|
1
|
Panda VK, Mishra B, Mahapatra S, Swain B, Malhotra D, Saha S, Khanra S, Mishra P, Majhi S, Kumari K, Nath AN, Saha S, Jena S, Kundu GC. Molecular Insights on Signaling Cascades in Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review. Cancers (Basel) 2025; 17:234. [PMID: 39858015 PMCID: PMC11763662 DOI: 10.3390/cancers17020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2024] [Revised: 12/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/01/2025] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open
Abstract
The complex signaling network within the breast tumor microenvironment is crucial for its growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, therapy escape, stem cell maintenance, and immunomodulation. An array of secretory factors and their receptors activate downstream signaling cascades regulating breast cancer progression and metastasis. Among various signaling pathways, the EGFR, ER, Notch, and Hedgehog signaling pathways have recently been identified as crucial in terms of breast cancer proliferation, survival, differentiation, maintenance of CSCs, and therapy failure. These receptors mediate various downstream signaling pathways such as MAPK, including MEK/ERK signaling pathways that promote common pro-oncogenic signaling, whereas dysregulation of PI3K/Akt, Wnt/β-catenin, and JAK/STAT activates key oncogenic events such as drug resistance, CSC enrichment, and metabolic reprogramming. Additionally, these cascades orchestrate an intricate interplay between stromal cells, immune cells, and tumor cells. Metabolic reprogramming and adaptations contribute to aggressive breast cancer and are unresponsive to therapy. Herein, recent insights into the novel signaling pathways operating within the breast TME that aid in their advancement are emphasized and current developments in practices targeting the breast TME to enhance treatment efficacy are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venketesh K. Panda
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India; (V.K.P.); (B.M.); (S.M.); (B.S.); (D.M.); (S.S.); (S.K.); (P.M.); (S.M.); (K.K.); (A.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
- School of Applied Sciences, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Barnalee Mishra
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India; (V.K.P.); (B.M.); (S.M.); (B.S.); (D.M.); (S.S.); (S.K.); (P.M.); (S.M.); (K.K.); (A.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Samikshya Mahapatra
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India; (V.K.P.); (B.M.); (S.M.); (B.S.); (D.M.); (S.S.); (S.K.); (P.M.); (S.M.); (K.K.); (A.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Biswajit Swain
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India; (V.K.P.); (B.M.); (S.M.); (B.S.); (D.M.); (S.S.); (S.K.); (P.M.); (S.M.); (K.K.); (A.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Diksha Malhotra
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India; (V.K.P.); (B.M.); (S.M.); (B.S.); (D.M.); (S.S.); (S.K.); (P.M.); (S.M.); (K.K.); (A.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Suryendu Saha
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India; (V.K.P.); (B.M.); (S.M.); (B.S.); (D.M.); (S.S.); (S.K.); (P.M.); (S.M.); (K.K.); (A.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Sinjan Khanra
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India; (V.K.P.); (B.M.); (S.M.); (B.S.); (D.M.); (S.S.); (S.K.); (P.M.); (S.M.); (K.K.); (A.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Priyanka Mishra
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India; (V.K.P.); (B.M.); (S.M.); (B.S.); (D.M.); (S.S.); (S.K.); (P.M.); (S.M.); (K.K.); (A.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Sambhunath Majhi
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India; (V.K.P.); (B.M.); (S.M.); (B.S.); (D.M.); (S.S.); (S.K.); (P.M.); (S.M.); (K.K.); (A.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Kavita Kumari
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India; (V.K.P.); (B.M.); (S.M.); (B.S.); (D.M.); (S.S.); (S.K.); (P.M.); (S.M.); (K.K.); (A.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Angitha N. Nath
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India; (V.K.P.); (B.M.); (S.M.); (B.S.); (D.M.); (S.S.); (S.K.); (P.M.); (S.M.); (K.K.); (A.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Swarnali Saha
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India; (V.K.P.); (B.M.); (S.M.); (B.S.); (D.M.); (S.S.); (S.K.); (P.M.); (S.M.); (K.K.); (A.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Sarmistha Jena
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India; (V.K.P.); (B.M.); (S.M.); (B.S.); (D.M.); (S.S.); (S.K.); (P.M.); (S.M.); (K.K.); (A.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
| | - Gopal C. Kundu
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India; (V.K.P.); (B.M.); (S.M.); (B.S.); (D.M.); (S.S.); (S.K.); (P.M.); (S.M.); (K.K.); (A.N.N.); (S.S.); (S.J.)
- School of Applied Sciences, KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
- Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), KIIT Deemed to Be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Chang Y, Du R, Xia F, Xu X, Wang H, Chen X. Dysregulation of Fatty Acid Metabolism in Breast Cancer and Its Targeted Therapy. BREAST CANCER (DOVE MEDICAL PRESS) 2024; 16:825-844. [PMID: 39628960 PMCID: PMC11614585 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s496322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2024] [Accepted: 11/13/2024] [Indexed: 12/06/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer has become the number one cancer worldwide, there are challenges in its prevention, diagnosis and treatment, especially the pathogenesis of triple negative breast cancer has not been clear and the treatment dilemma of metastatic breast cancer. Metabolic reprogramming is currently considered to be one of the hallmarks of cancer, and metabolic alterations in breast cancer, including enhanced glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle activity, glutamine catabolism, and fatty acid biosynthesis, are manifested differently in different breast cancer subtypes and have a complex relationship with tumor growth, metastasis, death, and drug resistance. At present, inhibitors of fatty acid synthesis and oxidation related enzymes have a certain effect in the treatment of breast cancer. In this paper, we review the studies on fatty acid metabolism in breast cancer to better understand the mechanism of fatty acid metabolism in breast cancer pathogenesis and hope to provide new ideas for targeting fatty acid metabolism in the treatment of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chang
- Hefei Cancer Hospital of CAS; Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Du
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei First People’s Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Xia
- Hefei Cancer Hospital of CAS; Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Xu
- Hefei Cancer Hospital of CAS; Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- Hefei Cancer Hospital of CAS; Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueran Chen
- Hefei Cancer Hospital of CAS; Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Luo RX, Li HL, Jia YX, Gao M, Gao ZY, Ji Y, Deng S, Huo JG, Zhang J, Zhang DJ. Shengqiyichang decoction regulates antitumor immunity in colorectal cancer by downregulating lymphocyte antigen 6 family member G6D via the protein kinase B/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Heliyon 2024; 10:e39071. [PMID: 39524806 PMCID: PMC11550748 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 10/07/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulation Shengqiyichang Decoction (SQYCD) has been reported to stimulate host immunity, and it has been administered for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we applied network and bioinformatics analyses to elucidate the mechanisms by which SQYCD ameliorates CRC and validated its modes of action via in vivo and in vitro experiments. We identified 46 active compounds in SQYCD and selected 237 proteins as potential therapeutic targets in CRC, most notably p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38⍺). Bioinformatics analyses demonstrated differential expression in CRC tissues and prognostic value of the genes encoding TNFα, MAPK14, CASP-3, MAPK1, AKT1, PRKACA, VEGF, IL-6, EGFR and ESR1. We then plotted receiver operating curves (ROC) and time-ROC for the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) ESR1 and AKT1 to predict the progress of CRC. We speculated that the AKT/p38α-MAPK signaling pathway is associated with the clinical prognosis of CRC. In a mouse model, we found that SQYCD inhibits CRC tumor growth by increasing CD4+ and CD8+ T cell abundance and decreasing the ratio of T-regulatory cells (Tregs) in the tumor microenvironment. In cultured mouse CRC cells, SQYCD selectively upregulated levels of the CRC-associated protein lymphocyte antigen 6 family member G6D, while the AKT activator SC-79 reversed this effect. The discoveries made herein suggest that SQYCD exerts a therapeutic effect in CRC by inhibiting Treg recruitment via inhibition of the AKT/p38α/LY6G6D signaling axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Run Xing Luo
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Huai Liang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Lishui District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 211200, PR China
| | - Yu Xiang Jia
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Meng Gao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Zhao Yang Gao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Yi Ji
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Shan Deng
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jie Ge Huo
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China
- Department of General Surgery, Lishui District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 211200, PR China
| | - Dong Jian Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Li B, Zu M, Jiang A, Cao Y, Wu J, Shahbazi MA, Shi X, Reis RL, Kundu SC, Xiao B. Magnetic natural lipid nanoparticles for oral treatment of colorectal cancer through potentiated antitumor immunity and microbiota metabolite regulation. Biomaterials 2024; 307:122530. [PMID: 38493672 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of oral nanotherapeutics against colorectal cancer (CRC) is restricted by inadequate drug accumulation, immunosuppressive microenvironment, and intestinal microbiota imbalance. To overcome these challenges, we elaborately constructed 6-gingerol (Gin)-loaded magnetic mesoporous silicon nanoparticles and functionalized their surface with mulberry leaf-extracted lipids (MLLs) and Pluronic F127 (P127). In vitro experiments revealed that P127 functionalization and alternating magnetic fields (AMFs) promoted internalization of the obtained P127-MLL@Gins by colorectal tumor cells and induced their apoptosis/ferroptosis through Gin/ferrous ion-induced oxidative stress and magneto-thermal effect. After oral administration, P127-MLL@Gins safely passed to the colorectal lumen, infiltrated the mucus barrier, and penetrated into the deep tumors under the influence of AMFs. Subsequently, the P127-MLL@Gin (+ AMF) treatment activated antitumor immunity and suppressed tumor growth. We also found that this therapeutic modality significantly increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Bacillus and unclassified-c-Bacilli), reduced the proportions of harmful bacteria (e.g., Bacteroides and Alloprevotella), and increased lipid oxidation metabolites. Strikingly, checkpoint blockers synergistically improved the therapeutic outcomes of P127-MLL@Gins (+ AMF) against orthotopic and distant colorectal tumors and significantly prolonged mouse life spans. Overall, this oral therapeutic platform is a promising modality for synergistic treatment of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baoyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile, and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Menghang Zu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile, and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Aodi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile, and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yingui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile, and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jiaxue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile, and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, Netherlands; W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Xiaoxiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile, and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3Bs Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Barco, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, 4800-058, Portugal
| | - Subhas C Kundu
- 3Bs Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Barco, Guimarães, 4805-017, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, 4800-058, Portugal
| | - Bo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture, Textile, and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| |
Collapse
|
|
5
|
Sphingosylphosphorylcholine alleviates hypoxia-caused apoptosis in cardiac myofibroblasts via CaM/p38/STAT3 pathway. Apoptosis 2020; 25:853-863. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-020-01639-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
|
6
|
Gong C, Xia H. Resveratrol suppresses melanoma growth by promoting autophagy through inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:1878-1886. [PMID: 32104244 PMCID: PMC7027143 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RV) is a natural polyphenolic phytoalexin derived from peanuts, red grape skins and red wine, and has been demonstrated to alleviate multiple types of malignancies. However, how RV achieves this in melanoma is unknown. The aim of present study was to investigate the role of RV in melanoma, using Cell Counting Kit-8, flow cytometry and western blot analysis. RV inhibited melanoma cell viability, migration and invasion counteracting melanoma progression. In addition, proteins associated with autophagy, including Beclin 1 and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3)-II/I, were upregulated, whereas p62 expression was downregulated in RV-treated cells. The number of LC3+ puncta, which can be applied to represent autophagosome formation, increased following RV treatment, suggesting that RV may trigger autophagy in melanoma cells. Treatment with the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine, reversed the RV-dependent inhibition of viability, migration and invasion of melanoma cells. RV treatment also reduced the ratios of phosphorylated (p)-AKT/AKT and p-mTOR/mTOR in melanoma cells. In conclusion, these findings suggested that RV may inhibit the viability and migration of melanoma cells through inhibiting the AKT/mTOR pathway, thus triggering autophagy. This indicated that RV may serve as an innovative therapeutic for melanoma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changhua Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Zhenhai, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315202, P.R. China
| | - Honglei Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, People's Hospital of Zhenhai, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315202, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
|
7
|
Role of Sphingosylphosphorylcholine in Tumor and Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111696. [PMID: 31683697 PMCID: PMC6896196 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) is a unique type of lysosphingolipid found in some diseases, and has been studied in cardiovascular, neurological, and inflammatory phenomena. In particular, SPC’s studies on cancer have been conducted mainly in terms of effects on cancer cells, and relatively little consideration has been given to aspects of tumor microenvironment. This review summarizes the effects of SPC on cancer and tumor microenvironment, and presents the results and prospects of modulators that regulate the various actions of SPC.
Collapse
|
|
8
|
Guan X, Liu Z, Zhao Z, Zhang X, Tao S, Yuan B, Zhang J, Wang D, Liu Q, Ding Y. Emerging roles of low-density lipoprotein in the development and treatment of breast cancer. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:137. [PMID: 31182104 PMCID: PMC6558919 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with increasing incidence and mortality and represents one of the most common cancer types worldwide. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a complex particle composed of several proteins and lipids, which carries cholesterol into peripheral tissues and also affects the metabolism of fatty acids. Recent reports have indicated an emerging role of LDL in breast cancer, affecting cell proliferation and migration, thereby facilitating disease progression. However, controversy still exists among distinct types of breast cancer that can be affected by LDL. Classical therapeutic approaches, such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and lipid-lowering drugs were also reported as affecting LDL metabolism and content in breast cancer patients. Therefore, in this review we summarized and discussed the role of LDL in the development and treatment of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Guan
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, JiLin University in Changchun of Jilin Province in China, Xian Road 5333#, Changchun, 130062 China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130333 China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine-Zhuhai Hospital, Zhuhai, 519015 China
- The 2nd Clinical School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120 China
- The 85th Hospital of CPLA, Shanghai, 200040 China
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118 China
| | - Siteng Tao
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, JiLin University in Changchun of Jilin Province in China, Xian Road 5333#, Changchun, 130062 China
| | - Bao Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, JiLin University in Changchun of Jilin Province in China, Xian Road 5333#, Changchun, 130062 China
| | - Jiabao Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, JiLin University in Changchun of Jilin Province in China, Xian Road 5333#, Changchun, 130062 China
| | - Dawei Wang
- The 2nd Clinical School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Qing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine-Zhuhai Hospital, Zhuhai, 519015 China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
- The 2nd Clinical School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120 China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, JiLin University in Changchun of Jilin Province in China, Xian Road 5333#, Changchun, 130062 China
| |
Collapse
|