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Valdez CN, Sánchez-Zuno GA, Bucala R, Tran TT. Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF) and D-Dopachrome Tautomerase (DDT): Pathways to Tumorigenesis and Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4849. [PMID: 38732068 PMCID: PMC11084905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Discovered as inflammatory cytokines, MIF and DDT exhibit widespread expression and have emerged as critical mediators in the response to infection, inflammation, and more recently, in cancer. In this comprehensive review, we provide details on their structures, binding partners, regulatory mechanisms, and roles in cancer. We also elaborate on their significant impact in driving tumorigenesis across various cancer types, supported by extensive in vitro, in vivo, bioinformatic, and clinical studies. To date, only a limited number of clinical trials have explored MIF as a therapeutic target in cancer patients, and DDT has not been evaluated. The ongoing pursuit of optimal strategies for targeting MIF and DDT highlights their potential as promising antitumor candidates. Dual inhibition of MIF and DDT may allow for the most effective suppression of canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways, warranting further investigations and clinical exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Naomi Valdez
- School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (C.N.V.); (R.B.)
| | - Gabriela Athziri Sánchez-Zuno
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Richard Bucala
- School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (C.N.V.); (R.B.)
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Thuy T. Tran
- School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (C.N.V.); (R.B.)
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Guevara‐Gutiérrez E, Ramos‐Súarez M, Villalobos‐Ayala RA, Tlacuilo‐Parra A, Muñoz‐Valle JF, Tarango‐Martínez V, Valle Y, Padilla‐Gutiérrez JR, Rojas‐Díaz JM, Valdés‐Alvarado E. Haplotypes of [-794(CATT) 5-8 /-173G>C] MIF gene polymorphisms and its soluble levels in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in western Mexican population. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2023; 11:e2252. [PMID: 37485818 PMCID: PMC10655503 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some cytokines are strongly implicated in the development of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) such as the Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). The haplotype -794 (CATT)5-8 /-173G>C in MIF gene polymorphisms has been associated with some types of cancer. The aim of this study is to establish the possible association between the presence of this haplotype in the MIF gene and its subsequent soluble levels with the susceptibility of SCC in western Mexican population. METHODS This study included 175 SCC patients and 175 age-sex-matched individuals as a reference group (RG) from western Mexico. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. Polymorphisms were genotyped by endpoint PCR and PCR-RFLP, and the determination of MIF serum levels was measured by ELISA. Clinical characteristics were evaluated by a group of dermatologists. RESULTS Analysis of [-794(CATT)5-8 /-173G>C] MIF gene polymorphisms showed that the 5C (OR = 2.7, p = 0.02) and the 7G (OR = 3.39, p < 0.01) haplotypes are associated with susceptibility in SCC. MIF soluble levels in SCC patients showed a median of 13.93 ng/mL, whereas the reference group showed 6.000 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that 5C and 7G [-794(CATT)5-8 /-173G>C] MIF gene haplotypes are associated with susceptibility to SCC and that SCC patients present increased soluble levels of MIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Guevara‐Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Dermatología, Instituto Dermatológico de Jalisco "Dr. José Barba Rubio"Secretaría de Salud JaliscoZapopanMexico
| | - Marina Ramos‐Súarez
- Departamento de Dermatología, Instituto Dermatológico de Jalisco "Dr. José Barba Rubio"Secretaría de Salud JaliscoZapopanMexico
| | | | - Alberto Tlacuilo‐Parra
- División de Investigación, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE), Hospital de PediatríaCentro Médico Nacional de Occidente, IMSSGuadalajaraMexico
| | - José Francisco Muñoz‐Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraMexico
| | - Victor Tarango‐Martínez
- Departamento de Dermatología, Instituto Dermatológico de Jalisco "Dr. José Barba Rubio"Secretaría de Salud JaliscoZapopanMexico
| | - Yeminia Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraMexico
| | - Jorge Ramón Padilla‐Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraMexico
| | - José Manuel Rojas‐Díaz
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraMexico
| | - Emmanuel Valdés‐Alvarado
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraMexico
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Alban TJ, Grabowski MM, Otvos B, Bayik D, Wang W, Zalavadia A, Makarov V, Troike K, McGraw M, Rabljenovic A, Lauko A, Neumann C, Roversi G, Waite KA, Cioffi G, Patil N, Tran TT, McCortney K, Steffens A, Diaz CM, Brown JM, Egan KM, Horbinski CM, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Rajappa P, Vogelbaum MA, Bucala R, Chan TA, Ahluwalia MS, Lathia JD. The MIF promoter SNP rs755622 is associated with immune activation in glioblastoma. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e160024. [PMID: 37252795 PMCID: PMC10371339 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.160024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intratumoral heterogeneity is a defining hallmark of glioblastoma, driving drug resistance and ultimately recurrence. Many somatic drivers of microenvironmental change have been shown to affect this heterogeneity and, ultimately, the treatment response. However, little is known about how germline mutations affect the tumoral microenvironment. Here, we find that the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs755622 in the promoter of the cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is associated with increased leukocyte infiltration in glioblastoma. Furthermore, we identified an association between rs755622 and lactotransferrin expression, which could also be used as a biomarker for immune-infiltrated tumors. These findings demonstrate that a germline SNP in the promoter region of MIF may affect the immune microenvironment and further reveal a link between lactotransferrin and immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Alban
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences and Imaging Core, Lerner Research Institute
- Center for Immunotherapy and Precision Oncology, and
| | - Matthew M. Grabowski
- Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Balint Otvos
- Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Defne Bayik
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences and Imaging Core, Lerner Research Institute
| | - Wesley Wang
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ajay Zalavadia
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences and Imaging Core, Lerner Research Institute
| | - Vlad Makarov
- Center for Immunotherapy and Precision Oncology, and
| | - Katie Troike
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences and Imaging Core, Lerner Research Institute
| | - Mary McGraw
- Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Anja Rabljenovic
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences and Imaging Core, Lerner Research Institute
| | - Adam Lauko
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences and Imaging Core, Lerner Research Institute
| | - Chase Neumann
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences and Imaging Core, Lerner Research Institute
| | - Gustavo Roversi
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences and Imaging Core, Lerner Research Institute
| | - Kristin A. Waite
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Trans-Divisional Research Program, Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gino Cioffi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Trans-Divisional Research Program, Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nirav Patil
- University Hospitals Research and Education Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Thuy T. Tran
- Yale School of Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kathleen McCortney
- Departments of Pathology and Neurosurgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Alicia Steffens
- Departments of Pathology and Neurosurgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - J. Mark Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences and Imaging Core, Lerner Research Institute
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Egan
- Departments of Pathology and Neurosurgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Craig M. Horbinski
- Departments of Pathology and Neurosurgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jill S. Barnholtz-Sloan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Trans-Divisional Research Program, Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Prajwal Rajappa
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael A. Vogelbaum
- Departments of Cancer Epidemiology and Neuro-Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Richard Bucala
- Yale School of Medicine and Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Timothy A. Chan
- Center for Immunotherapy and Precision Oncology, and
- Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Justin D. Lathia
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences and Imaging Core, Lerner Research Institute
- Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Hernández‐Bello J, Rodríguez‐Puente M, Gutiérrez‐Cuevas J, García‐Arellano S, Muñoz‐Valle JF, Fafutis‐Morris M, Villanueva‐Quintero DG, Alvarado‐Navarro A. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor gene polymorphisms (SNP -173 G>C and STR-794 CATT5-8) confer risk of plaque psoriasis: A case-control study. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23999. [PMID: 34533238 PMCID: PMC8605153 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by several cells, including those in the immune system and the skin. The MIF gene contains the SNP -173 G> C and STR -794 CATT5-8 polymorphisms in the promoter region capable of affecting its activity. Our objective was to investigate the MIF polymorphisms as a risk factor for plaque psoriasis (PP) in the Mexican population. METHODS We genotyped both MIF polymorphism (rs5844572 and rs755622) in 224 PP patients with a clinical and histopathological diagnosis and 232 control subjects (CS) by the PCR-RFLP method. MIF serum levels were determined by an ELISA kit. RESULTS We found significant differences in the genotypic and allelic frequencies for the MIF -173 G>C polymorphism; carriers of the GC genotype (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.026-2.228, p = 0.03) and the C allele (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.005-1.807, p = 0.04) had higher odds to present with PP. Moreover, the 6C haplotype was associated with PP risk (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.22-3.69, p < 0.01). Also, the -173 CC genotype was associated with high MIF serum levels (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The -173 GC genotype and the 6C haplotype of the MIF polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to PP in the Mexican population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Hernández‐Bello
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias BiomédicasCentro Universitario de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraJaliscoMexico
| | | | - Jorge Gutiérrez‐Cuevas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y GenómicaInstituto de Biología Molecular en Medicina y Terapia GénicaCentro Universitario de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraJaliscoMexico
| | - Samuel García‐Arellano
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias BiomédicasCentro Universitario de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraJaliscoMexico
| | - José Francisco Muñoz‐Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias BiomédicasCentro Universitario de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraJaliscoMexico
| | - Mary Fafutis‐Morris
- Centro de Investigación en Inmunología y DermatologíaCentro Universitario de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraJaliscoMéxico
| | | | - Anabell Alvarado‐Navarro
- Centro de Investigación en Inmunología y DermatologíaCentro Universitario de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad de GuadalajaraGuadalajaraJaliscoMéxico
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Yao J, Leng L, Fu W, Li J, Bronner C, Bucala R. ICBP90 Regulates MIF Expression, Glucocorticoid Sensitivity, and Apoptosis at the MIF Immune Susceptibility Locus. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021; 73:1931-1942. [PMID: 33844457 DOI: 10.1002/art.41753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an inflammatory and neurorendocrine mediator that counterregulates glucocorticoid immunosuppression. MIF polymorphisms, which comprise a variant promoter microsatellite (-794 CATT5-8 ), are linked genetically to autoimmune disease severity and to glucocorticoid resistance. While invasive stimuli increase MIF expression, MIF also is up-regulated by glucocorticoids, which serve as a physiologic regulator of inflammatory responses. This study was undertaken to define interactions between the MIF promoter, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and the transcription factor inverted CCAAT box binding protein 90 kd (ICBP90) (also referred to as UHRF1), which binds to the promoter in a -794 CATT5-8 length-dependent manner, to regulate MIF transcription. METHODS Interactions of ICBP90, GR, and activator protein 1 (AP-1) with MIF -794 CATT5-8 promoter constructs were assessed by coimmunoprecipitation, Western blotting, and genetic knockdown. Nuclear colocalization studies were performed using anti-transcription factor antibodies and confocal microscopy of glucocorticoid-treated cells. MIF transcription was studied in CEM-C7 T cells, and the impact of the MIF -794 CATT5-8 microsatellite variation confirmed in peripheral blood T cells and in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts of defined MIF genotype. Functional interactions were quantified by apoptosis and apoptotic signaling in high- and low-genotypic MIF-expressing human cells. RESULTS We defined functional interactions between the transcription factors ICBP90, the GR, and AP-1 that up-regulated MIF transcription in a -794 CATT5-8 length-dependent manner. Experimental reduction of ICBP90, GR, or AP-1 decreased MIF expression and increased glucocorticoid sensitivity, leading to enhanced apoptosis in T lymphocytes and in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. CONCLUSION These findings suggest a mechanism for genetic variation of glucocorticoid-regulated MIF transcription, with implications for autoimmune disease severity and glucocorticoid responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yao
- Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Lin Leng
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Weiling Fu
- Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Li
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Christian Bronner
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM U1258, CNRS UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer Equipe Labellisée Illkirch, Alsace, France
| | - Richard Bucala
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Avalos-Navarro G, Del Toro-Arreola A, Daneri-Navarro A, Quintero-Ramos A, Bautista-Herrera LA, Franco Topete RA, Anaya Macias BU, Javalera Castro DI, Morán-Mendoza ADJ, Oceguera-Villanueva A, Topete-Camacho A, Muñoz-Valle JF. Association of the genetic variants (-794 CATT5-8 and -173 G > C) of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) with higher soluble levels of MIF and TNFα in women with breast cancer. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 34:e23209. [PMID: 31978276 PMCID: PMC7246356 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Functional variants ‐173 G > C (rs755622) and ‐794CATT5‐8 (rs5844572) MIF gene have been associated with the risk in several types of cancer, as well as with the increase of soluble levels of MIF and TNFα. However, in previous studies contradictory and uncertain results have been presented on the implication of MIF polymorphisms with the association in cancer, specifically in breast cancer (BC). We investigated whether the variants are associated with the susceptibility to develop BC and the soluble levels of MIF and TNFα in women with BC from western Mexico. Materials and methods A total of 152 women with BC and 182 control subjects (CS) were enrolled in this study. The determination of genotypes ‐173 G > C and ‐794 CATT5‐8MIF polymorphisms was performed by PCR‐RFLP and PCR, respectively. In addition, the soluble levels of MIF and TNFα in both studied groups were quantified by ELISA and MILLIPLEX assay, respectively. Results The most frequent allele found in BC was the G (74.3%) and 6 (54%) in the variants ‐173G > C and ‐794 CATT5‐8, respectively, without significant differences in both groups. Nevertheless, the women with BC carriers ‐173*C and ‐794CATT7 have higher levels of MIF in comparison with CS. An increase of MIF (BC: 11.1 ng/mL vs CS: 5.2 ng/mL, P < .001) and TNFα (BC: 24.9 ng/mL vs CS: 9.9 pg/mL, P < .001) was found. Conclusion The functional variants of MIF are not genetic susceptibility markers for BC. Nevertheless, the alleles ‐173*C and ‐794CATT7 are associated with the increase of MIF circulating in women with BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Avalos-Navarro
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Alicia Del Toro-Arreola
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Adrián Daneri-Navarro
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Antonio Quintero-Ramos
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Luis Alberto Bautista-Herrera
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Ramon Antonio Franco Topete
- Laboratorio de Patología, Departamento de Patología y Microbiología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México.,OPD Hospital Civil de Guadalajara, "Nuevo Hospital Civil, Juan I. Menchaca", Guadalajara, México
| | - Brian Uriel Anaya Macias
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | | | | | | | - Antonio Topete-Camacho
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
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