Non-invasive urine markers for the differentiation between RCCs and oncocytoma

Nanomedicine for renal cell carcinoma: imaging, treatment and beyond

The kidney is a vital organ responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the human body. However, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common malignancy of the urinary system and represents a serious threat to human health. Although the overall survival of RCC has improved substantially with the development of cancer diagnosis and management, there are various reasons for treatment failure. Firstly, without any readily available biomarkers, timely diagnosis has been greatly hampered. Secondly, the imaging appearance also varies greatly, and its early detection often remains difficult. Thirdly, chemotherapy has been validated as unavailable for treating renal cancer in the clinic due to its intrinsic drug resistance. Concomitant with the progress of nanotechnological methods in pharmaceuticals, the management of kidney cancer has undergone a transformation in the recent decade. Nanotechnology has shown many advantages over widely used traditional methods, leading to broad biomedical applications ranging from drug delivery, prevention, diagnosis to treatment. This review focuses on nanotechnologies in RCC management and further discusses their biomedical translation with the aim of identifying the most promising nanomedicines for clinical needs. As our understanding of nanotechnologies continues to grow, more opportunities to improve the management of renal cancer are expected to emerge.