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Inhibitory Effects of Genistein on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation Induced by Ox-LDL: Role of BKCa Channels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2020:8895449. [PMID: 33415067 PMCID: PMC7752275 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8895449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) is a crucial pathogenic factor for vascular diseases, which can induce the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Genistein is the main component of soybean isoflavone. Genistein has a variety of pharmacological properties in the treatment of vascular diseases and a promising clinical application. Large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BKCa) channels are the primary type of potassium channels in VSMCs, which regulate various biological functions of VSMCs. However, whether genistein exerts an antiproliferation effect on Ox-LDL-stimulated VSMCs remains unclear. The current study is aimed at elucidating the effect of genistein on the Ox-LDL-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs and its possible molecular mechanism, especially the electrophysiological mechanism related to BKCa channels. Methods Monoculture VSMC was obtained by an acute enzyme-dispersing method. The proliferation of cells was measured by CCK-8, cell cycle, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression. The BKCa whole-cell currents were measured by patch-clamp. Results Ox-LDL treatment induced the proliferation of VSMCs, upregulated the BKCa protein expression, and increased the density of BKCa currents, while genistein significantly inhibited these effects caused by Ox-LDL. BKCa channels exerted a regulatory role in the proliferation of VSMCs in response to Ox-LDL. The inhibition of BKCa channels suppressed Ox-LDL-stimulated VSMC proliferation, while the activation of BKCa channels showed the opposite effect. Moreover, genistein suppressed the activity of BKCa, including protein expression and current density in a protein tyrosine kinase- (PTK-) dependent manner. Conclusion This study demonstrated that genistein inhibited the Ox-LDL-mediated proliferation of VSMCs by blocking the cell cycle progression; the possible molecular mechanism may be related to PTK-dependent suppression of BKCa channels. Our results provided novel ideas for the application of genistein in the treatment of vascular diseases and proposed a unique insight into the antiproliferative molecular mechanism of genistein.
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Ciumărnean L, Milaciu MV, Runcan O, Vesa ȘC, Răchișan AL, Negrean V, Perné MG, Donca VI, Alexescu TG, Para I, Dogaru G. The Effects of Flavonoids in Cardiovascular Diseases. Molecules 2020; 25:E4320. [PMID: 32967119 PMCID: PMC7571023 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are metabolites of plants and fungus. Flavonoid research has been paid special attention to in recent times after the observation of their beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. These favorable effects are exerted by flavonoids mainly due to their antioxidant properties, which result from the ability to decrease the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins, thus improving the lipid profiles. The other positive effect exerted on the cardiovascular system is the ability of flavonoids to produce vasodilation and regulate the apoptotic processes in the endothelium. Researchers suggested that these effects, including their anti-inflammatory function, are consequences of flavonoids' potent antioxidant properties, but recent studies have shown multiple signaling pathways linked to them, thus suggesting that there are more mechanisms involved in the beneficial effect of the flavonoids on the human body. This review aims to present the latest data on the classification of these substances, their main mechanisms of action in the human body, and the beneficial effects on the physiological and pathological status of the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Ciumărnean
- Department 5—Internal Medicine, 4th Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.C.); (M.V.M.); (M.-G.P.); (V.N.); (T.-G.A.); (I.P.)
| | - Mircea Vasile Milaciu
- Department 5—Internal Medicine, 4th Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.C.); (M.V.M.); (M.-G.P.); (V.N.); (T.-G.A.); (I.P.)
| | - Octavia Runcan
- Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology ‘Octavian Fodor’ Cluj-Napoca, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Ștefan Cristian Vesa
- Department 2—Functional Sciences, Discipline of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andreea Liana Răchișan
- Department of Pediatrics, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400177 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vasile Negrean
- Department 5—Internal Medicine, 4th Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.C.); (M.V.M.); (M.-G.P.); (V.N.); (T.-G.A.); (I.P.)
| | - Mirela-Georgiana Perné
- Department 5—Internal Medicine, 4th Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.C.); (M.V.M.); (M.-G.P.); (V.N.); (T.-G.A.); (I.P.)
| | - Valer Ioan Donca
- Department of Geriatrics-Gerontology, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400139 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Teodora-Gabriela Alexescu
- Department 5—Internal Medicine, 4th Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.C.); (M.V.M.); (M.-G.P.); (V.N.); (T.-G.A.); (I.P.)
| | - Ioana Para
- Department 5—Internal Medicine, 4th Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.C.); (M.V.M.); (M.-G.P.); (V.N.); (T.-G.A.); (I.P.)
| | - Gabriela Dogaru
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Louis Pasteur Street 6, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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Voltage-dependent modulation of TRPA1 currents by diphenhydramine. Cell Calcium 2020; 90:102245. [PMID: 32634675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Diphenhydramine (DPH) has been broadly used to treat allergy. When used as a topical medicine, DPH temporarily relieves itching and pain. Although transient receptor potential type A1 (TRPA1) channel is known to play roles in both acute and chronic itch and pain, whether DPH affects the activities of TRPA1 remains unclear. Using whole-cell patch clamp recordings, we demonstrated that DPH modulates the voltage-dependence of TRPA1. When co-applied with a TRPA1 agonist, DPH significantly enhanced the inward currents while suppressing the outward currents of TRPA1, converting the channel from outwardly rectifying to inwardly rectifying. This effect of DPH occurred no matter TRPA1 was activated by an electrophilic or non-electrophilic agonist and for both mouse and human TRPA1. The modulation of TRPA1 by DPH was maintained in the L906C mutant, which by itself also causes inward rectification of TRPA1, indicating that additional acting sites are present for the modulation of TRPA1 currents by DPH. Our recordings also revealed that DPH partially blocked capsaicin evoked TRPV1 currents. These data suggest that DPH may exert its therapeutic effects on itch and pain, through modulation of TRPA1 in a voltage-dependent fashion.
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Maaliki D, Shaito AA, Pintus G, El-Yazbi A, Eid AH. Flavonoids in hypertension: a brief review of the underlying mechanisms. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 45:57-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Tsantan Sumtang Alleviates Chronic Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension by Inhibiting Proliferation of Pulmonary Vascular Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9504158. [PMID: 30622966 PMCID: PMC6304203 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9504158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH) is a severe condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality in people living at high altitude. Tsantan Sumtang, a traditional Tibetan medicine, has been routinely used for the treatment of cardiopyretic disease, as well as stenocardia. Interestingly, our previous research found that Tsantan Sumtang improved HPH in rats maintaining in a hypobaric chamber. We performed a series of experiments to test the indexes of vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling, the key pathophysiological characteristics of HPH. Our results showed that Tsantan Sumtang relaxed noradrenaline (NE)-precontracted rat pulmonary artery rings in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro. The PGI2-cAMP (prostaglandin I2-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) pathway, NO-cGMP (nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate) pathway, and the opening of K+ channels (inward rectifier K+ channels, large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels, and voltage-dependent K+ channels) might play major roles in the vasorelaxation effect. In vivo, the administration of Tsantan Sumtang resulted in a substantial decrease in the rat mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) and the right ventricular hypertrophy index (RVHI). The reduction of thickness of small pulmonary arterial wall and the WT% (the ratio of the vascular wall thickness to the vascular diameter) were observed. The smooth muscle muscularization of the arterials was alleviated by Tsantan Sumtang treatment at the same time. Tsantan Sumtang also reduced remodeling of pulmonary arterioles by suppressing the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), cyclin D1, and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) through inhibition of p27Kip1 degradation. Therefore, Tsantan Sumtang could be applied as a preventative medication for HPH, which would be a new use for this traditional medicine.
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Wang Y, Sun HY, Liu YG, Song Z, She G, Xiao GS, Wang Y, Li GR, Deng XL. Tyrphostin AG556 increases the activity of large conductance Ca 2+ -activated K + channels by inhibiting epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:1826-1834. [PMID: 28294531 PMCID: PMC5571560 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate whether large conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ (BK) channels were regulated by epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase. BK current and channel tyrosine phosphorylation level were measured in BK‐HEK 293 cells expressing both functional α‐subunits and the auxiliary β1‐subunits using electrophysiology, immunoprecipitation and Western blotting approaches, respectively, and the function of rat cerebral basilar arteries was determined with a wire myography system. We found that BK current in BK‐HEK 293 cells was increased by the broad spectrum protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitor genistein and the selective EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor AG556, one of the known tyrphostin. The effect of genistein or AG556 was antagonized by the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) inhibitor orthovanadate. On the other hand, orthovanadate or EGF decreased BK current, and the effect was counteracted by AG556. The tyrosine phosphorylation level of BK channels (α‐ and β1‐subunits) was increased by EGF and orthovanadate, while decreased by genistein and AG556, and the reduced tyrosine phosphorylation of BK channels by genistein or AG556 was reversed by orthovanadate. Interestingly, AG556 induced a remarkable enhancement of BK current in rat cerebral artery smooth muscle cells and relaxation of pre‐contracted rat cerebral basilar arteries with denuded endothelium, and these effects were antagonized by the BK channel blocker paxilline or orthovanadate. These results demonstrate that tyrosine phosphorylation of BK channels by EGFR kinase decreases the channel activity, and inhibition of EGFR kinase by AG556 enhances the channel activity and dilates rat cerebral basilar arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hai-Ying Sun
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying-Guang Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zheng Song
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gang She
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guo-Sheng Xiao
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Gui-Rong Li
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiu-Ling Deng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Deng W, Cao X, Wang Y, Yu Q, Zhang Z, Qu R, Chen J, Shao G, Gao X, Xu X, Yu J. Pleurotus eryngii Polysaccharide Promotes Pluripotent Reprogramming via Facilitating Epigenetic Modification. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1264-1273. [PMID: 26809505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pleurotus eryngii is a medicinal/edible mushroom with great nutritional value and bioactivity. Its polysaccharide has recently been developed into an effective gene vector via cationic modification. In the present study, cationized P. eryngii polysaccharide (CPS), hybridized with calcium phosphate (CP), was used to codeliver plasmids (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc) for generating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The results revealed that the hybrid nanoparticles could significantly enhance the process and efficiency of reprogramming (1.6-fold increase) compared with the CP nanoparticles. The hybrid CPS also facilitated epigenetic modification during the reprogramming. Moreover, these hybrid nanoparticles exhibited multiple pathways (both caveolae- and clathrin-mediated endocytosis) in their cellular internalization, which accounted for the improved iPSCs generation. These findings therefore present a novel application of P. eryngii polysaccharide in pluripotent reprogramming via active epigenetic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qingtong Yu
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiangdong Gao
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
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Sun L, Zhao T, Ju T, Wang X, Li X, Wang L, Zhang L, Yu G. A Combination of Intravenous Genistein Plus Mg2+ Enhances Antihypertensive Effects in SHR by Endothelial Protection and BKCa Channel Inhibition. Am J Hypertens 2015; 28:1114-20. [PMID: 25714131 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpv005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of combining genistein (GST) plus magnesium (Mg) upon the development of hypertension were examined in 28 twelve-week-old male spontaneous hypertension rats (SHRs). Four experimental groups were tested: SHR (0.9% NaCl and DMSO), SHR + GST (0.9% NaCl and GST 5mg/kg/day), SHR + Mg (Mg(2+) 0.75 mmol/kg/day and DMSO), and SHR + GST + Mg (Mg(2+) 0.75 mmol/kg/day and GST 5mg/kg/day). A group of normotensive genetic control, Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were also included for comparison. Drugs were administrated intravenously daily for 30 days. METHODS Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate were measured by tail-cuff plethysmography every five days. Vascular tone of mesenteric arteries was examined by an isometric force transducer. Big-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (BKCa) currents were detected by whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. RESULTS SBP in SHRs was significantly elevated vs. that in WKY rats. GST or Mg lowered SBP of SHRs. Their combination enhanced antihypertensive effects, as indicated by significantly lowered SBP and shorter onset times. GST or Mg individually improved endothelial dysfunction of SHRs. However, again their combination enhanced endothelial protection, nearly restoring maximal relaxation responses to those seen in WKY. BKCa currents in SHRs were increased compared with WKY rats. GST, Mg, and their combination restored BKCa currents to those of WKY rats. CONCLUSIONS The combination of GST and Mg produces antihypertensive effects and improvement of endothelial dysfunction, which are substantially greater than that when either is used individually. These results suggest a novel and feasible protocol for the prevention and treatment of hypertension and related cardio- and cerebro-vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ting Ju
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaoran Wang
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China;
| | - Guichun Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
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Inhibition of TRPM7 Attenuates Rat Aortic Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation Induced by Angiotensin II. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2015; 66:16-24. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sun L, Hou Y, Zhao T, Zhou S, Wang X, Zhang L, Yu G. A combination of genistein and magnesium enhances the vasodilatory effect via an eNOS pathway and BKCa current amplification. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:215-21. [PMID: 25494655 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The phytoestrogen genistein (GST) and magnesium have been independently shown to regulate vascular tone; however, their individual vasodilatory effects are limited. The aim of this study was to examine the combined effects of GST plus magnesium on vascular tone in mesenteric arteries. The effects of pretreatment with GST (0–200 μmol/L), MgCl2 (0–4.8 mmol/L) and GST plus MgCl2 on 10 μmol/L phenylephrine (PE) precontracted mesenteric arteries in rats were assessed by measuring isometric force. BKCa currents were detected by the patch clamp method. GST caused concentration- and partial endothelium-dependent relaxation. Magnesium resulted in dual adjustment of vascular tone. Magnesium-free solution eliminated the vasodilatation of GST in both endothelium-intact and denuded rings. GST (50 μmol/L) plus magnesium (4.8 mmol/L) caused stronger relaxation in both endothelium-intact and denuded rings. Pretreatment with the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor l-N-nitroarginine methyl ester (l-NAME, 100 μmol/L) significantly inhibited the effects of GST, high magnesium, and the combination of GST and magnesium. BKCa currents were amplified to a greater extent when GST (50 μmol/L) was combined with 4.8 versus 1.2 mmol/L Mg2+. Our data suggest that GST plus magnesium provides enhanced vasodilatory effects in rat mesenteric arteries compared with that observed when either is used separately, which was related to an eNOS pathway and BKCa current amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Post Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yunlong Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Post Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Post Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoran Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Post Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Post Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Guichun Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Post Street, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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