIF -173G/C gene polymorphism and cancer susceptibility, especially in Asians (C vs.

G, OR

1.22, 95% CI=1.00-1.50). In addition, the significant relationship between MIF -173G/C gene polymorphism and gastrointestinal tumors (CC+CG vs.

GG, OR

1.25, 95% CI=1.05-1.50), hematological malignancy (CC+CG vs.

GG, OR

1.27, 95% CI=1.03-1.56), gynecolgical tumors (CC vs. CG+

GG, OR

1.51, 95% CI=1.04-2.19) risk was found. However, to avoid the "false positive report", we investigated the significant associations observed in the present meta-analysis by the false positive report probabilities (FPRPs) test. Interestingly, the results of FPRP test indicated the MIF -173G/C gene polymorphism only associated with gastrointestinal cancer and hematological malignancy risk (FPRP=0.132, 0.067 respectively) at the level of a prior probability is 0.1. Therefore, the meta-analysis suggested MIF -173G/C gene polymorphism would be a risk factor for the gastrointestinal cancer and hematological malignancy.

The association between the migration inhibitory factor -173G/C polymorphism and cancer risk: a meta-analysis

Previous studies have suggested that macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) −173G/C polymorphism may be associated with cancer risk. However, previous research has demonstrated conflicting results. Therefore, we followed the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and the meta-analysis on genetic association studies checklist, and performed a meta-analysis to investigate the association between MIF −173G/C polymorphisms and the risk of cancer. Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were combined to measure the association between MIF promoter polymorphisms and cancer risk. The pooled ORs were performed for the dominant model, recessive model, allelic model, homozygote comparison, and heterozygote comparison. The publication bias was examined by Begg’s funnel plots and Egger’s test. A total of ten studies enrolling 2,203 cases and 2,805 controls met the inclusion criteria. MIF (−173G/C) polymorphism was significantly associated with increased cancer risk under the dominant model (OR=1.32, 95%, CI=1.00–1.74, P=0.01) and the heterozygote comparison (OR=1.38, CI=1.01–1.87, P=0.04). In subgroup analysis, MIF polymorphism and prostate were related to increased risk of prostate and non-solid cancer. In conclusion, MIF polymorphism was significantly associated with cancer risk in heterozygote comparison. The MIF −173G/C polymorphism may be associated with increased cancer risk.